Before the Storm

by Rick Perlstein

  427 For the confusion over RNC public relations director, see SLPD, December 8, 1964; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 139 (for hiring of inexperienced deputies); Grenier to Goldwater, February 8, 1965, DK, Box 2/Grenier, John; Kitchel to Lamb, March 30, 1966, DK, Box 2; and author interview with Lee Edwards.

  427 National Conservative Council in GRR, July 15, 1964; Courtney pamphlet is cited in SLPD, December 8, 1964; Robert DePugh, Gerald L. K. Smith, and KKK are in GRR, August 15, 1964. For LBJ quote, hear conversation with Roy Wilkins, July 28, 1964, LBJT, 6407.16/1.

  428 For Grenier strictures, see NYHTEN, August 23, 1964; for Edwards, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 139. For communications snafus and memo on memos, see ibid., 145. For the communications system’s failure, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 164. For overflow from teletypes, see White, Making of the President 1964, 378. 20. CAMPAIGN TRAILS

  429 For crowd response, Goldwater speaking style, and press accounts of Goldwater’s Southern tour, see Thompson to Rymer, n.d., “The Goldwater Tour of the South,” AHF, Box W¾; and Sam Ragan, “Dixie Looked Away,” American Scholar 34, no. 2 (1965).

  429 Richard Rovere is cited in Ragan, “Dixie Looked Away.” For second-floor work, see Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 216-17; and Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 295-96. For anti-demagoguery goal, see John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968),197.

  430 For Charlotte, see SEP, October 24, 1964. For Atlanta, see citations in Thompson to Rymer, n.d., “The Goldwater Tour of the South.” For St. Petersburg, see Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 398; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 196; and citations in Thompson to Rymer. For defection of mayor, see Hayes to Carter, September 18, 1964, and LBJ to Poyntner, in LBJWHAM53. For Montgomery, see Heller to LBJ, September 18, 1964, LBJWH6-3. The “ineptitude” quote and the Southern belles episode are from the Charlotte Observer, cited in Thompson to Rymer. For Knoxville bumper stickers, see Sidney Warren, The Battle for the Presidency (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968), 368. For Fort Worth and West Virginia, see SEP, October 24, 1964.

  431 For comprehensive account of Thurmond switch, see Arjen Westerhoff, “Politics of Protest: Strom Thurmond and the Development of the Republican Southern Strategy, 1948-1972” (master’s thesis, American Studies Program, Smith College, 1997).

  431 For Thurmond speech, see USN, September 28, 1964. “My fellow extremists!”: SEP, October 24, 1964.

  431 For Milliken and Wallace negotiations, see Westerhoff, “Politics of Protest.”

  432 For Leander Perez, see Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 49; Jon Margolis, The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties” (New York: Morrow, 1999), 334; and Eric Foner article in The Nation, November 8, 1999.

  432 Charleston News and Courier, quoted in Thompson to Rymer, n.d., “The Goldwater Tour of the South.”

  432 “I’m not here to make a political speech”: Gil Troy, See How They Ran: The Changing Role of the Presidential Candidate, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 216; and speeches, September 10, 15, 16, and 25, 1964, LBJWHAM53.

  432 For Johnson spots, see Pete Hamill, “When the Client Is a Candidate,” NYTM, October 25, 1964; Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 169-220; and Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), 121-47.

  434 For “pathetic peep” quote, see Edwards, Goldwater, 304.

  434 For mushroom cloud, see Paul Southwick to Moyers, August 3, 1964, and Southwick to Moyers, August 4, 1964, in LBJWHAM53. For Heller, see Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 173; and, for example, Heller to LBJ, September 18, 1964, LBJWH6-3, and October 6, 1964, Raleigh speech insert, LBJWHAM, Box 25. For Bundy, see Goldman to LBJ, September 17, 1964, LBJWH6-3. For John Bartlow Martin reports, see LBJWHAM, Box 23; and September 22, 1964, Martin to Moyers, LBJWHAM53. For Anna Rosenberg, see Popple to Jenkins, September 17, 1964, LBJWH6-3. For Lapeer, Michigan, see Rural Political News Summary, September 12. 1964, LBJWHAM53. For Goldwater interview in Time, see Redmon to Dutton, September 16, 1964, LBJWHAM53. For Cliff Case, see Redmon to Dutton, September 22, 1964, LBJWHAM53.

  435 For Johnson-Humphrey citizens committees, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 230. For Rowe, Clifford, and Fortas assignment and campaign organization generally, see J. Leonard Reinsch, Getting Elected: From Radio and Roosevelt to Television and Reagan (New York: Hippocrene, 1988), 203. “If It’s Socialism”: Dutton to Moyers, September 14, 1964, LBJWHAM53. “He has a perfect record”: pamphlet draft, October 26, 1964, LBJWHAM, Box 21/Material on Barry Goldwater. See also pamphlet for BMG Madison Square Garden rally, Phillips to Moyers, LBJWHAM, Box 30, Pre-election (1 of 2). “The big parade comes to Mason City”: draft statement from Meredith Willson, “For Goldwater’s Iowa Visit, Sept. 24,” LBJWHAM53. For ridicule and gag writers, see Valenti to LBJ, September 7, 1964, and Dutton to Valenti, September 14, 1964, in LBJWHAM53.

  435 For giving liberal Republicans a role, see Cater to LBJ, September 21, 1964, LBJWHAM53. For National Independent Committee ceremony, see Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson: Exercise of Power: A Political Biography (New York: New American Library, 1966), 470; and memo and speech in LBJWH, Press Office, Box 38. For committee generally, see White, Making of the President 1964, 418; and hear, for example, LBJT, 6408.03/9 and 6408.31/10. For $1,000 gifts, see White, Making of the President 1964, 309; and Edwards, Goldwater, 282 (for White House pool).

  436 For Moyers biography, see Jeff Shesol, Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robery Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade (New York: Norton, 1997), 295; Michael Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963-1964 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 347; and finding aid, LBJWHAM.

  436 For “overkill effect” and “throwing more bombs,” see Hayes to Moyers, September 18, 1964, “Reflections of New York Trip,” LBJWHAM53. See also Hayes to Moyers, September 17, 1964, and September 24, 1964, and Dutton to Moyers, September 28, 1964, LBJWHAM53. “We have a few more Goldwater ads”: Moyers to LBJ, September 13, 1964, LBJWHAM53. “Right now, the biggest asset”: Dallek, Flawed Giant, 174.

  436 For “Anti-Campaign” generally, see Dallek, 173-74; Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power. 468; and Clifton Carter OH, LBJL.

  437 “This accounting statement”: Cooper to Moyers, Bundy, Reedy, and Valenti, August 24, 1964, LBJWHNG.

  437 For E. Howard Hunt operation, see E. Howard Hunt, Undercover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent (New York: Berkeley, 1974), 133. For “Confessions of a Republican,” see Martin to White, n.d., FCW, Box I/California. For use of the Social Security list, see Feldman to Valenti, September 22, 1964, LBJWHNG.

  437 For Ike Vietnam scoop, see WS, October 11, 1964, and Frank Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was: A Personal Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 126.

  437 For BMG’s debate agitation, see “Barry Presses His Bid to Debate LBJ on TV,” NYP, July 29, 1964; Gil Troy, See How They Ran, 218-19; and Denison Kitchel to George Humphrey, October 7, 1964, FSA, Task Force Correspondence A folder. For LBJ’s throttling of the debate challenge, see Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power, 473. For Bobby Baker sabotage, see Evans and Novak, 478. For tax returns threat, see Karl Hess, Mostly on the Edge: An Autobiography (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1999), 169.

  438 For Ralph Ginzburg, see John Heidenry, What Wild Ecstasy: The Rise and Fall of the Sexual Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 78-83. For copy of poll, see Karl Hess, In a Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of the Cons
ervatism Movement (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 175.

  438 For quotes of psychiatrists, see “The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater,” Fact (September-October 1964).

  439 For Goldwater press corps generally, see White, Making of the President 1964, 385, 403-4.

  439 “How could such a nice guy”: Edwards, Goldwater, 286. For misspelling, see Richard Dudman, “Ultrarightist Drive to Take Over GOP Was Started Four Years Ago.” SLPD, December 6, 1964. For refusal to visit press compartment, see Shadegg, What Happened, 270. For stoning, see White, Making of the President 1964, 385. For Montana and Jack Steele story: Hess, In a Cause, 119.

  440 For “Founding Fathers” gaffe, see Jack Bell, The Johnson Treatment: How Lyndon B. Johnson Took over the Presidency and Made It His Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 267. “If it hadn’t been for Goldwater”: O’Donnell OH, LBJL. For inebriation, see Larry Sabato, Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics (New York: Free Press, 1991), 44. For Detroit story, see Bell, Johnson Treatment, 267. “Thank God for Lyndon Johnson”: author interview with Richard Dudman. For “ranting, raving” quote, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 240.

  440 For preempting That Was the Week That Was, see Diamond and Bates, The Spot, 143. Episodes on view at MTR. For September 18, 1964, Goldwater show, see transcript in FSA, Box 4; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 200; and Shadegg, What Happened, 247.

  440 Raymond Massey appeal is in Shadegg, 248; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 212; and Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 174.

  441 Cordiner hiring and financial policy is in Shadegg, What Happened, 178, 182; White, Making of the President 1964, 379; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 146; Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 174; and Kitchel to Grenier, March 11, 1965, DK, Box 2/Grenier, John.

  441 For inspiration of JFK’s Houston speech on Gettysburg film, see White, Making of the President 1964, 392.

  441 For Kitchel’s veto of Massey appeal, see Shadegg, What Happened, 248-49, and for budget figures, 253.

  441 For Gettysburg film shooting: ibid., 247-48; AHFCP, vol. 5, pictures 21-25; and author interview with Charles Lichenstein.

  442 Kitchel expresses sabotage conviction in Kitchel to Weiss, DK, Box 5/“Explaining Things to Ike” correspondence. Conversation at Gettysburg videotape at AHFAV, BG-VT/96.

  443 For TV ratings, see Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 207; and Kitner memo, n.d., probably September 23, 1964, LBJWHAM53. “I didn’t have much experience with TV”: Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 173.

  443 For Goldwater’s late-September bitterness, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 198.

  444 Vandalism: October 26, 1964, New Yorkers for Goldwater and Miller newsletter, ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign; and author interview with Noel Black. “Goldwater’s first major address”: Time, September 18, 1964. In Tulsa, blacks: SEP, October 24, 1964; AHFCP, vol 5, pictures 31-34. In Winston-Salem, civil rights: AP dispatch in Thompson to Rymer, n.d., “The Goldwater Tour of the South.” “It is quite possible”: White, Making of the President 1964, 395.

  444 For Lord Bryce, see Paul F. Boller Jr., Presidential Campaigns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 149. “Presidential elections have been waged”: John M. Cummings, “Rough Tactics by the Voters,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 22, 1964. “The peaceful arts of negotiation”: Richard Hofstadter, “A Long View: Goldwater in History,” NYRB, October 8, 1964.

  445 For “Communist Target—Youth,” see John A. Andrew III, The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 29. “Vociferous and well-drilled extremist elements”: M. Stanton Evans, The Future of Conservatism (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968), 190.

  445 For speculation on cause of riots, hear LBJT, 6407.13/3, and 6408.6/10 and 6407.11, passim (for Hoover searching for conspiracy, hear track 7); and see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 318, 417, 500; and advance memo for September 10, 1964, LBJ Harrisburg speech, LBJWHAM, Box 23. For Goldwater fear, see Karl Hess, “An Open Letter to Barry Goldwater,” Ramparts, August 1969. FBI report quoted in White, Making of the President 1964, 728.

  445 For trust survey, see Joseph Nye, Philip Zelikow, and David King, eds., Why People Don’t Trust Government (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).

  446 Oswald, a magazine pointed out: The Nation, December 21, 1963. For McComb, Mississippi, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 497-504.

  446 Higher-education statistics from “University of California, Today’s Multiuni- versity,” CT, January 4, 1964.

  446 My account of the Berkeley uprising relies on David Lance Goines, The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1993), Milton Viorst, Fire in the Streets: America in the 1960s (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 276-86; Max Heirich, The Spiral of Conflict: Berkeley, 1964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968); and A. H. Raskin, “The Berkeley Affair: Mr. Kerr vs. Mr. Savio & Co.,” NYTM, February 14, 1965.

  447 For Lipset quote on “relative lack of experience,” see Seymour Martin Lipset, Rebellion in the University (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993), 126.

  447 “Here as elsewhere, the Negro”: NYHTEN, April 4, 1964.

  449 For car-top quotes, the extraordinary live recordings available at www.lib.berkeley.edulMRClFSM.html.

  452 All PR quotes from “Some Comments on Senator Goldwater,” Partisan Review, October 1964. Richard Hofstadter quote is in “A Long View: Goldwater in History,” NYRB, October 8, 1964.

  452 “To meet the needs of the people”: “Atlantic Report on the World Today,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1964.

  453 Stewart Alsop reported that Oliver Quayle: SEP, October 24, 1964. For LBJ’s September 28, 1964, tour I rely on Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 242-43; Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 338; Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power, 474; Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was, 107-17; Branch, Pillar of Fire, 502-3; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 182; and Charles Brereton, “1964: A Yankee Surprise,” Historical New Hampshire 42, no. 3 (1987)

  453 For new presidential limousine, see “New Shield Around the President,” USN, December 3, 1963. For Secret Service complaints, see Bell, Johnson Treatment, 234; and hear LBJT, 6403.01/4.

  454 For RFK Albany trip, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 330.

  455 For BMG’s Union Station speech, see FSA, Box 4.

  455 Roger Mudd quote in Troy, See How They Ran, 217. Alsop in SEP, September 29, 1964. Picket signs noted in Bell, Johnson Treatment, 265. “I just hitch-hiked 50 miles ”: AHFCP, vol. 8, picture 4. For blacks not shaking Goldwater’s hand, see SEP, October 24, 1964. For YAF and “LBJ-USA” banners, see AHFCP, vol. 7, pictures 1-10. For parachute and egg, see AHFCP, vol. 7, pictures 21 and 28.

  455 For photo session in engineer’s cap, see Vic Gold, NR, July 6, 1998. For “Bye, Bye Blackbird,” see White, Making of the President 1964, 387. For Cincinnati Gardens, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 203.

  456 For University of Toledo, see Edwards, Goldwater, 314; and for transcript, FSA, Box 4.

  456 For LBJ and Moline, see “Rock Island/Moline” memo, LBJWHAM, Box 25/10/7/64. For BMG’s Social Security speech and response, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 202; and Time, October 23, 1964. For Hammond, Indiana, see White, Making of the President 1964, 387; and Jeffrey J. Matthews, “To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963-1964,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27, no. 4 (1997).

  456 The next day the Herald Tribune: Richard Kluger, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune (New York: Knopf, 1986), 695; see also “We Choose Johnson,” NYHT, October 4, 1964.

  457 An economist wrote Walter Heller: Okun to Heller, October 5, 1964, LBJWH6- 3. For Wall Street nervousness, see Heller to LBJ, August 4, 1964, “Goldwater’s Impact on the Stock Market—Chapter 2,” LBJWH6-3.

  457 Indeed, when Milton Friedman published: Friedman, “The Goldwater View of Economics,” NYTM, October 1
1, 1964. 458 For Burch’s neglecting to make phone calls to senators, see Hugh Scott quote in SLPD, December 8, 1964. “This is Grenier”: NYHTEN, August 23, 1964. For leaks and taps, see Edwards, Goldwater, 305; and Shadegg, What Happened, 238. For newsletter and TV Prevue, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 256.

  458 For Reader’s Digest insert and Where I Stand, see Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 205. For Barry Goldwater: Extremist of the Right, see “Extremist Book Sales Soar Despite Criticism in the GOP,” NYT, October 4, 1964. On Kitchel’s Birch Society problem, see F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 206; Shadegg, What Happened, 205; and Kitchel to Welch, June 8, 1960, DK, Box 3/Welch, Robert Jr. For Zoll, see SLPD, December 8, 1964.

  458 For Dallas sabotage investigation, see Mayfield to Moyers, October 8, 1964, LBJWH6-3, October 1 to October 15 folder. For Milwaukee disaster, I rely on Shadegg, What Happened, 243-45 (for Kitchel resignation quote); Bannon to White, October 15, 1964, FCW, Box 3/Ohio; and Lichenstein interview. “Let’s stop this waste”: Virtue to Davis, October 7, 1964, FCW, Box 3/California.

  459 “The college presidents are coming along nicely”: Rowe to Roberts, October 21, 1964, and attached, LBJWHAM, Box 30. For Eisenhower Administration letter, see White, Making of the President 1964, 398. On John Sherman Cooper, see White to Jenkins, September 30, 1964, LBJWH6-3. For Romney and ox roast, see AHFCP, vol. 6, pictures 21-24. On Rhodes, see late-October field memo, AHF, Box W¾. “Coattail” buttons noted in Robert Rouse, “Goldwater Coattails,” The Keynoter (Summer 1982). For Keating volunteers wearing Goldwater buttons, I rely on author interview with Ryan Hayes. 459 For “What Scranton Really Thinks of Goldwater” booklet, see LBJWHAM, Box 87/Goldwater #2. Rockefeller/Goldwater rally in Albany is in AHFCP, vol. 6, picture 15; and October 2, 1964, New Yorkers for Goldwater-Miller newsletter, ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign. For Rockefeller’s distaste, see Edwards, Goldwater, 312.