The Science of Language

Home > Other > The Science of Language > Page 45
The Science of Language Page 45

by Noam Chomsky


  structure of 236, 277–278

  study of 36, 76, 79, 154See also linguistics

  theories of 164, 193, 239, 243, 285

  unboundedness 177, 262

  uniqueness to humans 150

  variation in the use of 164, 239–242

  language faculty 74, 172, 177, 243, 260, 261, 270adicity requirements of 198, 199

  perfection of 50

  language of thought 27, 71, 189, 190, 220, 230, 269

  Lasnik, Howard 85

  learning 95, 180, 200, 226, 281, 282empiricism and 173, 179

  learning a language 187, 225, 226

  Lenneberg, Eric 21, 43, 47, 59

  Lepore, E. 195

  Lewis, David 153, 165, 220, 222, 223, 224

  Lewontin, Richard 58, 157, 170, 172, 173, 175, 231

  lexical items 62categories of 234

  origin of 46

  liberalism 98

  linguistic communities 222

  linguistic development 39See also development

  linguistic practices 221, 223

  linguistic principles 237, 276

  linguistics 19, 36, 82, 145and biology 150

  first factor considerations 45, 96, 148

  and natural science 38

  and politics 152

  procedural theories in 149

  second factor considerations 148, 277

  structural 80

  theories of 87, 265

  third factor considerations:separate entry

  Locke, John 26, 125, 267personal identity 31, 271

  secondary qualities 256

  logic, formal 251

  Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory 84–85

  Lohndal, Terje 57

  Lorenz, Konrad 21

  Marx, Karl 122

  mathematics 127, 165, 214, 215, 266capacity for 15, 136

  formal functions in 166–169

  and language 181

  semantics for 251, 252

  Mayr, Ernst 174

  meaning 29, 98, 199, 206, 250, 252, 270, 273computational theory of 213

  construction of a science of 226–230

  externalist science of 209–220

  methodology for a theory of 226, 227

  study of 261

  theories of 221

  theory of 212, 214, 217, 226

  Mehler, Jacques 55

  Merge 16, 77, 91, 181, 236, 243, 263, 279–280 centrality of 41, 60, 62, 176, 245

  consequences of 17

  and edge properties 17, 41

  Merge, external 17, 166, 201, 238, 263

  Merge, internal 16, 25, 29, 85, 201, 238, 264

  mutation giving rise to 43, 52

  origin of 14, 15

  Pair Merge 201, 264

  and psychic identity 28

  uniqueness to humans 25, 200, 205

  metaphor 195

  metaphysics 125, 157

  Mikhail, John 63, 99, 100, 109, 129, 286

  Mill, John Stuart 121, 122, 287

  Miller, George 81

  mindas a causal mechanism 138

  computational sciences of 247

  computational theory of 280

  philosophy of 186, 255

  place of language in 69–74

  representational theory of 162, 188

  science of 138–151, 212, 288

  theory of 14

  Minimalist Program 24, 83, 84, 233, 235–236, 237, 245, 246, 264and adaptationism 172

  aim of 42, 199

  simplicity and 80, 243, 285

  modes of presentation (MOPs) 187, 190, 217, 219, 275roles of 218

  morality 99, 100, 109, 287character of 110

  conflicting systems 114

  generation of action or judgment 110

  moral truisms 101, 102

  theories of 110, 135

  trolley problems 109

  and universalization 113–117

  Moravcsik, Julius 164

  morphemes 81, 149

  morphology 52, 54, 195distributed 27

  and syntax 200

  Morris, Charles 250

  Move 108

  mutations 14, 43, 170, 171survival of 51, 53

  mysterianism 97

  Nagel, Thomas 98

  Narita, Hiroki 57

  nativism 187, 217, 283

  natural numbers 204

  natural sciences 18, 38

  natural selection 58, 76, 104, 143, 157

  Navajo language 277

  neural networks 225

  neurophysiology 74

  Newton, Isaac 66, 67, 72, 88, 127, 134alchemy 67

  nominalism 87, 91

  non-violence 114

  Norman Conquest 84

  objective existence 169

  optimism 118–123, 288

  parameters 39–45, 54, 239–242, 277, 282, 283and acquisition of language 241

  choice of 45, 83

  developmental constraints in 243

  functional categories 240

  head-final 55, 240

  headedness macroparameter 241, 276

  linearization parameter 55

  macroparameters 55

  microparameters 55, 84, 241

  polysynthesis 55

  and simplicity 80

  Peck, James 288

  Peirce, Charles Sanders 96, 132, 184, 250abduction 168, 183, 246, 248

  truth 133, 136

  perfection 50–58, 172, 175, 263–264, 279

  person, concept of 125, 126, 271, 284‘forensic' notion of 125

  persuasion 114, 116

  Pesetsky, David 30

  Petitto, Laura-Ann 48, 78

  phenomenalism 211

  philosophers 129–131, 282, 283contribution of 129

  contribution to science 129

  philosophy 181accounts of visual sensations 255–257

  of language 35, 273

  of mind 186, 255

  problems in 286

  and psychology 140

  phonemes 81

  phonetic/phonological interfaces 161, 194, 253, 278

  phonology 28, 40, 52, 54, 57, 109, 208

  physicalism 187

  physics 19, 65, 106, 144and chemistry 65

  folk physics 72

  theoretical 18, 65, 73, 100

  Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo 140, 246, 279

  Pietroski, Paulconcepts 47, 199, 200, 209

  semantics 198, 211, 223, 229, 254

  Pinker, Steven 166, 170, 172, 176

  Pirahã language 30

  Plato 115

  Plato's Problem 23, 195, 236, 244, 246, 266

  Poincaré, Henri 65

  politics 116, 119, 145, 146, 152

  poverty of the stimulus observations 5, 23, 40, 177, 200, 227, 233, 262

  power 120

  pragmatic information 30

  pragmatics 36, 130, 250–254, 289definition of 250

  and reference 253

  principles and parameters approach to linguistic theory 24, 53, 235, 236, 240, 245, 276language acquisition 60, 82, 83, 149

  and simplicity 246

  progress 118, 145, 183

  projection problem 83, 89

  prosody 37

  psychic continuity 26, 205, 207, 271

  psychology 219of belief and desire 138, 141

  comparative 21

  evolutionary 103–107, 111

  folk psychology 72, 141

  and philosophy 140

  rationalistic 255

  scientific 140

  psychology, comparative 21

  public intellectuals 122

  Pustejovsky, James 164, 195

  Putnam, Hilary 95, 126, 138

  Quine, W. V. O. 32, 68, 89, 153, 215, 273, 288

  rationalism 5, 178, 181, 260, 283

  rationality 114, 140, 142, 178, 180, 181, 265scientific 105, 123

  Rawls, John 129

  realism 209, 211

  reality, psychological 73

  recursion 51, 62, 64, 77, 167, 176, 179, 204, 267See also Merge

  reference 28, 29, 34
, 160, 215, 220, 250Chomsky's views 188, 253, 268, 269–270, 273

  and concepts 206, 219

  and truth 191, 207, 230, 251

  Reinhart, Tanya 79

  relation R 207

  relativism 121

  religious fanaticism 123

  representation 31–32, 160, 162, 187, 257, 259discourse representation theory 207

  internal 32

  phonetic 32

  Republican Party 119, 140

  responsibility to protect 287

  Rey, Georges 32, 273

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 142

  Russell, Bertrand 65, 134

  Salazar-Ciudad, J. 279

  Schlegel, A.W. 63

  science 18, 38, 75, 124–128, 165, 183, 211, 290achievements of 74, 183, 184

  best explanation in 96

  capacity to do 19, 72, 90, 128, 133, 134, 246

  Chomsky's views on 183–185

  cognitive faculties 127

  concepts in 184

  concepts of 279

  data-orientated character of 65–68

  evidence for theories of 66

  experimental method 147

  formal functions in 166–169

  formal theories in 18–19, 289

  goal of 88, 183

  ‘great leap forward' 72

  history of 108

  innovation in 74

  limits of 105, 106

  Machian tradition in 65

  methodology of 243

  of the mind 280

  problems in 65–68

  rationality in 116, 123

  regulative ideal of 90

  and simplicity 88, 246, 285

  social implications of 98

  syntax of 72

  theories in 73, 167

  and truth 184

  second factor considerations 148, 277

  Sellars, Wilfrid 153, 179, 220, 284behaviorism 180, 222, 284

  concepts 279, 284

  linguistic practices 223, 224, 239

  meaning 220

  mind 186, 283

  semantic features 164, 211, 228, 253lexical 193

  science of 190

  semantic information 29, 189

  semantic interface (SEM) 54, 189, 191, 194, 255, 258, 259, 270, 272, 278features at 161, 257

  information provided at 29, 161, 260, 270, 285

  production of concepts at 278

  status and role of the information provided at 270

  and syntax 40, 79

  semantics 35, 36, 160, 193, 206–229, 250–254, 287Chomsky's views on 206

  definition of 250

  dynamic 207

  externalist 208, 212, 215, 220–231

  Fregean 216

  functionist theory 229

  internalist 208, 212, 227, 270

  mathematical 251, 252

  mental models 207

  science of 210

  as the study of signs 251

  and syntax 207

  theoretical aim of 208

  senses 187, 215, 251

  sensory experience 255–257 adverbial account of 256, 260

  configuration by the mind 258

  sensory-motor systems 14, 42, 48, 51, 78, 203adaptations of 77

  and parameters 54

  ship of Theseus 125, 271, 288

  simple recurrent networks, Elman 283

  simplicity 59–64, 86, 89, 243–246, 265, 281in Chomsky's work 80–85

  different notions of 87

  internal 80, 82, 285

  internal notion of 87

  in the language faculty 61

  theoretical 80

  Skinner, B. F. 67, 76, 158, 173, 285

  slavery 118, 119, 143, 144

  slime molds 175

  Smith, Adam 106

  social sciences 100, 138, 144, 145, 146

  sociobiology 103–107

  Spelke, Elizabeth 70, 100, 109, 177, 268

  Spell Out 278

  stereotypes 194

  storytelling 27, 128

  superior temporal gyrus (STG) 48, 78

  Suppes, Patrick 88

  syntax 36, 54, 112, 195, 250–254, 261, 288definition of 250

  generative 232

  mapping to the semantic interface 40

  and morphology 200

  narrow 79, 240, 269

  and reference 269

  and semantics 207

  study of 269

  Tarski, Alfred 215

  teaching 115

  theory of mind 14, 31

  third factor 45, 46, 80, 82, 132, 167, 245, 277, 278, 283and language acquisition 59, 96

  study of 147, 149, 236

  Thompson, D'Arcy 21, 137, 171, 266

  Thompson, Judith 100

  thought 15, 44See also cognitive faculties, mind

  Tinbergen, N. 21

  Tomalin, Marcus 267, 285

  Trivers, Robert 105, 106

  trolley problems 109

  truth 114, 206, 221, 229conditions for 273, 274

  objective 135, 136

  and reference 191, 207, 230, 251

  and science 133, 184

  truth indications 273, 274, 287

  Turing, Alan 157, 171, 266computation 32, 266

  morphogenesis 23, 76, 137, 172

  Tversky, Amos 140

  understanding 132, 192See also cognitive faculties, mind , thought

  Universal Grammar 30, 39–45, 54, 99, 149, 154, 167, 245biological character of 23, 24, 154, 277

  and Merge 246

  nature of 41

  principles of 80

  simplicity and 59–64

  unboundedness 82

  universality, principle of 101, 111, 113–117

 

‹ Prev