by Lloyd, Nick
9W. H. Downing, To the Last Ridge. The World War One Experiences of W. H. Downing (London: Grub Street, 2002; first publ. 1920), pp. 143 and 145. Original emphasis.
10TNA: WO 95/437, Fourth Army Summary of Operations, 8 August 1918; Sir J. Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, 8th August–26th September. The Franco-British Offensive (London: HMSO, 1947), pp. 51 and 73.
11Les Armées françaises dans la Grande Guerre (11 vols., Paris: Ministère de la Guerre, 1923), VII, p. 177.
12Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 90–92.
13G. von der Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, ed. E. von Tschischwitz (Berlin: Steiniger-Verlage, 1940), pp. 303 and 306.
14TNA: WO 95/94, ‘Summary of Tank Actions from August 8th to October 20th’, by H. J. Elles, 29 October 1918.
15LAC: ‘1st Canadian Division. Report on Amiens Operations August 8th–20th Inclusive 1918’, p. 3.
16Bose, Katastrophe, pp. 109–10.
17BA-MA: PH8I/385, ‘Erfahrungen bei dem englischen Angriff am 8.8.18’, 16 August 1918.
18P. Maze, A Frenchman in Khaki (Kingswood: William Heinemann, 1934), p. 331.
19Bose, Katastrophe, p. 61.
20LAC: ‘4th Canadian Division Narrative of Operations, Battle of Amiens, August 8th to August 13th, 1918’, pp. 7 and 20.
21Maze, Frenchman in Khaki, p. 332.
22Bose, Katastrophe, p. 127.
23Bundesarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, XIV, Die Kriegführung an der Westfront im Jahre 1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1944), p. 567.
24Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 89–90.
25LAC: RG41, Vol. 10, Testimony of R. H. Camp.
26R. Stark, Wings of War. A German Airman’s Diary of the Last Year of the Great War, trans. C. W. Sykes (London: Greenhill Books, 1988), pp. 115–16.
27Maze, A Frenchman in Khaki, pp. 335–6.
28Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, p. 93.
29TNA: WO 95/437, Fourth Army Summary of Operations, 9 August 1918.
30TNA: WO 95/94, ‘Summary of Tank Actions from August 8th to October 20th’, by H. J. Elles, 29 October 1918.
31Crown Prince Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols., Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1929), II, p. 434.
32Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 88–92, 117 and 139.
33E. P. F. Lynch, Somme Mud. The Experiences of an Infantryman in France, 1916–1919, ed. W. Davies (London: Bantam, 2008; first publ. 2006), pp. 341 and 343–4.
34LAC: RG41, Vol. 21, Testimony of Brigadier-General A. Ross.
35R. Prior and T. Wilson, Command on the Western Front. The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 327–33; Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 116 and 138.
36JMO: 26 N 20/1, ‘Journal de Marche de la 1ère Armée à partir du 1er janvier 1918 au 31 octobre 1918’, p. 485.
37Maze, A Frenchman in Khaki, p. 338.
38Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, p. 138.
39TNA: WO 95/94, ‘Summary of Tank Actions from August 8th to October 20th’, by H. J. Elles, 29 October 1918.
40LAC: ‘4th Canadian Division Narrative of Operations, Battle of Amiens, August 8th to August 13th, 1918’, p. 13.
4. ‘Another black day’
1G. von der Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, ed. E. von Tschischwitz (Berlin: Steiniger-Verlage, 1940), p. 304.
2Sir G. Aston, The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch (London: Hutchinson, 1932), p. 256.
3Sir W. Orpen, An Onlooker in France 1917–1919 (London: Williams & Norgate, 1921), pp. 77–9.
4F. Foch, The Memoirs of Marshal Foch, trans. T. Bentley Mott (London: William Heinemann, 1931), pp. 438 and 439. Original emphasis.
5Foch to Haig and Pétain, 12 August 1918, in Sir J. Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, 8th August–26th September. The Franco-British Offensive (London: HMSO, 1947), pp. 583–4.
6LAC: RG41, Vol. 21, Testimony of Brigadier-General J. A. Clark, p. 8.
7TNA: WO 95/437, ‘Notes of Conference Held at 2nd Australian Division Hdqrs., Villers-Bretonneux, at 3 p.m., 11th August, 1918’.
8See M. Daille, La Bataille de Montdidier (Paris: Éditions Berger-Levrault, 1924).
9Les Armées françaises dans la Grande Guerre (11 vols., Paris: Ministère de la Guerre, 1923), VII, p. 195; JMO: 26 N 20/1, ‘Journal de Marche de la 1ère Armée à partir du 1er janvier 1918 au 31 octobre 1918’, p. 485.
10‘General Operations Order No. 606’, 11 August 1918, in P. Pétain, Report by the Field Marshal Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies of the North and Northeast on the Operations in 1918. The Offensive Campaign (18 July–11 November 1918) (3 parts, trans. A. Woldike), III, p. 154.
11Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 167–8.
12TNA: WO 158/29, Haig to Foch, 14 August 1918.
13Ibid., 15 August 1918.
14Field Marshal Sir D. Haig, diary, 15 August 1918, in D. Haig, War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918, eds. G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), pp. 445–6.
15E. von Ludendorff, Concise Ludendorff Memoirs 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1933), pp. 290–91.
16Crown Prince Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols., Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1929), II, p. 435.
17TNA: WO 95/94, Tank Corps Summary of Information, 10 September 1918.
18F. von Lossberg, Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1939), pp. 352, 354 and 355.
19P. von Hindenburg, Out of My Life, trans. F. A. Holt (London: Cassell & Company, 1920), pp. 394 and 395.
20Hindenburg, Out of My Life, p. 396.
21Prince Max of Baden, The Memoirs of Prince Max of Baden, trans. W. M. Calder and C. W. H. Sutton (2 vols., London: Constable, 1928), I, p. 315.
22Ludendorff, Memoirs, pp. 294 and 295.
23W. Görlitz (ed.), The Kaiser and His Court. The Diaries, Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918 (London: Macdonald & Co., 1961; first publ. 1959), p. 42.
24W. Foerster, Der Feldherr Ludendorff im Unglück (Wiesbaden: Limes Verlag, 1952), pp. 76–7.
25‘Occupation of the Plateaux to the North of the Aisne and the Advance as Far as the Oise (20th–23rd August)’, in Pétain, Report, III, p. 47.
26Ludendorff, Memoirs, p. 300.
27‘Special Order No. 410’, 19 August 1918, in Pétain, Report, III, p. 211.
28‘Instruction for the Attack’, 15 August 1918, in Pétain, Report, III, p. 185.
29C. Mangin, Lettres de guerre 1914–1918, ed. L. Eugène (Paris: Fayard, 1950), pp. 294–5.
30R. L. Bullard, Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (New York: Double day, 1925), p. 200.
31Mangin, Lettres de guerre, pp. 299–301.
32‘General Operations Orders No. 648’, 17 August 1918, in Pétain, Report, III, pp. 199–200.
33‘Making Contact with the Hindenburg Position (4th–15th September)’, in Pétain, Report, III, p. 65.
5. ‘The incredible roar of massed guns’
1E. P. F. Lynch, Somme Mud. The Experiences of an Infantryman in France, 1916–1919, ed. W. Davies (London: Bantam, 2008; first publ. 2006), p. 357.
2M. E. Debeney, La Guerre et les hommes. Réflexions d’après-guerre (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1937), pp. 38–9.
3R. L. Bullard, Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (New York: Doubleday, 1925), p. 130.
4Field Marshal Sir D. Haig, diary, 19 August 1918, in D. Haig, War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918, eds. G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 447. Original emphasis.
5TNA: WO 95/372, ‘Notes for Operation GZ (Bucquoy–Moyenneville)’, 14 August 1918.
6Sir James Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, 8th August–
26th September. The Franco-British Offensive (London: HMSO, 1947), pp. 186 and 192.
7A. H. Hussey and D. S. Inman, The Fifth Division in the Great War (London: Nisbet & Co., 1921), pp. 231, 232 and 238.
8TNA: WO 95/1516, ‘Resume of Reports on Operations of 95th, 15th and 13th Infantry Brigades.’
9TNA: WO 95/1557, 15/Royal Warwickshire Regiment War Diary, 23 August 1918.
10IWM: 86/57/1, ‘Once a Gunner’, by Brigadier R. C. Foot, pp. 96–8.
11IWM: 81/21/1, Account of A. J. Turner, p. 44.
12IWM: 92/36/1, ‘The Wheels of Darkness’, by Lieutenant R. G. Dixon, p. 26.
13IWM: 80/28/1, Memoirs of T. G. Mohan, p. 119.
14IWM: 06/30/1, Account of T. H. Holmes.
15Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, p. 18n.
16J. M. A. Durrant, ‘Some Aspects of the Operations of the 2nd Australian Division from the 27th of August to the 2nd of September, 1918’, Army Quarterly, Vol. XXXI (October 1935 and January 1936), p. 19.
17W. H. Downing, To the Last Ridge. The World War One Experiences of W. H. Downing (London: Grub Street, 2002; first publ. 1920), pp. 157–8.
18Sir J. Monash, The Australian Victories in France in 1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1920), p. 177.
19Lynch, Somme Mud, p. 361.
20Details taken from C. E. W. Bean, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 (12 vols., Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1941–2), VI, pp. 816–17.
21Sir A. Montgomery, The Story of Fourth Army in the Battles of the Hundred Days, August 8th to November 11th, 1918 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1920), p. 101.
22G. von der Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, ed. E. von Tschischwitz (Berlin: Steiniger-Verlage, 1940), p. 309.
23F. von Lossberg, Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1939), pp. 355–6.
24Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, p. 236.
25Hauptman Poetter, Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 55 (Oldenburg: Stalling, 1922), p. 54.
26Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, p. 307.
27G. Bucher, In the Line 1914–1918 (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005; first publ. 1932), p. 294.
28TNA: WO 95/94, Tank Corps Summary of Information, 16 September 1918.
29R. Stark, Wings of War. A German Airman’s Diary of the Last Year of the Great War, trans. C. W. Sykes (London: Greenhill Books, 1988), pp. 135–7.
30Lossberg, Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkrieg, p. 356.
31TNA: WO 95/94, Tank Corps Summary of Information, 26 September 1918.
32BA-MA: MSG2/5710, Leutnant Richard Schütt, letter, 17 August 1918, and Kanonier Willy Schütt, letter, 24 August 1918.
33BA-MA: RH61/1035, ‘Feldpost Postüberwachung beim AOK 5’, 31 August 1918.
34Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, p. 308.
35R. Binding, A Fatalist at War, trans. I. F. D. Morrow (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929), pp. 241 and 242.
36For the effect of RAF bombing and strafing attacks see J. Boff, ‘Air/Land Integration in the 100 Days: The Case of Third Army’, RAF Air Power Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Autumn 2009), pp. 84–5.
37Marwitz, Weltkriegsbriefe, pp. 304–5 and 307.
38L. A. Strange, Recollections of an Airman (London: Greenhill Books, 1989), pp. 190–91.
39C. Degelow, Germany’s Last Knight in the Air. The Memoirs of Major Carl Degelow, trans. and ed. P. Kilduff (London: William Kimber, 1979), p. 145.
40Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, p. 351.
41F. Foch, The Memoirs of Marshal Foch, trans. T. Bentley Mott (London: William Heinemann, 1931), pp. 456–7.
6. ‘The whole thing was simply magnificent’
1Crown Prince Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols., Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1929), II, p. 158.
2Anonymous, ‘A German Account of the British Offensive of August, 1918’, Army Quarterly, Vol. VI (April/July 1923), p. 16.
3BA-MA: MSG2/5710, Kanonier Willy Schütt, letter, 6 September 1918.
4R. Stark, Wings of War. A German Airman’s Diary of the Last Year of the Great War, trans. C. W. Sykes (London: Greenhill Books, 1988), pp. 151–4.
5Sir J. Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, 8th August–26th September. The Franco-British Offensive (London: HMSO, 1947), pp. 413–14.
6LAC: MG30 E100, Sir Arthur Currie Papers, Vol. 43, File 1914, diary, 3 September 1918.
7S. B. Schreiber, Shock Army of the British Empire. The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997), p. 79.
8TNA: WO 95/94, ‘Summary of Tank Actions from August 8th to October 20th’, by H. J. Elles, 29 October 1918.
9J. F. B. Livesay, Canada’s Hundred Days. With the Canadian Corps from Amiens to Mons, Aug. 8–Nov. 11, 1918 (Toronto: Thomas Allen, 1919), p. 162.
10LAC: MG30 E393, Account of Private A. J. Foster, pp. 27 and 29.
11W. H. Anderson, ‘The Breaking of the Quéant–Drocourt Line by the Canadian Corps, First Army 2nd–4th September, 1918’, Canadian Defence Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1926), p. 126.
12Captain A. Impey, diary, 30 September 1918, in http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/tucker/tuckerbiography.htm.
13Sir A. Macdonell, ‘The Old Red Patch at the Breaking of the Drocourt–Quéant Line, the Crossing of the Canal du Nord and the Advance on Cambrai, 30th Aug–2nd Oct 1918’, Canadian Defence Quarterly, Vol. 6 (October 1928), pp. 17–18.
14Field Marshal Sir D. Haig, diary, 1 September 1918, in D. Haig, War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918, eds. G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005), pp. 452–3.
15T. Cook, No Place to Run. The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999), p. 200.
16IWM: 06/30/1, Account of T. H. Holmes.
17Cook, No Place to Run, p. 200.
18F. A. Holden, War Memories (Athens, Ga: Athens Book Company, 1922), pp. 128–31.
19IWM: 86/57/1, ‘Once a Gunner’, by Brigadier R. C. Foot, pp. 98 and 120.
20CWM: 58A 1 187.1, ‘The Life History of Clifford M. Johnston 1896–1951’ (2 vols.), II, pp. 592, 593 and 598.
21Sir J. Monash, The Australian Victories in France in 1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1920), pp. 194–7.
22Anonymous, ‘The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War, 1914–1919 – Bridging’, The Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. XXX (July–December 1919), p. 261.
23A. H. Hussey and D. S. Inman, The Fifth Division in the Great War (London: Nisbet & Co., 1921), p. 289.
24Monash, Australian Victories, p. 207.
25Stark, Wings of War, pp. 138–9.
26F. von Lossberg, Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1939), p. 358.
27R. Binding, A Fatalist at War, trans. I. F. D. Morrow (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929), pp. 227 and 229.
28Crown Prince Wilhelm, The Memoirs of the Crown Prince of Germany (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922), p. 203.
29S. Stephenson, The Final Battle. Soldiers of the Western Front and the German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 21.
30BA-MA: Patient Files of Guido Hermann (Pers 9/1.1.97) and Cyrus Karl (Pers 9/1.7.93).
31BA-MA: Patient Files of Wilhelm Wilhöft (Pers 9/1.1.99) and Karl Passhaus (Pers 9/1.7.94).
32Lossberg, Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkrieg, pp. 356–8.
33Edmonds (ed.), Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, IV, pp. 467–8; M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship. The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 (London: Croom Helm, 1976), p. 252.
34Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch, II, p. 443.
7. Enter the Americans
1Crown Prince Rupprecht cited in a letter to Prince Max, 15 August 1918, in Prince Max of Baden, The Memoirs of Prince Max of Baden, trans. W. M. Calder and C. W. H. Sutton (2 vols., London: Constable, 1928), I, p. 320.
2E. E. Mackin, Suddenly We Didn’t Wa
nt to Die. Memoirs of a World War I Marine (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1993), pp. 19–20.
3G. Mead, Doughboys. America and the First World War (London: Penguin Books, 2001), p. 92.
4J. J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War (2 vols., New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1931), I, p. 159.
5Ibid., pp. 30–33.
6D. Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917–1918 (Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, 1993), pp. 53–5.
7IWM: 92/36/1, ‘The Wheels of Darkness’, by Lieutenant R. G. Dixon, pp. 64–6.
8C. M. Chenu, Du képi rouge aux chars d’assaut (Paris: Albin Michel, 1932), p. 284.
9According to Savatier, ‘Nothing disconcerted us Frenchmen quite so much as the attitude of the white American officers towards the coloured men in the American forces.’ Cited in G. S. Viereck (ed.), As They Saw Us. Foch, Ludendorff and Other Leaders Write Our War History (Cranbury, NJ: Scholar’s Bookshelf, 2005; first publ. 1929), pp. 295 and 303.
10IWM: 06/62/1, Captain T. F. Grady, diary, 8–11 April 1918.
11See Mead, Doughboys, pp. 66–8.
12MHI: WWI 8178, ‘A Peace Lover Goes to War’, by Lieutenant W. T. Carpenter, p. 26.
13MHI: WWI 8188 (Folder 8), ‘A Private Saw It. My Memoirs of the First Division World War I’, by H. L. McHenry, p. 36.
14F. A. Holden, War Memories (Athens, Ga: Athens Book Company, 1922), p. 45.
15A. Williams, Experiences of the Great War (Roanoake, Va: Stone, 1919), p. 16.
16Ibid., pp. 16–17.
17Holden, War Memories, pp. 79 and 80.
18Mead, Doughboys, p. 67.
19Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, I, p. 152.
20M. E. Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War. The American Army and Combat in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 214–15, 258–9 and 277–8.
21Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, II, p. 144.
22Haig to Pershing, 27 August 1918, in D. Haig, War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918, eds. G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005), p. 451.
23Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War, p. 109.
24‘Indications of Impending American Attack’, 9 September 1918, in US Department for the Army, Historical Division, United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919 (17 vols., Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948 [hereafter USAWW]), VIII, pp. 291–3.