by Mark Mazower
41. E. Ginio, “Childhood, mental capacity and conversion to Islam in the Ottoman state,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 25 (2001), 90–119; for the nineteenth-century evidence, see M. Anastassiadou, “Des musulmans venus d’ailleurs: les ’fils de ‘Abdullah’ dans la Salonique du XIXe siècle,” Anatolia Moderna, ix (2000), 113–171.
42. Vacalopoulos, The Greek Nation, 139–140.
43. H. Inalcik, “The status of the Greek Orthodox patriarch under the Ottomans,” Turcica, 21–23 (1991), 406–433; J. Kabrda, Le Systeme Fiscal de l’Eglise Orthodoxe dans l’Empire Ottoman (Brno, 1969), 142–143.
44. S. Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge, 1968), 201; S. Senyk, “A man between East and West: Philip Orlyk and Church Life in Thessalonica in the 1720s,” Orientalia Christiana Periodica, 60 (1994), 159–185.
45. Kabrda, Le Systeme Fiscal, 139–140; M. Gedeon, “Thessalonikeon palaiai koinotikai dienexeis,” Makedonika, 1 (1941–52), 1–24.
46. “Description de la ville de Salonique, par le père Jean-Baptiste Souciet,” Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, 495–497.
47. Senyk, “A man between East and West,” 176.
48. E.g., H. Pernot, ed., Voyage en Turquie et en Grèce du R.P. Robert de Dreux (Paris, 1925), 98.
49. Senyk, “A man between East and West,” 170.
50. I. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia Makedonias, I (1952), 42–43; Senyk, “A man between East and West,” 174–175.
51. I. Anastasiou, “Oi neomartyres tis Thessalonikis,” Thessaloniki, 1 (1995), 485–500.
52. New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke (Seattle, 1985), 284–285.
53. M. L. Aimé-Martin, ed., Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses concernant l’Asie, L’Afrique et l’Amerique, I (Paris, 1875), 94; New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke, translated by L. J. Papadopoulos, G. Lizardos et al. (Seattle, 1985), 251.
54. New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke, 284.
55. Ibid, 138–144, 234–235.
56. Senyk, “A man between East and West,” 184.
57. H. T. Norris, “The history of Shaykh Muhammad Lutfi Baba and Shaykh Ahmad Sirri Baba,” in his Islam in the Balkans (London, 1993), 218–227.
5 / Janissaries and Other Plagues
1. E. M. Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine, 1 (Paris, 1831), 45.
2. Moutsopoulos, “Evliya,” 333; K. Mertzios, Mnimeia Makedonikis Istorias (1947), 104–106, 142; M. Kiel, “A note on the exact date of construction of the White Tower of Thessaloniki,” Balkan Studies, 14:2 (1973), 352–357.
3. K. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia Makedonias, vol. 1: Archeion Thessalonikis, 1695–1912 (1952), 200–202; C.S. Sonnini, Voyage en Grèce et en Turquie (Paris, 1801), ii, 365; J. J. Best, Excursions in Albania, Comprising a Description of the Wild Boar, Deer and Woodcock Shooting in that Country; and a Journey from Thence to Thessalonica and Constantinople and up the Danube to Pest (London, 1842), 205–206.
4. Anon., “De Salonique a Belgrade,” Revue des Deux Mondes, 85 (1888), 109; W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece (London, 1835), iii, 235; FO 195/685, Calvert-Constantinople, 24 June 1861; E. Ginio, “Migrants and workers in an Ottoman port: Ottoman Salonica in the eighteenth century,” in E. Rogan, ed., Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East (London, 2002), 126–148.
5. N. Svoronos, Le commerce de Salonique au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1956), 26.
6. N. Svoronos, Le commerce de Salonique, 44–45; Mertzios, 437, 451.
7. Mertzios 409; D. Iliadou, Inventaire des documents des archives de la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille: Lemme Salonique (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles) (1981), 94; Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, III:I, 257.
8. Mertzios, 419.
9. Ibid., 323, 383–385.
10. Ibid., 413; D. Iliadou, Inventaire, 93–94.
11. P. Rycaut, The Present State of the Ottoman Empire (1668), 196–197.
12. Memoirs of the Baron de Tott on the Turks and the Tartars Translated from the French by an English Gentleman at Paris (London, 1785), ii, 368.
13. Iliadou, Inventaire, 42; Mertzios, 448; Arasy in M. Lascaris, “Salonique à la fin du XVIII siècle,” Les Balkans, 10:iii (1938), 46; Memoirs of the Baron de Tott, ii, 369; Mertzios, 458–459.
14. Bisani, Picturesque Tour, 43.
15. Mertzios, 319.
16. Ibid., 343, 352–356.
17. Ibid., 392.
18. R. Dankoff and R. Elsie, eds., Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions (Kosovo, Montenegro, Ohrid) (Leiden, 2000), 45.
19. Lascaris, “Relation des troubles qui regnent aux environs de Salonique,” 391.
20. E. Ginio, “Migrant workers in an Ottoman port: Ottoman Salonica in the eighteenth century,” E. Rogan, ed., Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East (London, 2002), 136.
21. Lascaris, “Relation des troubles qui regnent aux environs de Salonique,” 37–41; N. Svoronos, Le commerce de Salonique au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1956), 8–9.
22. Sonnini, Voyage en Grèce, ii, 369.
23. Mertzios, 462; Ginio, “Migrants and workers,” 141.
24. M. J. Zallony, “Essay on the Fanariotes,” in C. Swan, Journal of a Voyage up the Mediterranean (London, 1826), ii, 416–417.
25. K. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia Makedonias, vol. 1: Archeion Thessalonikis, 1695–1912 (1952), 111–112; E. Ginio, “The administration of Criminal Justice in Ottoman Selanik (Salonica) during the Eighteenth Century,” Turcica, 30 (1998), 185–209, here 202–203.
26. E. S. Forster, ed., The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (New York, 1927), 102; E. Brown, A Brief Account of some Travels in Hungaria, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, Austria etc. etc. (New York, 1971), 74–75; Mertzios, 429; Iliadou, Inventaire, 27.
27. Mertzios, 290; K. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia, 291–294.
28. Mertzios, 395, 412–413; K. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia, 154–155; Iliadou, Inventaire, 8; Svoronos, Commerce, 157.
29. E. Ginio, “Living on the margins of charity: coping with poverty in an Ottoman provincial city,” in M. Bonner et al., Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts (SUNY, 2003), 170; Ginio, “Migrants and workers,” 138.
30. Mertzios, 412–413; O. Subtelny, ed., The Diariusz Podrozny, 213–217.
31. E. Ginio, “Aspects of Muslim culture in the Ottoman Balkans,” in D. Tziovas, ed., Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment (Ashgate, 2003), 121.
32. On the Shah of Persia’s brother, Mertzios, 286; On Sherif of Mecca, K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi tin katastasi sti Makedonia ton perasmeno aiona,” Makedonika, 20 (1980), 73, and G. de Gaury, Rulers of Mecca (New York, 1954), 206–207, 238, 241.
33. O. Subtelny, ed., The Diariusz Podrozny, xvii–xxx; K. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia, 169.
34. M. G. Brennan, ed., The Travel Diary of Robert Bargrave Levant Merchant (1647–1656) (London, 1999), 87.
35. The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628 Inclusive (London, 1740), 420–444; Bisani, 36; D. Panzac, Population et Santé dans l’Empire Ottoman (XVIIIe–XXe siècles) (Istanbul, 1996), 35.
36. Mertzios, 304–307; A. Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki (1993), 106; D. Panzac, La peste dans l’Empire Ottoman, 1700–1850 (Louvain, 1985), 215, 359.
37. O. Subtelny, ed., The Diariusz Podrozny, 507.
38. Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, II, 27–28, gives an account of negotiations between city-dwellers and villagers during a prior outbreak of plague.
39. Mertzios, 323–326, 426–427; Brennan, Robert Bargrave, 87.
40. J. Howard, An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe (London, 1791), 64–65; Mertzios, 426.
6 / Commerce and the Greeks
1. Mertzios, Mnimeia 453.
2. D. Hemmerdiner-Iliadou, “Thessalonique en 1726: (La relation du moine russe Basile Barskij),” Balkan Studies, 2:2 (1961), 294–295.
3. V. Aksan, An Ottoman Statesman in War and Peace: Ahmed R
esmi Effendi, 1700–1783 (Brill, 1991), 39; H. Holland, Travels in the Ionian Islands, Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia etc. during the Years 1812 and 1813 (London, 1815), 310.
4. Figures from F. Beaujour, A View of the Commerce of Greece (London, 1800); V. Aksan, An Ottoman Statesman in War and Peace, 40; D. Panzac, “International and domestic maritime trade in the Ottoman empire during the 18th century,” IJMES, 24:2 (May 1992), 189–206.
5. Mertzios, 305–306.
6. Nehama, Histoire des Israélites de Salonique, VI–VII, 318–320.
7. E. M. Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine (Paris, 1831), I, 156–157; Beaujour, 241–243, 383–384.
8. N. Svoronos, Le Commerce de Salonique au XVIIIe siècle (1956), 347; W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, III:1 (London, 1835), 249.
9. S. Lambros, “To en Thessaloniki Venetikon proxeneion kai to meta tis Makedonias emporion ton Veneton,” Makedonikon Imerologion (1912), 227–241.
10. J. Galt, Voyages and Travels in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811 (London, 1812), 235; H. Holland, Travels in the Ionian Islands, 319–323; Mertzios, 351.
11. Beaujour, 430–431; M. Rozen, “Contest and rivalry in Mediterranean maritime commerce in the first half of the eighteenth century: the Jews of Salonika and the European presence,” Revue des Études Juives, 147: 3–4 (July–Dec. 1988), 335–336.
12. Mertzios, 338.
13. G. Hekimoglou, “Ioannis Gouta Kaftantzoglou: to prosopo stin epochi tou,” Grigoris o Palamas, 758 (May–Aug. 1995), 417–418; E. Horowitz, “The early eighteenth century confronts the beard: Kabbalah and Jewish self-fashioning,” Jewish History, 8:1–2 (1994), 94–115; “Description de la ville de Salonique par le père Jean-Baptiste Souciet,” Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, I (Lyon, 1819), 504.
14. Mertzios, 340; M. Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 309–352; Y-J. Dumont, “To metroon vaptiseon tis Katholikis Ekklisias Thessalonikis,” Makedonika, 11 (1971), 42–43.
15. Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 339–341.
16. Beaujour, 285; Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 329.
17. C.G. Pitcairn Jones, Piracy in the Levant, 1827–28 (London, 1934), 138.
18. Mertzios, 422–423; Nehama, 307.
19. K. Mertzios, “Emporiki allilografia ek Thessalonikis (1742–1759),” Makedonika, 7 (1966–67), 94; Hekimoglou, “Ioannis Gouta Kaf tantzoglou,” 407–437.
20. Mertzios, 370–371.
21. “De l’establissement et des progrès de la mission de Thessalonique,” Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, II (Memoires du Levant) (Lyon, 1819), 24–25; P. Kitromilides, “War and political consciousness: theoretical implications of eighteenth-century Greek historiography,” in his Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy (1994), II; J. Nicolopoulos, “From Agathangelos to the Megale Idea: Russia and the emergence of modern Greek nationalism,” Balkan Studies, 26:1 (1985), 41–56.
22. Mertzios, 407–412.
23. Ibid., 419–420.
24. A. Papazoglou, “I Thessaloniki kata ton Maio tou 1821,” Makedonika, 1 (1940), 417–428.
25. A. Papazoglou, “I Thessaloniki,” 423.
26. W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, III:1 (London, 1835), 202.
27. A. Karathanasis, “Thessaloniki pendant la première année de la Résurrection Hellénique vue par le consul François Bottu,” Thessaloniki, 1 (1995).
28. A. Karathanasis, “Thessaloniki,” 101.
29. M. Lascaris, “La Révolution Grecque vue de Salonique: Rapports des consuls de France et d’Autriche (1821–1826),” Balcania (1943), 161.
30. Vasdravellis, Istorika Archeia Makedonias, 500–501.
7 / Pashas, Beys and Money-lenders
1. PRO 30/22/88 (1859–60), p. 63; FO 195/586, 1 August 1859.
2. A. Cunningham, “Stratford Canning and the Tanzimat,” in E. Ingram, ed., Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, vol. II (London, 1993), 118–119.
3. K. Karpat, “Millets and nationality: the roots of the incongruity of nation and state in the post-Ottoman era,” in B. Braude and B. Lewis, eds., Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Lands, I (London, 1982), 141–171.
4. FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 9 April 1840; FO 78/531, “Mr. Consul Blunt’s report upon the commerce of Salonica during the year ending the 31 December 1842.”
5. FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 13 Nov. 1840; G.F. Bowen, Mount Athos, Thessaly and Epirus (London, 1852), 127–128; K. Braun-Wiesbaden, Eine türkische Reise, ii (Stuttgart, 1876), 87–100.
6. Vakalopoulos, 88; FO 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 29 Sept. 1853; 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 18 Dec. 1839; 195/1196, Barker-Layard, 25 Nov. 1878.
7. FO 195/649, Calvert-Constantinople, 28 Feb. 1860; FO 78/612, Blunt-Canning, 28 March 1845; 195/811, Wilkinson-Stuart, 11 Sept. 1865; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 Sept. 1840.
8. FO 78/651, Blunt-Wellesley, 24 Nov. 1846.
9. FO 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, 16 March 1872; FO 195/240, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 16 Oct. 1845.
10. FO 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, 16 March 1872.
11. FO 195/723, Calvert-Bulwer, 20 Sept. 1862; 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 22 July 1851.
12. FO 78/651, Blunt-Canning, 8 April 1846.
13. A. H. Midhat Bey, The Life of Midhat Pasha (London, 1903), 67; D. Urquhart, La Turquie: Ses resources, son organisation, son commerce (Brussels, 1837), ii, 150–151.
14. L. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (1958), 382–383; FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 27 June 1837; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 24 July 1840.
15. K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi tin katastasi sti Makedonia ton perasmeno aiona,” Makedonika, 20 (1980), 65–71; on Bekir Pasha see also the memoirs of his doctor, Zallony, M. P. Zallony, “Essay on the Fanariotes,” in C. Swan, Journal of a Voyage up the Mediterranean (London, 1826), ii, 391–394.
16. FO 78/57, Leake-Howick, 25 Jan. 1807.
17. FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 Jan. 1838; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 9 April 1840.
18. 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 20 July 1837; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 23 April 1840.
19. K. Karpat, “The transformation of the Ottoman state, 1789–1908,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3:3 (July 1972), 263.
20. F. Ahmad, The Young Turks: The CUP in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914 (Oxford, 1969); A. Mango, Ataturk (London, 1999), 67–8, 81, 412; FO 371/1997, Elliot-Grey, 8 Oct. 1914.
21. FO 286/874, Henderson-Bentinck, 29 Jan. 1923.
22. FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 16 Sept. 1840.
23. FO 371/371, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 28 Oct. 1851.
24. FO 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 10 Dec. 1857.
25. K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi,” 91.
26. FO 195/477, “Lord Napier’s Mission to Salonica,” passim; S. Levy, Salonique à la fin du XIXe siècle (Istanbul, 2000), 72; Urquhart, La Turquie, 155.
27. Levy, Salonique, 72–73.
28. J. M. Wallace, “Urendjik—and all that!,” Mosquito, 74 (June 1946); V. Colonas, “Nouveaux éléments sur l’histoire du bâtiment de la Banque Ottomane à Thessalonique,” Makedonika, 11 (1971).
8 / Religion in the Age of Reform
1. C. V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: the Sublime Porte, 1789–1922 (Princeton, 1980), 7; E. Ginio, “Aspects of Muslim culture in the Ottoman Balkans” in D. Tziovas, ed., Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment (Ashgate, 2003), 117.
2. D. Urquhart, La Turquie (Brussels, 1837), ii, 28; Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, 316; H. Temperley, The Crimea: England and the Near East (London, 1936), 22–23; D. Quataert, “Clothing laws, state and society in the Ottoman empire, 1720–1829,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 29 (1997), 403–425.
3. S. Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought (Princeton, 2000 ed.), 128; B. Abu-Manneh, “The Sultan and the bureaucracy: the anti-Tanzimat concepts of Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha,” IJMES, 22 (1990), 257–274.
4. H. Temperley, The Crimea: England and the Near East (London, 1936),
89; FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 July 1840.
5. FO 195/371, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 29 April 1851; FO 195/526, Blunt-Canning, 20 March 1856; FO 195/586, Ioannides-Calvert, 1 August 1858; FO 195/685, Calvert-Constantinople, 2 July 1861.
6. FO 195/811, Wilkinson-Stuart, 1 April 1867; 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, n.d. [1872]; A. L. Tibawi, American Interests in Syria, 1800–1901 (Oxford, 1966), 173.
7. FO 195/1107, Selanik, 18 May 1876.
8. FO 78/700, Blunt-Cowley, 22 Sept. 1847; FO 195/1065, Blunt-Elliott, 1 Jan. 1875.
9. J. Nehama, Histoire des Israélites de Salonique, vi–vii (Thessaloniki, 1978), 565; Missionary Register (Feb. 1850), 83.
10. FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 11 April 1839.
11. FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 20 June 1839.
12. FO 195/240, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 18 June 1846.
13. FO 195/371, Blunt-Porter, 28 Dec. 1852.
14. FO 195/371, Blunt-Porter, 25 Jan. 1853.
15. P. Dumont, “La structure sociale de la communauté juive de Salonique à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle,” Revue Historique, CCLXIII/2, 352–393.
16. Sir Henry Bulwer in A. L. Tibawi, American Interests in Syria, 1800–1901 (Oxford, 1966), 173.
17. Missionary Register (Sept. 1826), 423–424; J. Brewer, A Residence at Constantinople in the Year 1827 (New Haven, 1830), 294.
18. Missionary Register (Jan. 1831), 24; J. Wolff (G. Wint, ed.), A Mission to Bokhara (New York, 1969), 1–5; A. Slade, Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, etc. and of a Cruise in the Black Sea with the Captain Pasha (London, 1854), 514.
19. K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi tin katastasi sti Makedonia ton perasmeno aiona,” Makedonika, 20 (1980), 88; “Narrative of facts and incidents in the Life of John Meshullam,” in A. B. Wood, Meshullam! Or Tidings from Jerusalem. From the Journal of a Believer Recently returned from the Holy Land (Philadelphia, 1851), 96–97.
20. S. I. Prime, The Bible in the Levant; or The Life and Letters of the Reverend C. N. Richter, agent of the American Bible Society in the Levant (New York, 1859), 89–90; Missionary Register (Dec. 1851), 514; Slade, Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, etc., 516.