U.S. Senate, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Aeronautical Space Services. Reports and Hearings re Missile and Space Activities for 85th and 86th Congress, from April 1957 to June 1959. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Van Deusen, Glyndon Garlock. The Life of Henry Clay. Boston: Little, Brown, 1937.
Warren, Earl. The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977.
Watson, Denton L. Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell Jr.'s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws. New York: William Morrow, 1990.
Weisenberger, Carol A. Dollars and Dreams: The National Youth Administration in Texas. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President, 1960. New York: Atheneum, 1961.
White, William S. Citadel: The Story of the U.S. Senate. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.
White, William S. The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
White, William S. The Taft Story. New York: Harper & Bros., 1954.
Whitfield, Stephen J. A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. New York: Free Press, 1988.
Wicker, Tom. JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality upon Politics. New York: Morrow, 1968.
Wicker, Tom. On Press. New York: Viking, 1978.
Wicker, Tom. One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream. New York: Random House, 1991.
Wilkins, Roy, with Tom Mathews. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins. New York: Viking Penguin, 1982.
Wilkinson, J. Harvie III. Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945–1966. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1968.
Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965. New York: Viking, 1987.
Williams, Nancy, Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.
Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885.
Wiltse, Charles M. John C. Calhoun. 3 vols. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1944–1951.
Wiltse, Charles M., The Papers of Daniel Webster, Vol. I, 1800–1833. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1986.
Wright, Richard. 12 Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States. New York: Viking, 1941.
Young, Roland. This Is Congress. New York: Knopf, 1943.
Zangrando, Robert L. The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
*BeLieu, The Captains and the Kings, p. 196.
†Horwitz OH, p. 5.
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
AA-S Austin American-Statesman
AC Atlanta Constitution
ACWD Ann C. Whitman Diary
APSR American Political Science Review
AWNS Ann Whitman Name Series
AWPP Alvin Wirtz Personal Papers
AWRP A. Willis Robertson Papers
CCC-T Corpus Christi Caller-Times
CR Congressional Record
DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
DDEPP Dwight D. Eisenhower Public Papers of the Presidents
DMN Dallas Morning News
DT-H Dallas Times-Herald
FDRL Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library
FWS-T Fort Worth Star-Telegram
HC Houston Chronicle
HHLP Herbert H. Lehman Papers, Columbia University
HP Houston Post
HSTL Harry S Truman Library
JNYA Johnson National Youth Administration Papers
JSP Johnson Senate Papers
KGP Katharine Graham Papers
LAT Los Angeles Times
LBJA Lyndon Baines Johnson Archives
LBJA CF LBJA Congressional File
LBJA FN LBJA Famous Names File
LBJA SF LBJA Subject File
LBJA SN LBJA Selected Names File
LBJL Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
LC Library of Congress
LLM Legislative Leaders Meetings
LMS Legislative Meetings Series
LOP Leland Olds Papers
MP MacNeil Papers
NA National Archives
NAACPP NAACP Papers
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NYHT New York Herald Tribune
NYP New York Post
NYT New York Times
NYWT New York World Telegram
OH Oral History
PPCF Pre-Presidential Confidential File
PPMF Pre-Presidential Memo File
RBRL Richard B. Russell Library
RP Rauh Papers
SAE San Antonio Express
SEP Saturday Evening Post
SHO Senate Historical Office
SLP-D St. Louis Post-Dispatch
SP Steele Papers
SPF Senate Political Files
SRL Sam Rayburn Library
USN&WR U.S. News & World Report
UVaL University of Virginia Library
WHFN White House Famous Names File
WN Washington News
WP Washington Post and Times Herald
WS Washington Star
WSJ Wall Street Journal
W-SJ Winston-Salem Journal
WT Washington Times
Introduction: The Presence of Fire
Barbour County episode: “Testimony of Margaret Frost, Eufaula, Barbour, Ala.,” U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Montgomery, Alabama, Dec. 8, 1958, pp. 262–67; Ina Caro and Robert Caro interviews with David Frost and Margaret Frost; see also Testimony of George R. Morris and Andrew Jones, pp. 248–262. “There is”: U.S. Senate, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-fifth Congress, First Session, on S. 83, And Amendment 2.S.83, S. 427, p. 239. See also Strong, Registration of Voters in Alabama; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, With Liberty and Justice for All, pp. 59–75, 84–95.
“Back then”: Hugh Sidey, “The Presidency,” Time, Dec. 15, 1985.
240: Hurst interview.
“If you’re”: Humphrey, quoted in Miller, Lyndon, p. 166. For Humphrey describing Johnson’s gesture in slightly different words, see his OH II, pp. 10, 11, and OH III, pp. 9, 10.
“For all”: Steele to Williamson, June 9, 1955; March 4, 1958; SP; Steele interview. “It was”: Sidey, Personal Presidency, p. 45. “He signaled”: Sidey interview.
“I do understand”: Johnson, quoted in McPherson, Political Education, p. 450. “Would explain”: Jackson, quoted in Reston, Deadline, pp. 304, 305. “I’m just”: Johnson, quoted in Dickerson, Among Those Present, pp. 154–55.
“The South’s unending”: White, Citadel, p. 68.
1. The Desks of the Senate
Webster’s reply to Hayne: Wiltse, ed., Papers of Daniel Webster, pp. 349–93 (Reported Version); Byrd, The Senate, Vol. I, pp. 109–15; Vol. III, pp. 3, 4.
“Coarse homespun”; “White, triumphant”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 111. “Could shake”; “great cannon”: Emerson, quoted in Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, p. 84. Smile faded: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 113. Tears; “even Calhoun”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 114. “Thrilled”: Josephy, The Congress, p. 178.
“Embellished”: Wiltse, ed., Papers of Daniel Webster, p. 286. Edition followed: Wiltse, ed., p. 286. “Has probably”; “No speech”; “raised”; “part”: Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, pp. 179–80.
“The Founding”: Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, p. 79. “The turbulence”: Madison, Notes of Debates (1920 ed.), p. 34. “Real”: Madison, Debates, (1987 ed.), pp. 193–94; Hamilton, Federalist Papers, p. 387. “A necessary”: Madison, Debates (1987 ed.), p. 194. “To be guarded”; “first”: Madison, pp. 194–95, 193.
“The use”: Madison, Debates (1920 ed.), p. 34, quoted in Haynes, The Senate of the United States, Vol. I, p. 14. “An anchor”: Hamilton, p. 385. “Why”: Josephy, p. 46.
“Numerous”: Hamilton, pp. 379, 380. When Wilson: Haynes, Vol. I, p. 11. “The people”; “the evils”: Madison, Debates (1920 ed.), p. 71, quoted in Haynes, Vol. I, p. 11.
“Filtration”; “refinement”: Madison, Debates (1920 ed.), p. 69, quoted in Haynes, Vol. I, p. 13. “Change of men”; what good: Hamilton, pp. 380, 381. “The object”; “hold”: Madison, p. 34, quoted in Haynes, Vol. I, p. 16. “It was so”: White, Citadel, pp. 33–34. “Where else”: Hamilton, No. 65, p. 441.
“The senatorial trust”: Hamilton, p. 376. “As”: Haynes, Vol. I, p. 15.
Judiciary Act: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 14, 17; Josephy, pp. 10, 67–69. “Almost an appendage”: Josephy, p. 67.
The desks: Description of Senate Chamber from Adams, History, pp. 454–55.
“Better calculated”; “such success”: Adams, pp. 437, 438. “To impeachment”: Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, p. 30. Republicans succeeded: Josephy, p. 134; Malone, Jefferson: First Term, pp. 148, 460–64.
“Outrageously”: Garraty, American Nation, p. 220. “Towered”: Malone, p. 464.
“Nothing more”: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 321–22, quoted in Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, p. 30. Endangered: Garraty, p. 220.
“Aged patriot”: Harper, quoted in Elsmere, Justice Samuel Chase, pp. 285–86. Description of the voting: Adams, pp. 462, 463; Elsmere, pp. 293–306. White House pressure: Elsmere, p. 295, says, “The President had attempted discreetly throughout the trial to aid the prosecution. Guests at several dinners included Aaron Burr, some of the managers, and the more important senators or those whose votes were in doubt.”
“Crooked gun”; offered two: Elsmere, p. 217; Adams, p. 450. “Almost”: Samuel Taggert, quoted in Elsmere, p. 269. “Fresh”; “a stillness”: Josephy, p. 135. Burr’s speech: Baker, The Senate, “Reading No. 16: Aaron Burr’s Farewell to the Senate, March 2, 1805,” pp. 148–49. “The Senate”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 48.
“Ideal: Josephy, p. 176. And see Baker, The Senate, p. 33. Ridiculous; “within”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 86. Houston’s clothing: Josephy, p. 203. Bluntly: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 177.
Buzzing: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 122; Josephy, p. 179. “Disunion”; “within”: Peterson, pp. 216, 221. On the day: Peterson, pp. 222–23. The most difficult: Peterson, p. 409. “Commanding”: Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, pp. 242–43. “His voice”: Matthews, Oratory and Orators, p. 312, quoted in Peterson, pp. 408, 409. How much; “the arch”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 123. “A caged”; “the impious”: Peterson, p. 222.
“Hypnotize”; “depopulate”; “white gloves”; “No lover”; “Stepping”: Peterson, pp. 167, 379; Matthews, Oratory and Orators, Van Deusen, Life of Henry Clay, passim; Josephy, p. 200. “So penetrating”: Matthews, p. 38. “Made”: Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, p. 83. Clay’s speech: Peterson, pp. 227–30.
“Such was”: William T. Hammett to F. W. White, Feb. 12, 1833, quoted in Peterson, p. 227. “Day and night”; “Would generally”; “ornaments”: Peterson, pp. 232–34.
“He spoke”: Peterson, p. 457. “If any”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 188. Visiting Webster: Kennedy, Profiles in Courage, pp. 61–62, 65–67. “Rose”: Van Deusen, p. 399. “I implore”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 189. “When”: National Era, July 18, 1850, quoted in Peterson, p. 472. “Seized”: Peterson, p. 459. “What”: New York Herald, Jan. 31, Feb. 8, 1850, quoted in Peterson, p. 458. “Emaciated”: Charles Wiltse, ed., John C. Calhoun, Vol. III, quoted in Byrd, Vol. I, p. 190. Sitting at his desk: Richard M. Ketchum, “Faces from the Past—XXII,” American Heritage, Oct. 1967. “The greatest”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 190. “Not since”: Peterson, p. 462. Webster’s speech: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 191–92. Their last exchange: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 193, 194; Congressional Globe, 31/1, Appendix, pp. 271, 273. “If I”: Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, Vol. III, p. 475, quoted in Byrd, Vol. I, p. 194; Congressional Globe, 31/1, p. 520.
“A higher”: Garraty, p. 386. “Let him fire!”: Baker, The Senate, p. 48. “A truly”: “the mighty”: Peterson, p. 495.
The fuse: Josephy, p. 210. Sumner’s caning: Burns, Vineyard of Liberty, p. 552.
Bought the time: Baker, The Senate, p. 33. “Perhaps”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 200. “Beginning”: Peterson, p. 234. “The Senate contains”: Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Vol. I, pp. 204, 205. “The only”; “the most”: Lindsay Rogers, “The Gentlemen and Their Club,” NYT Book Review, Jan. 13, 1957.
“It only”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 227. “If people”: Josephy, p. 233.
“Andrew Johnson”; “Johnson’s opponents”: Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, p. 73. “The condition”: Kennedy, pp. 134–35. “Let me”; “the question”; “fearful”: Kennedy, pp. 131, 148, 135. “His level”; “he has”: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 241, 283. “The country”: Kennedy, p. 145. Grimes’ vote: “We have”; “I shall”; Kennedy, p. 150. The removal: Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, p. 74.
“One of”: Garraty, quoted in Josephy, p. 249. “After”; “agreed”; “unspoken”: Josephy, pp. 247–50. Numbered men: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 336–37; Garraty, p. 684. “Fount”; “more”; “unequaled”: Josephy, pp. 247, 250. “Senate Supreme”: Josephy, Chapter 6. “A government”: Adams, Democracy, p. 28.
“A social”: Josephson, The Politicos, p. 327. “The members”: Josephy, p. 269; Josephson, p. 445. “The best”; “to keep”: Josephy, p. 267. “Behind”; “but to whisper”: Josephson, p. 446.
Great care; “dissidents”: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 365–66. “Operated”: Josephy, p. 206.
“Was not”: Josephy, p. 269. “Does not”; “singularly”: Garraty, p. 683. “Not a single”: Garraty, p. 696.
“The Bosses”: Keppler’s cartoon is reproduced in Josephy, pp. 254–55. “The Senate”: Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, quoted in Baker, The Senate, p. 207.
“With relish”: Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, p. 80. “As a servant”: Wilson, Congressional Government, pp. 49, 59, 233–34. Most secretaries: Twenty of the twenty-four secretaries of state between 1811 and 1892 had previously been senators (Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, p. 80).
“I have”: Garraty, p. 722. Beveridge, Hoar speeches: Byrd, pp. 360–62.
“The international”: The discussion of the rise of the executive agreement is based on Schlesinger, Imperial Presidency, pp. 79–92. The quotations are from these pages.
Leaving New York harbor: Burns, Workshop, p. 448. “To found”: Burns, Workshop, p. 450. “Tended”: Garraty, p. 790. In favor: Burns, Workshop, p. 458; Garraty, p. 792. Had been known: Smith, When the Cheering Stopped, p. 55; Thomas A. Bailey, “Woodrow Wilson Wouldn’t Yield,” American Heritage, June 1957. “I never”; “sinister”: Burns, Workshop, p. 459. “Shifty”: Smith, p. 55. “Pygmy-minded”: Thomas A. Bailey, “Woodrow Wilson Wouldn’t Yield,” American Heritage, June 1957. Wilson refused: Smith, p. 55.
“The thing”: Josephy, p. 329. “(It) has never”; “war can”: Lodge, quoted in Widenor, “Henry Cabot Lodge: The Astute Parliamentarian,” in Baker and Davidson, eds., First Among Equals, p. 43. “At weakening”: Lodge, The Senate of the United States, quoted in Widenor, in First Among Equals, p. 42. “At the core”; “faith”: Burns, Workshop, pp. 459, 468. “Who”: Josephy, p. 329. “Round Robin”; “The Senate”: Thomas A. Bailey, “Woodrow Wilson Wouldn’t Yield,” American Heritage, June 1957. “Anyone”: Garraty, p. 792. “The gentlemen”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 424.
“No one”: W. Stull Holt, quoted in Baker and Davidson, eds., First Among Equals, p. 44. “The only”: Burns, Workshop, p. 458. “Reverberated”: Burns, Workshop, p. 457. Hearings: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 424–26; Thomas A. Bailey, “Woodrow Wilson Wouldn’t Yield,” American Heritage, June 1957. “You may call me”; if Lodge: Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 425–26.
“Mustering”: Burns, Workshop, pp. 461–62. “Where am I”: Smith, When the Cheering Stopped, p. 59. “Appeal to Caesar”: Smith, p. 58. “I have it”: Burns, p. 465. An epic: Burns, pp. 463–65. “By crusading”: Burns, p. 465.“For decades”; “ultimately”: Burns, pp. 466–67.
The “Senate Four”: Byrd, Vol. I,
pp. 371–87. Sitting: A picture of them on the porch is in Byrd, Vol. I, p. 372. “The four bosses”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 372. Across Long Island Sound: Josephson, President Makers, pp. 123–24. “I want to be sure”: Josephson, p. 150. While: Josephy, pp. 302–04. “Sound and wise”: Josephson, p. 125. “The current”: Josephson, p. 168. “Paramount”; “we’ll get you”: Josephy, p. 305. Did not require: Garraty, pp. 750–52.
Since he was; “drawn”: Josephy, pp. 314–15; Morison, Commager, and Leuchtenburg, Growth of the American Republic, Vol. II, p. 322. “Prairie fire”: Josephson, President Makers, p. 299. Summoned: Garraty, p. 756. “Dictator”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 381. “Where”: Byrd, p. 383. Progressives’ fight: Byrd, pp. 382–87; Josephy, pp. 315–16; Garraty, p. 757. “Consummation”: Josephy, p. 316.
2. “Great Things Are Underway”
Inaugural Address: Burns, Workshop, p. 384; Morison et al., Growth of the American Republic, Vol. II, pp. 425–28. For a century: Byrd, The Senate, Vol. I, pp. 409–10; Josephson, President Makers, p. 476. As was the Leader: Walter J. Oleszek, “John Worth Kern: Portrait of a Floor Leader,” in Baker and Davidson, eds., First Among Equals, pp. 20, 23–25, 27–33. Kept attacking: Morison et al., pp. 431–38; Josephson, pp. 478–79. Dramatic appeal: Burns, Workshop, p. 385; Link, The New Freedom, p. 187. “Think of it”: Burns, Workshop, pp. 386–87. Sitting: Josephson, p. 479. During it transformed: Garraty, American Nation, pp. 761–63; Josephson, pp. 489–94; Josephy, The Congress, pp. 320–22.
“Like a deck”: Russell, Shadow of Blooming Grove, p. 380. “Will not try”: William C. Widenor, “Henry Cabot Lodge: The Astute Parliamentarian,” in Baker and Davidson, eds., First Among Equals, p. 51. “Sign”; “Bouncing”: Josephy, pp. 338, 389.
“Frankly”: Josephy, p. 338.
Raised duties: Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 164. “The product”: Byrd, Vol. I, p. 447. “No doubt”: Burns, Workshop, p. 499.
Mail sacks: Caro, Path, pp. 240–46. Little help: Caro, pp. 246–52.
“COME”: Garraty, p. 839. “They know”: Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal, p. 13. “Roosevelt had”: Josephy, pp. 347–48.
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