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The Untold History of the United States

Page 106

by Oliver Stone

Nuclear Posture Review of 2002, 538

  nuclear stockpiles, 538

  Nuclear Suppliers Group, 608

  nuclear warfare:

  Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308–9, 312

  “flexible” and “limited,” 416

  opposition to, 180

  public fears of, 196, 254–55

  public support for, 241

  Trinity test and, 162

  as “winnable,” 443

  nuclear weapons:

  arms control for, 229–30, 442, 446, 466, 482

  Bikini Atoll test for, 198–200, 199

  British, 282

  Carter’s call for abolition of, 391

  China as potential target of, 250, 268, 281–82, 287, 295, 312

  Chinese, 349, 363, 382, 539, 540

  as cost-cutting strategy, 254

  “Dead Hand” computerized system to launch, 443

  Eisenhower and, 249–57, 267–68, 279–90

  Enewetak Atoll testing of, 252

  Germany and, 133–34, 143

  Gorbachev-Reagan negotiations on, 446–55, 449, 453, 459, 462, 482, 483, 537

  H. Wallace’s opposition to, 184–88, 194, 196, 199–204

  ICBMs and, 275

  in India, 518, 535–36, 608

  Indonesia and, 350

  Iran’s potential for, 440, 534, 535, 536, 564, 602–3

  in Iran strike plan, 535

  Iraq’s lack of, 477, 526

  in Israel, 518, 602–3

  Japan and, 381–82

  Korean War and, 240–42, 255

  in Libya, 536

  locks on, 286–87

  Lucky Dragon incident and testing of, 270–72

  MacArthur’s enthusiasm for, 240–42

  massive retaliation policy and, 289–90

  military custody of, 255–56

  miniature, 539

  mutually assured destruction and, 416, 540

  nonaggression treaty for, 313

  nonproliferation of, 566

  in North Korea, 391, 526, 536

  in Pakistan, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537

  Persian Gulf and, 416

  in post-Soviet Russia, 486, 539–41

  radioactive fallout from, 281

  Reagan’s buildup of, 438–39

  Reagan’s desired eradication of, 444

  religious perspectives on, 281, 300–301

  SALT II and, 404–5, 404

  SALT treaty and, 379–80

  Soviet, 160, 172, 178–79, 181, 184–87, 190, 203, 223–24, 226, 230, 236, 241, 253, 256–57, 272, 275, 281–82, 297, 299–300, 302–3, 306, 311, 397, 445

  strategic, 449, 451, 463

  on submarines, 286–87, 302, 416, 540, 541

  tactical, 466, 482

  test ban treaties for, 284, 295, 313–14, 318, 322–23, 451, 496

  testing of, 440, 449

  total mutual destruction and, 160

  U.S., xi, xii, xvii, 181, 184–87, 205, 211, 215, 220, 227–30, 249, 255–57, 267–68, 279–88, 302–3, 306, 383, 403, 438, 445, 538–40, 550

  U.S., first-strike capability and, 539–41

  U.S.-Soviet possible nuclear war and, 273, 298, 415

  Vietnam War and, 330, 340, 360–64, 386–87, 393

  in World War II, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 131–37, 142–44, 146, 157–81, 236

  see also specific types of bombs and missiles

  Nuremberg trials, 80, 82, 173, 250

  Nye, Gerald, 64–65, 67, 68–72, 74–77, 82–83, 84, 93

  Obama, Barack, xiv, 392, 550, 593

  and Afghanistan war, 551, 568, 569–72, 574, 577–92, 581, 594, 597, 600, 612–13

  caution of, 499, 554, 557–58, 560, 586

  as centrist, 551, 567

  economic stimulus program of, 554–55

  election of, 499, 512, 549–50, 560, 569, 614

  foreign policy of, 566–68, 599–613

  G. W. Bush policies perpetuated by, 550–51

  health care policies of, 558

  as inspirational, 549–50, 559, 614–15

  on Iraq war, 549, 551, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 612

  on Pakistan, 571–75

  privacy and civil liberties concerns under, 561–66

  transparency and secrecy of, 561–62

  Wall Street and, 551–60

  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 383, 546

  Occupy Wall Street, 557, 613–15

  Odom, William, 417–18, 446

  O’Donnell, Kenneth, 308, 315–16

  OECD, 547, 555

  oil, 83, 193

  in Afghanistan, 590

  Britain’s sources of, 4, 189, 190, 195, 258–59

  in Caspian Sea, 496

  in Caucasus, 28

  Central Asian pipeline for, 488–90

  in Dutch East Indies, 100

  G. W. Bush administration and, 496–97

  in Indonesia, 352

  Iranian, 190, 194–96, 217, 258–60, 408–9, 410, 602

  Iraqi, 190, 217, 475, 526, 527, 529

  Iraq war and, 527–28

  in Kurdistan, 598

  Kuwaiti, 190, 474, 477

  Malaysian, 608

  in Middle East, 4, 26, 104–5, 189–90, 194–95, 205, 215–16, 237, 258–60, 392, 414, 491, 497, 515

  in Persian Gulf, 408, 439, 496–97, 512, 527

  price collapse of, 426

  Saudi, 189–90, 216, 217, 258, 505, 527, 600

  in South China Sea, 606, 610

  Soviet, 108, 190, 194, 216

  U.S. as supplier of, 4, 38–39, 83, 100, 189

  U.S. companies, 260

  in Venezuela, 38–39

  Oil Ministry, Iraqi, 529

  Okinawa, 145, 175, 179, 216, 250, 312

  U.S. military bases in, 605, 609

  U.S. occupation of, 380

  Oklahoma, bank holiday in, 47

  Oklahoma City, bombing in, 488, 514

  “Old Soldiers Never Die,” 243–44

  Omaha World-Herald, xxvi, 489

  Omar, Muhammad, 506–7

  O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 316, 422, 447

  On the Beach (Shute), 284–85

  OPEC, 392, 474

  Operation Barbarossa, 94–96, 97

  Operation Condor, 378

  Operation Desert Fox, 516

  Operation Duck Hook, 362–63, 370

  Operation Enduring Freedom, 506–7, 509

  opium, 459, 489, 507, 583, 584, 594, 596

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 134–37, 137, 159–62, 179, 187, 196–97, 223, 229, 361

  Organization of American Historians, 431

  Organization of American States (OAS), 304, 434, 472, 603

  Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 506

  Orlando, Vittorio, 31, 34

  Orwell, George, 505

  OSS, 213, 246, 263

  Oswald, Lee Harvey, 323, 325

  Ottawa land mines treaty, 490

  Ottoman Empire, 26, 31–32, 216

  Overseas Securities Corporation, 254

  Pacific Command, U.S., 567, 608, 610–11

  Pacific Ocean, xxii, xxviii, 189, 230, 270, 575, 606–8, 610, 612

  Pacific Strategic Intelligence Summary, 162

  Pacific theater, 105, 114, 131, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146, 151

  Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 258, 260, 408–10, 411

  Paisley, John, 397–98

  Pakistan, 287, 413, 415–16, 415, 416, 429, 459–61, 486, 488, 506, 518, 544, 569, 586, 591–92, 593–94

  Al-Qaeda ties of, 535

  bin Laden in, 592

  drones in, 572–73, 577

  nuclear weapons in, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537

  Obama and, 571–75

  Taliban in, 535, 571

  U.S. arms sent to, 535–36

  Palestine, 216–19, 488, 581

  Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 282, 463

  as future target, 522, 526

  Palestinians, 534, 545, 567, 573, 600–601

 
Palin, Sarah, 563

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, 35

  Panama, xxvii–xxix, xxx, 40, 116, 205, 338, 372, 432, 455–56, 471–72, 473, 476

  Canal Zone of, xxviii

  Panama Canal, 283

  Panama Canal treaty, 404

  Panamanian Defense Forces, 472

  Pan American Oil, 39

  Panetta, Leon, 575, 586, 611–12

  Paraguay, 378, 603, 604

  Paris, 31, 356, 408

  Paris Commune of 1871, xix

  Paris Peace Accords, 387

  Paris Peace Conference, 30–36, 33, 34, 44

  Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 318, 322–23

  Pathet Lao, 295, 389

  Patriot Act, 505, 565

  Pauley, Edwin, 139, 193

  Pauley’s coup, 139–40

  Payne, Keith, 438, 540–41

  Peace Declaration, 539

  Peace Patriots, 73

  Pearl Harbor, 275, 438

  Japanese bombing of, 82, 98–100, 100, 101, 106, 131, 150–52

  Pearlstein, Steven, 556–57

  Pearson, Drew, 224–25, 235

  Pelley, William Dudley, 53

  Pendergast, Tom, 141, 163, 188

  Pentagon, see Defense Department, U.S.

  Pentagon Papers, 335, 360, 384–85, 386, 563

  People’s Daily, 609

  People’s Liberation Army, Chinese, 467

  People’s Revolutionary Movement, Costa Rican, 428

  Pepper, Claude, 108, 142–43, 192, 195, 200

  perestroika, 468, 613

  Perkins, Frances, 49, 50, 63, 110

  Perle, Richard, 383–84, 399, 442, 454, 490, 502, 513, 514, 519, 524, 685n

  Perot, Ross, 484

  Pershing II missiles, 440

  Pershing missiles, 443

  Persia, xvi, 105

  see also Iran

  Persian Gulf, 190, 259, 408, 409, 416, 476, 477, 478, 512

  Persian Gulf War, 478–81, 481, 483, 491, 504, 517, 576

  Peru, 41, 138, 338, 341–42, 345, 604

  Petraeus, David, 570, 572, 575, 578, 586, 587–88, 590, 594

  Peurifoy, Jack, 262–63, 265

  Pew Research Center, 573, 613–14

  Phantom Public, The (Lippmann), 43

  pharmaceuticals industry, 551, 558

  Philadelphia, Pa., 419

  black unemployment in, 59

  Khaki Shirts movement in, 53

  Philadelphia Ledger, xxv–xxvi

  Philadelphia Record, 64

  Philippines, xvi, 100, 113, 116, 150, 237–38, 246, 305, 328, 338, 429, 468, 606, 607, 612

  death toll in, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii

  Huk peasant insurgency in, 246

  Islamic rebels in, 574

  torture in, xxvii

  U.S. annexation of, xxii–xxviii, xxiii, xxxi, xxxii

  Pinochet, Augusto, 377–78, 379, 499

  Pipes, Richard, 396–97, 399, 421

  Platt Amendment, xxvii

  plutonium, 143, 173

  PNAC, 685n

  Podhoretz, Norman, 399, 490, 522

  Poland, 28, 84, 88, 102, 110, 111, 113–17, 122–23, 126, 128–29, 189, 210, 217, 225, 304, 406, 469, 484

  casualties of, 87, 214

  free elections in, 468

  Iraq war opposed in, 524

  NATO and, 471, 486

  Nazi invasion of, 78

  strategic importance of, 123

  Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, 116

  poor, poverty, 433, 436–38, 462, 505, 551, 556, 559

  in Afghanistan, 578–79

  in former Soviet republics, 485

  global, 546–47

  Indian, 608–9

  Pope, James, 65, 67, 70, 75, 77

  Popular Front period, 60

  populism, 556

  Portugal, colonialism of, 396

  post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 590, 596

  Potsdam Conference, 129, 148, 161–66, 165, 171

  Potsdam Declaration, 165, 175

  Powell, Colin, 369, 425, 472, 474, 478, 479, 480, 482, 492, 494, 497, 502–3, 503, 511, 512, 513, 586

  on National Guard and Vietnam-era influence, 523–24

  UN Iraq War speech of, 519–20, 521

  Powell, Jody, 415, 422

  Power, Thomas, 303, 309

  Prague, 356, 514

  Pravda, 197–98, 208, 225

  Precht, Henry, 409–10

  Predator drones, 574, 577, 579

  Preface to Morals, A (Lippmann), 43

  Presidential Directive 59, 416, 443

  President’s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 560

  President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 398

  Press, Daryl, 539, 541

  Priest, Dana, 564–65

  prisoners, humane treatment of, 507

  privacy rights, xii, 404

  Prize, The (Yergin), 38

  Progressive movement, progressives, 56, 65, 400, 551

  Progressive Party, 1, 55, 221, 251

  Project Chariot, 283–84

  Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 490–91, 494, 496, 497, 522

  on Iraq, 503, 512, 527

  9/11 and, 501–2

  Project Gnome, 284

  propaganda:

  Kuwaiti, 476

  Soviet, 255

  U.S., 214, 262, 372–75

  Propaganda Technique in the World War (Laswell), 10–11

  ProPublica, 590

  prostitution, 16–17

  Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 52–53, 79–80

  public opinion, control of, 10–12

  Public Opinion (Lippmann), 43

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 50, 51, 62

  Puck, xix, xxiii

  Puerto Rico, xvi, 347

  U.S. annexation of, xxii, xxiii

  Pugwash Conference, 282

  Putin, Vladimir, 486, 538, 539–40, 613

  G. W. Bush and, 536–37

  Qatar, 105, 544

  Quadrennial Defense Review, 2010, 609

  Quainton, Anthony, 422, 430

  Quarterly Review of Commerce, 50–52

  racism, 59, 59, 92, 151, 466, 492, 524, 550

  of Allies, 32

  Japanese internment and, 151–57, 153, 155

  U.S., 234

  Wilson and, 1–2, 44

  Radford, Arthur, 255, 267, 268

  radicalism, popular, 60–61

  railroad strikes, xix, xxi

  Ramparts, 338

  RAND Corporation, 215, 257, 286, 302, 303, 360, 383, 384, 461

  rape, 427–28

  of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers, 85, 88, 150

  in El Salvador, 432

  of German women by Russians, 127

  of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, 510

  of Vietnamese women, 367

  Rasoli, Hameed, 506–7

  Rauschenbusch, Stephen, 65–66

  Rayburn, Sam, 118, 281

  Reagan, Nancy, 445

  Reagan, Ronald, xxxi, 50, 212, 323, 392, 412, 425, 432, 444–45, 466, 536, 566, 567, 576, 601

  administration of, 429, 471, 473, 482, 532

  anti-Soviet viewpoint of, 407, 426, 440–47

  bargaining over hostages by, 420

  on CPD, 399, 436, 445

  El Salvador and, 431–34

  and fall of Berlin Wall, 421

  fantasies and inventions of, 422–24, 430–31

  foreign perceptions of, 444–45

  Gorbachev and, 446–55, 449, 453, 466, 467, 468

  Grenada invasion of, 434–36, 437

  intellectual limitations of, 421–23, 423, 425, 429, 445, 454

  Iran-Contra scandal and, 455, 456–59

  military buildup of, 436

  in negotiations with Gorbachev, 447–56

  Nicaragua and, 431, 455–59

  nuclear war feared by, 441–42

  religious convictions of, 441

  reputation and legacy of, 421, 461–62

  as right-wing
extremist, 399, 400, 417

  SDI and, 442–43, 448, 451–55, 462

  social programs cut by, 436–38, 462

  on superiority of capitalism, 426

  on Vietnam, 434

  Red Army, 28, 95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, 115, 126, 127–28, 172, 175, 209

  Red-baiting, 206, 221, 231–34

  “Red Channels,” 233

  Red Scare, 233, 235

  Haymarket riots and, xx

  Reich, Robert, 547, 553

 

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