by Mark Zuehlke
27 Bercuson, 74.
28 “5 Cdn Inf Bde report on use of artificial moonlight by Calgary Highrs 25 Jul 44,” 260C5.009 (D8), vol. 10978, box 304, RG24, LAC, 1.
29 Terry Copp, “Operation Spring: An Historian’s View,” Canadian Military History, vol. 12, nos. 1–2 (Winter–Spring 2003), 65.
30 Bercuson, 72–76.
15 A STONE WALL
1 Terry Copp, The Brigade: Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1939–1945 (Stoney Creek, ON: Fortress, 1992), 84–85.
2 “Report on Ops 3 Cdn Inf Div 1/31 Jul 44 : Spring Appendix,” 235C3.013 (D10), vol. 10908, RG24, LAC, 3.
3 1st Battalion, The Highland Light Infantry of Canada: 1940–1945 (Galt, ON: Highland Light Infantry of Canada Assoc., 1951), 40.
4 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 8.
5 T. Robert Fowler, Courage Rewarded: The Valour of Canadian Soldiers Under Fire, 1900 to 2007 (Victoria: Trafford, 2009), 201.
6 “Account by Maj. Bennett, ‘D’ Coy, RHC, of the Attack by the Black Watch on May-sur-Orne, 25 Jul 44, as given to Capt. Engler at Basse, 1 Aug 44,” 145.2R15.011(D7), DHH, DND, 1.
7 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C. at May-sur-Orne, France, 25 Jul 44,” 145.2B1(D1), DHH, DND, 5–6.
8 “Account by Maj. Bennett,” 1.
9 Ibid., 2.
10 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 6 –7.
11 “Memorandum of an Interview with Major W.E. Harris, MP, Formerly OC ‘B’ Squadron 6 Cdn. Armd. Regt., at Historical Section (GS), Department of National Defence, 24 Jan. 46, The Attack on Fontenay-Le-Marmion, 25 Jul 44,” appended document to “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 2.
12 “Account by Maj. Bennett,” 2.
13 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 11.
14 “Operation Spring: 25 Jul 1944, 1st Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Canada,” 112HI.003(D43), DHH, DND, 5–6.
15 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 2.
16 D.J. Goodspeed, Battle Royal: A History of the Royal Regiment of Canada, 1862–1962 (Toronto: Royal Regiment of Canada Assoc., 1962), 428.
17 Brandon Conron, A History of the First Hussars Regiment, 1856–1980 (n.p., 1981), 85.
18 Goodspeed, 429.
19 John Marteinson and Michael R. McNorgan, The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps:An Illustrated History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000), 257.
20 Michael R. McNorgan, The Gallant Hussars: A History of the 1st Hussars Regiment (Aylmer, ON: The 1st Hussars Cavalry Fund, 2004), 167.
21 Conron, 86.
22 Goodspeed, 429.
23 Royal Regiment of Canada War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 15.
24 “Operation Spring, Royal Regiment,” 7–8.
25 . Reginald H. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984), 117.
26 “Account by Sgt. Benson, Scout PL, RHC of the Attack by the Black Watch on May-sur-Orne 25 Jul 44. Given to Capt. Engler at Basse, 2 Aug. 44,” 145.2R15.011(D6), DHH, DND, 1.
27 “Interview with Maj. Harris,” app. doc., 2.
28 Copp, The Brigade, 79.
29 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 10.
30 Copp, The Brigade, 79.
31 Fowler, 201.
32 “Action by RHC, Fontenay le Marmion–25 Jul 44,” 145.2R15.011(D12), DHH, DND, 2.
33 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 13–14.
34 Charles P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945, vol. 3 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1960), 192.
35 “Memorandum of Interview with D.81360 Pte. Williams, A.R., RHC, at Canadian Military Headquarters, 4 Jan 46,” 145.2R15.011(D13), DHH, DND, 1.
36 “Account by Sergeant Benson,” 2.
37 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 13.
38 “Interview with Maj. Harris,” app. doc., 3.
39 “Notes on the Movements of R.H.C.,” 16.
40 Paul P. Hutchinson, Canada’s Black Watch: The First Hundred Years, 1862–1962 (Montreal: The Black Watch (RHR) of Canada, 1962), 223.
41 Roy, 1944, 128.
42 “Interview with Pte. Williams,” 1.
43 Hutchinson, 223.
44 “Interview with Maj. Harris,” app. doc., 3.
45 “Interview with Pte. Williams,” 1.
46 Roy, 1944, 127–28.
47 Hutchinson, 223.
48 “Black Watch Fontenay,” 145.2R15.0111(D12), DHH, DND, 1.
49 Copp, The Brigade, 80.
50 “Interview with Pte. Williams,” 2.
51 Stacey, 194.
52 Hutchinson, 223–24.
53 Stacey, 194.
54 Roman Johann Jarymowycz, “Der Gegenangriff vor Verrières: German Counterattacks during Operation ‘Spring,’ 25–26 July 1944,” Canadian Military History, vol. 2, 1993, no. 1, 83.
55 John Meredith Rockingham, interview by Reginald H. Roy, July 11, 1979, UVICSC.
56 Kingsley Brown Sr., Kingsley Brown Jr., and Brereton Greenhous, Semper Paratus:The History of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment), 1862–1977 (Hamilton: RHLI Historical Assoc., 1977), 249 –50.
57 Jarymowycz, 84.
58 Roy, 1944, 114.
59 Royal Hamilton Light Infantry War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 15.
60 Stacey, 193.
61 Roy, 1944, 129.
62 Le Régiment de Maisonneuve War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 6.
63 Roy, 1944, 129 –30.
64 Copp, The Brigade, 83.
65 Roy, 1944, 130 –31.
66 Terry Copp, Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 307.
67 Stacey, 193.
68 Ibid., 194.
16 SIMPLE PLANS
1 Reginald H. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984), 139.
2 “Operation Spring: 25 Jul 1944, Factors in Assessing Results,” 112HI.003 (D43), DHH, DND, 1–2.
3 Lt. Gen. G.G. Simonds, “Operation Spring,” Canadian Military History, vol. 1, nos. 1–2 (1992), 66 –68.
4 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 24.
5 North Nova Scotia Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
6 John A. English, Failure in High Command: The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign (Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 1995), 251.
7 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 2.
8 English, 251.
9 Simonds, 65.
10 Samuel W. Mitcham Jr., Panzers in Normandy: General Hans Eberbach and the German Defense of France, 1944 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2009), 87–88.
11 Dan Hartigan, A Rising of Courage: Canada’s Paratroops in the Liberation of Normandy (Calgary: Drop Zone, 2000), 244.
12 Charles P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945, vol. 3 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1960), 196.
13 Paul Douglas Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General: A Biography of General H.D.G.Crerar (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2007), 284.
14 Stacey, 196 –97.
15 English, 192–93.
16 Ibid., 194.
17 Stacey, 198 –99.
18 L.F. Ellis, The Battle of Normandy, vol. 1 of Victory in the West (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1962), 386 –87.
19 “Report No. 58, Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944, Part II: Canadian Operations in July, Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters,” DHH, DND, para. 321.
20 Ibid., para. 305.
21 Stacey, 201.
22 “Report No. 58,” para. 320.
23 Ibid., paras. 321–23.
24 Ibid., para. 320.
25 Essex Scottish Regiment War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 19.
26 Sandy Antal and Kevin R. Shackleton, Duty Nobly Done: the Official History of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment (Windsor, ON: Walkerville, 2006), 459 –60.
27 Essex Scottish War Diary
, 20.
28 Le Régiment de Maisonneuve War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 7–8.
29 W.R. Freasby, ed., Organization and Campaigns, vol. 1 of Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1956), 234.
30 Stacey, 204.
31 “Report No. 58,” para. 334.
32 John Meredith Rockingham, interview by Reginald H. Roy, July 11, 1979, UVICSC.
33 “Report No. 58,” para. 334.
34 Rockingham interview.
35 “Report No. 58,” para. 334.
36 Calgary Highlanders War Diary, July 1944, RG24, LAC, 34.
37 David Bercuson, Battalion of Heroes: The Calgary Highlanders in World War ii (Calgary: Calgary Highlanders Regimental Funds Fdn., 1994), 82.
38 “Account of Attack by the Calg Highrs on Tilly-La-Campagne Night 31 Jul/1 Aug 44 as told to Capt. Engler by Lt. R. Porter, LO 5 BDE, at Basse, 2 Aug 44,” 145.2C1.011(D1), DHH, DND, 1.
39 Calgary Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
40 Bercuson, 82.
41 Lincoln and Welland Regiment War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
42 Calgary Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, 1.
43 “Account by Porter,” 1–2.
44 Bercuson, 83–84.
45 “Account of the Attack on the Church in Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay by ‘D’ Coy, FUS MR, 31 Jul/1 Aug as Told by Maj. Dextraze to Capt. Engler at Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay, 3 Aug 44,” 145.2F1.011(D6), DHH, DND, 1.
46 Roy, 1944, 141.
47 “Account by Dextraze,” 1–3.
48 Canadian Army Overseas Honours and Awards Citation Details, DHH, DND, www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/cao-aco/details-eng.asp?firstname=JosephAlfredGermain&lastname=Lambert&rec=id4208 (accessed December 24, 2010).
49 “Account by Dextraze,” 4.
17 SHEER SLAUGHTER
1 “Report No. 58, Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944, Part II: Canadian Operations in July,” Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters, DHH, DND, para. 325.
2 Charles P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944– 1945, vol. 3 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1960), 206.
3 George Kitching, Mud and Green Fields: The Memoirs of Major General George Kitching (Langley, BC : Battleline Books, 1985), 209.
4 Lincoln and Welland Regiment War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
5 South Alberta Regiment War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
6 Lincoln and Welland War Diary, 1.
7 15th Field Regiment War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
8 Geoffrey Hayes, The Lincs: A History of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment at War (Alma, ON: Maple Leaf Route, 1986), 26 –28.
9 R.L. Rogers, History of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment (Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1954), 136.
10 Hayes, 26.
11 Lincoln and Welland War Diary, 1–2.
12 Hayes, 26.
13 Ibid., 27.
14 Lincoln and Welland War Diary, 2.
15 Calgary Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 4.
16 Carlo D’Este, Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign (London: Penguin, 1983), 408 –10.
17 L.F. Ellis, The Battle of Normandy, vol. 1 of Victory in the West (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1962), 397–98.
18 Robin Neillands, The Battle of Normandy, 1944 (London: Cassell, 2002), 323.
19 Ibid., 335.
20 “Report No. 50, The Campaign in North-West Europe–Information from German Sources, Part II: Invasion and Battle of Normandy (6 Jun–22 Aug 44),” Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters, DHH, DND, paras. 207–08.
21 Michael Reynolds, Steel Inferno: i ss Panzer Corps in Normandy (New York: Dell, 1997), 249.
22 Samuel W. Mitcham Jr., Panzers in Normandy: General Hans Eberbach and the German Defense of France, 1944 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2009), 97.
23 “Personal Diary of Brig N.E. Rodger, C of S 2 Cdn Corps,” 225C2.011(D2), vol. 10798, box 214, RG24, LAC, 15.
24 Reginald H. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984), 140 –41.
25 Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
26 “Personal Diary of Brig N.E. Rodger,” 15.
27 Terry Copp, The Brigade: Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1939–1945 (Stoney Creek, ON: Fortress, 1992), 90.
28 David R. O’Keefe, “ ‘Pushing Their Necks Out’: Ultra, The Black Watch, and Command Relations, May-sur-Orne, Normandy, 5 August 1944,” Canadian Military History vol. 15, no. 1 (Winter 2006), 34.
29 Copp, The Brigade, 91.
30 Black Watch War Diary, August 1944, possession of the author, 2.
31 O’Keefe, 37.
32 Black Watch War Diary, 2.
33 Stacey, 207.
34 Le Régiment de Maisonneuve War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 4–5.
35 Gérard Marchand, Le Régiment de Maisonneuve vers la Victoire, 1944–1945 (Montreal: Les Presses Libres, 1980), 88.
36 Le Régiment War Diary, 5.
37 Marchand, 88.
38 Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 2.
39 Robert L. Fraser, Black Yesterdays: The Argyll’s War (Hamilton: Argyll Fdn. 1996), 217.
40 Canadian Army Overseas Honours and Awards Citation Details, DHH, DND, www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/cao-aco/details-eng.asp?firstname=Alexander&lastname=McLaren&rec=id400 (accessed December 30, 2010).
41 Fraser, 217.
42 H.M. Jackson, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise’s), 1928–1953 (Montreal: Industrial Shops for the Deaf, 1953), 78 –79.
43 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 4.
44 Jackson, 78 –79.
45 Donald Graves, South Albertas: A Canadian Regiment at War (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1998), 108.
46 William Ernest John Hutchinson, “Test of a Corps Commander, Lieutenant-General Guy Granville Simonds: Normandy, 1944,” unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria: University of Victoria, 1982), 188.
47 Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 3.
48 George F.G. Stanley, In the Face of Danger: The History of the Lake Superior Regiment (Port Arthur, ON: Lake Superior Scottish Regt., 1960), 149 –50.
49 A. Fortescue Duguid, History of the Canadian Grenadier Guards, 1760–1964 (Montreal: Gazette Printing, 1965), 260.
50 Stanley, 149 –50.
51 Reynolds, 250.
52 “Report No. 65, Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944, Part III: Canadian Operations, 1–23 August,” Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters, DHH, DND, para. 35.
53 Ibid., para. 35.
18 JAWS DROPPED
1 Reginald H. Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984), 149.
2 Charles P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945, vol. 3 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1960), 208.
3 “Report No. 65, Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944, Part III: Canadian Operations, 1–23 August,” Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters, DHH, DND, para. 13.
4 William Ernest John Hutchinson, “Test of a Corps Commander, Lieutenant-General Guy Granville Simonds: Normandy, 1944,” unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria: University of Victoria, 1982), 189.
5 Stacey, 208.
6 Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy, 148 –49.
7 Stacey, 208 –09.
8 Hutchinson, 194.
9 T.J. Bell, Into Action with the 12th Field (Utrecht: J. van Boekhoven, 1945), 68.
10 14th Field Regiment (RC A) War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 2.
11 13th Field Regiment (RC A) War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 1.
12 Carl Rice Boehm, interview by Chris D. Main, May 30 and June 8, 1978, UVICSC.
1
3 John R. Grodzinski, “ ‘Kangaroos at War’: The History of the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment,” Canadian Military History, vol. 4. no. 2 (Autumn, 1995), 43–44.
14 Roy, 1944, 152.
15 Boehm interview.
16 Roy, 1944, 151.
17 Canadian Army Overseas Honours and Awards Citation Details, DHH, DND, www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/gal/cao-aco/details-eng.asp?firstname=GeorgeAlfred&lastname=Wiggan&rec=id3932 (accessed January 3, 2011).
18 Roy, 1944, 152.
19 “Immediate Report on Op ‘Totalize’ 7/9 Aug 44 by 2 Cdn Corps (Col. Massy),” 25C2.013 (D15), vol. 10800, box 215, RG24, LAC, 6.
20 John Meredith Rockingham, interview by Reginald H. Roy, July 11, 1979, UVICSC.
21 “Personal Diary of Brig. N.E. Rodger, C of S. 2 CDN CORPS,” Canadian War Museum, Arch Docs, Manu 58A 1 114.1, handwritten notes by Rodger entered below August 5, 1944, entry.
22 Roy, 1944, 153–58.
23 Stacey, 217–18.
24 Carlo D’Este, Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign (London: Penguin, 1983), 422.
25 Ralph Bennett, Ultra in the West: The Normandy Campaign of 1944–45 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979), 114–15.
26 Samuel W. Mitcham Jr., Panzers in Normandy: General Hans Eberbach and the German Defense of France, 1944 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2009), 97–98.
27 Robin Neillands, The Battle of Normandy, 1944 (London: Cassell, 2002), 342–46.
28 L.F. Ellis, The Battle of Normandy, vol. 1 of Victory in the West (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1962), 415–16.
29 Michael Reynolds, Steel Inferno: i ss Panzer Corps in Normandy (New York: Dell, 1997), 283–85.
30 Kurt Meyer, Grenadier: The Story of Waffen ss General Kurt “Panzer” Meyer (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005), 274.
31 Stacey, 221.
32 Royal Regiment of Canada War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 6.
33 VIII CDN Recce Rgt 14 ch : Battle History of the Regt (Victoria: 8th Cdn Recce Association, 1993), 7.
34 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade War Diary, August 1944, RG24, LAC, 9.
35 Roy, 1944, 163.
36 “Operation Totalize: An Account of Ops by 2 CDN ARMD BDE in France 5 to 8 Aug 44,” 275C2.013 (D4), vol. 10992, box 313, RG24, LAC, 4–5.
37 2nd Canadian Armoured War Diary, 9 –10.
38 Brian A. Reid, No Holding Back: Operation Totalize, Normandy, August 1944 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2005), 172–74.