Before the Storm

by Rick Perlstein

  264 For NAR delegates, see White, Making of the President 1964, 149. For Kuchel’s reluctance, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 80. For his statement: NYHT, January 28, 1964, and statement for release January 28, 1964, RAC, Box 11/939.

  264 For delegates’ fear of zealots, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 81. “There is a new wind blowing”: Richard Whalen, Fortune, December 1963.

  13. GRANITE STATE

  265 “COMPANY PROFITS ASTOUND EXPERTS”: NYT, January 6, 1964. “UCLA PUPILS NOT RADICAL”: LAT, January 12, 1964. In Washington, Labor Secretary Willard Wirtz: LAT, January 1, 1964, op-ed. The Los Angeles Times was also obliged: LAT, January 2, 1964. For 1964 Mummers’ Parade: CT, January 1, 1964, A1; LAT, January 5, 1964, A22. The magistrate said halting the parade would “do irrevocable harm to a tradition that dates back more than 100 years.” He perhaps wasn’t aware that the tradition began as an annual excuse for whites to terrorize Philadelphia’s free blacks. See David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991), 105-9. This year they merely chanted insults directed at the president of the NAACP into ABC’s cameras.

  265 There was the usual background noise: For Chou En-lai, see LAT, January 5, 1964, A22; for Ceylon, LAT, January 2, 1964, A27; for allies selling to Cuba, LAT, February 10, 1964; for France recognizing China, LAT, February 13, 1964. “It’s been a generation or more”: “Newsgram,” USN, December 30, 1963.

  266 For Meet the Press journey and studio scene, see Robert Novak, The Agony of the GOP 1964 (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 279. Transcript is in DK, Box 4/Meet the Press.

  266 For Len Hall quote, see NYHTEN, January 22, 1964.

  267 For Michigan airport demonstration, see CT, January 5, 1964. For hiring of Viguerie and move to Washington: author interview with Viguerie, William Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), 75; and Ivan Sinclair to Dr. Keating, January 8, 1964: LBJWHNG. One letter to donors brought in $10,000: “Dear Friend,” January 18, 1963, FCW, Box 19/Y AF. For five hundred new members figure, see Matthew Dallek, “Young Americans for Freedom, 1960-1964” (master’s thesis, Columbia University, 1993), 55.

  267 Michigan speech transcript: RAC, Box 10/781.

  267 For departure from Michigan, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 310.

  268 For New Hampshire itinerary, see William Gill memo, FCW, Box 8/Briefing Notebook—New Hampshire.

  268 For arrival, see “Fastest Gun,” Newsweek, January 20, 1964; and F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 284.

  268 For Kefauver and the New Hampshire primary catechism, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 301.

  268 My sources for William Loeb and the Manchester Union Leader are Eric P. Veblen, The Manchester Union Leader in New Hampshire Elections (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1975); “That Stinking Hypocrite,” Time, May 20, 1957 (for McCarthy headline); The Nation, April 26, 1999; and Life, November 1, 1963. For quotes about NAR, see Manchester Union Leader, July 1, 1963, 1.

  269 For the advice of O’Donnell and Moley, see Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 205. For Loeb, see Edwards, “The Unforgettable Candidate,” NR, July 6, 1998. White’s briefing book is noted in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 287; copy in FCW, Box 8/Briefing Notebook—New Hampshire.

  269 Opening January 8, 1964, press conference is in RAC, Box 10/782.

  269 At the Concord Monitor: Novak, Agony of the GOP, 311. “Barry Goldwater, aspirant”: NYT, January 9, 1964.

  270 For Nashua and Amherst home visits and Rotary Club: NYT, January 9, 1964, A32; Newsweek, January 20, 1964. For St. Anselm’s: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 285.

  270 Post-State of the Union address press conference is in RAC, Box 10/786. McNamara’s response: NYT, January 10, 1964.

  271 “I think both ’em went to extremes”: LBJ and Russell conversation, 11:25 a.m., January 10, 1964, LBJT 6401.10/26. For Stennis, see January 10, 1964, BMG statement, FSA, Box 4.

  271 The culture clash between the Pentagon and JFK/LBJ Administrations is examined in George C. Herring, “Conspiracy of Silence: LBJ, the Joint Chiefs, and Escalation of the War in Vietnam,” in Gardner and Ted Gittinger, eds., Vietnam: The Early Decisions (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997); H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam (New York: HarperCollins, 1997); Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuba Missile Crisis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 1-43; Curtis LeMay, Mission with LeMay: My Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965); Richard Rhodes, “The General and World War III,” The New Yorker, June 19, 1995; and the novel by Fletcher Kebel and Charles W. Bailey II, Seven Days in May (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), and the film based on it (1964). Thomas Power quote is in Herring, “Conspiracy of Silence.”

  272 The Anderson and LeMay quotes are in Herring. For their job changes, see HE clip in FCW, Box 19/Kennedy.

  272 For “triad” standard, see Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 147. For new emphasis on missiles, see Michael Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963-1964 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 119. For air power inferiority complex, see April 23, 1955, BMG speech, Congressional Record, 5221-24. “This is the first time in our history”: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 288. For similar sentiments, see LeMay in Life, September 1, 1961; Stefan Possony in National Security: Political, Economic, and Military Strategies for the Decade Ahead, ed. David M. Abshire (New York: Praeger, 1963).

  272 For B-70 and RS-70 affair, see Marquis Childs, “Why McNamara Lost His Temper,” WP, January 17, 1964; “Nuclear Stalemate v. Nuclear Superiority,” in Francis M. Carney and Frank H. Way, eds., Politics 1964 (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1964), 29; Raymond D. Senter, TNR, September 1964; and LeMay, Mission with LeMay. LeMay’s memoir, which he wrote immediately upon retirement from the Air Force, tracks Goldwater’s strategic doctrines almost identically. “I say fear the civilians”: LBJ handbill, FCW, Box 1/California.

  273 For poll on Berlin, see GP, 1729. “In some circumstances”: Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (New York: Free Press, 1991), citing SEP, March 31, 1962.

  273 ABC Reports ran the obligatory: transcript, RAC, Box 10/787.

  273 For bad language, see George Dixon, WP, January 16, 1964.

  273 Pittsfield canvass is in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 290.

  274 BMG’s call for probe is in statement released January 10, 1964, at RNC meeting in FSA, Box 4. For White demotion, O’Donnell purge, and Arizona team, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 265-67; Novak, Agony of the GOP, 284-85. For Republicans plotting to knock him out, see Newsweek, January 20, 1964. For Happy at the meeting, see “GOP Has a Busy Evening,” WP, January 11, 1964. For Romney, see NYT, January 8, 1964, 27.

  274 For Scranton meeting, see Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 109-10; George D. Wolf, William Warren Scranton: Pennsylvania Statesman (State College: Penn State Press, 1981), 89-90; Time, November 22, 1963; and White with Gill, Suite 3505, 385. For ratings: Richard Wilson, LAT, February 2, 1964.

  275 For Scranton family biography, see White, Making of the President 1964, 195, 235; and Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 10-13.

  275 For Scranton biography, see Wolf, 13-33. 275 For automation statistic, see C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 192. On Pennsylvania and Scranton economics, see Arthur Herzog, “A Visit with Governor Scranton,” Think (November/December 1963); and Theodore White, Life, February 28, 1964. Chafee quote is from Proceedings of the 28th Republican National Convention (Washington, D.C.: Republican National Committee, 1964), 66. On the automation scare generally, see “Magnetic Ribbons Grab More
Jobs: They Run Tools, Monitor Rockets,” WSJ, June 5, 1959, 1A. For a demurral, see Barry Goldwater, “Automation Will Bring Greater Prosperity,” HE, April 18, 1964.

  276 The Scranton Plan is described by Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 35. “Private leak” quote is in Henry Brandon, “A Talk with Governor Scranton,” Saturday Review, April 1964. For “the best informed man” quote, see Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 35.

  276 For Detroit statistic, see Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 94. For Philadelphia, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 296. For Kennedy’s concessions on minimum wage, see Tom Wicker, JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality upon Politics (Baltimore: Penguin, 1968), 83-120.

  276 For Scranton’s support in Rules Committee fight, see Wicker, 77-80. For voting with Administration and depressed areas bill, see Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 54-58. “What it boils down to”: SEP, January 18, 1964. For his success in his first year as governor, see Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 107. Posters noted in Herzog, “A Visit with Governor Scranton.”

  277 “I probably will give even deeper thought”: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 259. “Scranton appears to have opened”: AP report cited in White with Gill, 260. NYHT editorial was December 23, 1963. For Today show prediction, see transcript in RAC, Box 10/811. Life profile ran February 28, 1964.

  277 For support going into RNC meeting, and Keisling and Traux, see Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 94. For Ripon Society founding, see NYT, January 6, 1964; manifesto reprinted in Thomas E. Petri and Lee W. Huebner, eds., The Ripon Papers: The Politics of Moderation, 1963-1968 (Washington, D.C.: National Press, 1968), 3-6. Also from author interview with Congressman Barney Frank.

  278 Scranton’s year-end address and write-in nix is in Wolf, William Warren Scranton, 73.

  278 For scene at RNC meeting, see Wolf, 94 (for the party); “Scranton in GOP Limelight,” WP, January 11, 1964; Newsweek, January 20, 1964 (for McCabe quote); Novak, Agony of the GOP, 270 (for press conference).

  278 The New York Times Magazine ran: “Portrait of a Not-So-Dark Horse,” NYTM, January 12, 1964; “Bill Scranton, a Reluctant Candidate” and “The Logical Candidate,” SEP, January 18, 1964. And opined his columnist brother Joseph: see NYHT letter to editor, January 29, 1964.

  279 For second luncheon, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 361; and “GOP Pros Make Move Toward Gov. Scranton,” NYHTEN, January 22, 1964. “Only if faced with”: LAT, January 20, 1964, A6. “What does it show Johnson-Scranton?”: Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge, 172. For Young Republican training seminar, see The Reporter, February 27, 1964.

  279 For Pittsburgh donnybrook, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 274. For Los Angeles, see “Goldwater Fans Told to Restrain ‘Picketing,’ ” LAT, January 1, 1964. For speech transcripts, see RAC, Box 10/799.

  279 For Mary Scranton’s veto, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 298; and “Scranton Pulls Out of Primary Race in NH,” LAT, February 4, 1964.

  280 NAR’s New Hampshire campaigning is depicted in Harold Faber, ed., The Road to the White House: The Story of the 1964 Election by the Staff of the New York Times (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 26; and National Broadcasting Company, Somehow It Works: A Candid Portrait of the 1964 Presidential Election (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 12-28, which transcribes NBC news coverage. For French-Canadian gambit, see Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), 186.

  280 “What can we tell our young people”: Life, November 1, 1963. On NAR’s organizational difficulties, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 313. For ballot and delegates, see Charles Brereton, “1964: A Yankee Surprise,” Historical New Hampshire 42, no. 3 (1987).

  280 For NAR frugality, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 317; and NYHTEV, January 29, 1964. For NBC art program: Jon Margolis, The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties” (New York: Morrow, 1999), 106. “How can there be”: Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, 186; ABC Reports, January 9, 1964, transcript in RAC, Box 10/787. For “Robin Hood” exchange, see LAT, January 17, 1964, A1; and Newsweek, January 20, 1964.

  281 For “Rockefeller Campaign Express,” see RAC, Box 12/946. For Manhattan office: ibid., February 15, 1964. For D.C. offices: WS, February 7, 1964. “All a public relations man has to do”: FCW, Box 8/New York Newsmen’s Opinions on Political Situation.

  281 For 1962 N.H. election and Lamphrey and Cotton: Veblen, Manchester Union Leader, 11, 18, 163; Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 94; Brereton, “Yankee Surprise”; and White with Gill, Suite 3505. For schedule: ibid., 291; and author interview with Lee Edwards. The Q&As at each New Hampshire stop are meticulously transcribed in RAC, Box 10. “The voters of the Granite State”: January 16, 1964, Seymour address, WAR, 155/8.

  282 For Goldmark case: “Libel Suit Ending as Left vs. Right Debate,” WP, January 16, 1964. Shetland pony story is in SEP, March 14, 1964; and Faber, ed., Road to the White House, 19.

  282 “Why the hell am I doing this?”: ibid.

  282 “I’m glad he has one foot in a cast”: Newsweek, January 20, 1964. The AP’s Walter Mears: Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, 185.

  282 For Point of Order distribution, see “Film Is Surprise Hit,” NYT, February 11, 1964.

  283 “The New Yorker’s movie critic”: Dwight MacDonald, Dwight MacDonald on Movies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: De Capo, 1969), 289-92.

  283 There usually followed the spectacle: Kennedy, for example, left his Atomic Energy Commission secret briefing muttering, “And they call us the human race!” See Francis X. Winters, The Year of the Hare: America in Vietnam, January 25, 1963-February 15, 1964 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 5. For LBJ’s AEC briefing reaction, see Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge, 62-63.

  283 For McNamara’s advice not to follow NATO policy, see interview with him in “The Gift of Time,” special issue of The Nation, February 2, 1998. For Oppenheimer quote, see “Scorpions in a Bottle,” Defense Journal, July 1998.

  284 Appropriation hearings testimony is in Carney and Way, eds., Politics 1964, 296-304.

  284 Kubrick’s nuclear strategy reading is noted in Paul S. Boyer, Fallout: A Historian Reflects on America’s Half-Century Encounter with Nuclear Weapon (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), 97. For narratives of the genesis of Dr. Strangelove, see http:~/www.krusch.com/kubricklQo5.html; and Peter Bogdanovich, “What They Say About Stanley Kubrick,” NYTM, July 4, 1999.

  286 By January 20, four out of ten: Harris poll, LAT, January 20, 1964. Cartoon clip, from Lisbon Falls (Maine) Enterprise is in MCSL, Press Reports, 3 of 3 folder.

  286 For New Hampshire entrance rules, see SEP, March 14, 1964.

  287 “So, because of all these impelling reasons”: WP, January 28, 1964. Smith brought two speeches, for and against, to the meeting; she chose to announce her candidacy, she later said, so as not to spoil such a lovely luncheon. Author interview with Elsie Carper.

  287 For D.C. “calling” rituals, see Ellen Proxmire, One Foot in Washington: The Perilous Life of a Senator’s Wife (Washington, D.C.: R. B. Luce, 1964), 57. “There are others more deserving”: author interview with Ryan Hayes.

  287 For Women’s National Press Club and women, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 526. For “Inquiring Camera Girls,” see Newsweek, July 9, 1962; and Christopher Matthews, Kennedy and Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America (New York: Touchstone, 1996), 93. For sex and Civil Rights Act of 1964, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 231-33.

  287 Government Girl is in MCSL. 288 For 45th parallel, see MCSL, picture 1916. For tour see clips and materials in MCSL, “New Hampshire Campaign” and “Presidential Nomination” folders; Smith to Mrs. Gordon A. Abbot, Correspondence A folder; and LAT, February 11, 1964. For typical appearance, see Rotary Club speech, February 10, 1964, MCSL, General Materials, 2 of 4 folder. For annual Maine tours, see MCSL, scrapbook, vol. 221, 141. “You g
ot a lot of zip”: Newsweek, February 24, 1964. Out of earshot other men called her: David Broder, WS, February 12, 1964.

  288 For Louis Harris poll, see LAT, January 20, 1964. For 1956 “Dump Nixon” effort, see Matthews, Kennedy and Nixon, 104; for “spontaneous” write-in effort, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 323. For Godfrey show, see LAT, January 21, 1964.

  289 For typical Nixon speech from the time, hear LBJT 6404.09/10.

  289 For LBJ summit plans, see Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 128. For memo: “The Inconsistent Mr. Nixon,” DNC Research Division, March 3, 1964, LBJWH, Box 116.

  289 For New York school boycott, see Tamar Jacoby, Someone Else’s House: America’s Unfinished Struggle for Integration (New York: Free Press, 1998), 22-23. “By running to the suburbs”: Newsweek, February 10, 1964.

  289 For Cincinnati speech, see RAC, Box 11/924. For Beckwith, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 213. For Alabama, see LAT, February 15, 1964.

  289 Stevenson’s speech is in LAT, February 13, 1964. For Minutemen, see LAT, January 21, 1964; and GRR, January 31, 1964. For “Marxmanship in Dallas,” see LAT, February 13, 1964; and GRR, February 15, 1964. For DAR, see LAT, February 18, 1964. For The Defenders, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 104.

  290 “The Second Sexual Revolution” appeared in Time, January 24, 1964. The Washington Post’s entertainment columnist: WP, January 15, 1964, B13. On Terry Southern, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 146. On the FCC, see Rita Lang Kleinfelder, When We Were Young: A Baby-Boomer Yearbook (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1993), 382. The Eros case is in John Heidenry, What Wild Ecstasy: The Rise and Fall of the Sexual Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 79-84.

  290 For Lodge’s UN rhetoric, and poll, see John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 51.