by Al Gore
174 management knowledge and technology available to women
Malcolm Potts and Martha Campbell, “The Myth of 9 Billion,” Foreign Policy, May 9, 2011; Justin Gillis and Celia W. Dugger, “U.N. Forecasts 10.1 Billion People by Century’s End,” New York Times, May 4, 2011.
175 lowest level since the Great Depression
Bonnie Kavousi, “Birth Rate Plunges, Projected to Reach Lowest Level in Decades,” Huffington Post, July 26, 2012.
176 creation of social conditions that can and do have an impact on population
T. Paul Shultz, Yale Economic Growth Center, “Fertility and Income,” October 2005, www.econ.yale.edu/~pschultz/cdp925.pdf.
177 thirteen of the fourteen are in sub-Saharan Africa
Bloom, “Africa’s Daunting Challenge.”
178 ability of girls to become literate and to obtain a good education
United Nations, Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, September 5–13, 1994, http://www.un.org/popin/icpd/conference/offeng/poa.html.
179 about family size and other issues
Ibid.
180 how many children they wish to have and the spacing
Ibid.
181 “the most powerful contraceptive”
Ibid.
182 including 98 percent of sexually active Catholic women
Nicholas D. Kristof, “Beyond Pelvic Politics,” New York Times, February 11, 2012.
183 where thirty-nine out of the fifty-five African countries have high levels of fertility
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World Population to Reach 10 Billion by 2100 If Fertility in All Countries Converges to Replacement Level.”
184 population will triple in the balance of this century
Ibid.
185 2.5 children during their childbearing years
Bloom, “Africa’s Daunting Challenge.”
186 average is almost 4.5 children per woman
Ibid.
187 leading to disruptive and unsustainable population growth
Ibid.
188 by the end of the century to an estimated 129 million
Gillis and Dugger, “U.N. Forecasts 10.1 Billion People by Century’s End.”
189 to more than 730 million people by 2100
Ibid.
190 would put Nigeria’s population at the level of China in the mid-1960s
“Total Population, CBR, CDR, NIR and TFR of China (1949–2000),” China Daily, August 20, 2010.
191 significant declines in child and infant mortality
Potts and Campbell, “The Myth of 9 Billion”; Robert Kunzig, “Population 7 Billion,” National Geographic, January 2011.
192 beginning of the nineteenth century—from thirty-five to seventy-seven years
Kunzig, “Population 7 Billion.”
193 compared to 8 percent in 1970—of college students in Saudi Arabia were women
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Education Digest 2009: Comparing Education Statistics Across the World, 2009, http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/GED_2009_EN.pdf, p. 227.
194 Arab states is now 48 percent; in Iran 51 percent
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Education Digest 2011, 2011, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/ged-2011.aspx.
195 67 of the 120 nations for which statistics are available
Gary S. Becker, William H. J. Hubbard, and Kevin M. Murphy, “The Market for College Graduates and the Worldwide Boom in Higher Education of Women,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 229–33.
196 The world average is 51 percent
Ibid.; World Bank, The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa, MENA Development Report, 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/EDU_Flagship_Full_ENG.pdf, p. 171.
197 61 percent of master degrees, and 51 percent of doctoral degrees
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, “Fast Facts,” 2010, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72.
198 has announced plans to allow women to vote beginning in 2015
“Saudi Women to Receive Right to Vote—in 2015,” NPR, September 26, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/09/26/140818249/saudi-women-get-the-vote.
199 only 18 percent of the gap in political participation
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, and Saadia Zahidi, “The Global Gender Gap Index 2010,” Global Gender Gap Report 2010, 2010, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2010.pdf.
200 two women have entered the workplace for every man
“A Guide to Womenomics,” Economist, April 12, 2006.
201 with 83 women in the workforce for every 100 men
Ibid.
202 filling between 60 and 80 percent of the jobs
Ibid.
203 “has contributed much more to global growth than China has”
Ibid.
204 responsible for producing slightly less than 40 percent of GDP
Ibid.
205 contribution of women to GDP would be well over 50 percent
Ibid.
206 who work outside the home skyrocketed from 12 percent to 55 percent
Robert R. Reich, Aftershock: The Next Economy and America’s Future (New York: Knopf, 2010), p. 61.
207 rose during the same three decades from 20 to 60 percent
Ibid.
208 all adds up to what Kessler calls “conditioned hyper-eating”
Tara Parker-Pope, “How the Food Makers Captured Our Brains,” New York Times, June 23, 2009.
209 playing outside in neighborhoods that, relatively speaking, are prone to more violence
Rebecca Cecil-Carb and Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, “Childhood Body Mass Index in Community Context: Neighborhood Safety, Television Viewing and Growth Trajectories of BMI,” Health and Social Work 34 (March 2009): 169–77.
210 partly because of the increased participation of women in the workforce
United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development Division, Family Unit, 2003–2004, Major Trends Affecting Families, “Introduction,” http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=LJsVbHQC7Ss%3d&tabid=282.
211 between 20 and 30 percent of all divorces
Carl Bialik, “Irreconcilable Claim: Facebook Causes 1 in 5 Divorces,” Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2011; Carl Bialik, “Divorcing Hype from Reality in Facebook Stats,” Wall Street Journal blog, March 11, 2011, http://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/divorcing-hype-from-reality-in-facebook-stats-1046/.
212 Now, only one quarter are
Pew Research Center, “The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families,” November 18, 2010, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1802/decline-marriage-rise-new-families.
213 and having children—without getting married
Ibid.
214 are now born to unmarried women
Ibid.
215 were born to unmarried mothers
Ibid.
216 among mothers under thirty is 50 percent
Jason DeParle and Sabrina Tavernise, “For Women Under 30, Most Births Occur Outside Marriage,” New York Times, February 17, 2012.
217 Among African American mothers of all ages
Ibid.
218 the percentage is now 73 percent
Ibid.
219 Iceland, Norway, Finland, and Sweden; the lowest rank goes to Yemen
Hausmann, Tyson, and Zahidi, “The Global Gender Gap Index 2010.”
220 the lowest percentage (11.4 percent) in the Arab states
Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in National Parliaments,” April 30, 2011, http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm.
221 a constitutional requirement that a
minimum of 30 percent
Catherine Rampell, “A Female Parliamentary Majority in Just One Country: Rwanda,” New York Times, Economix blog, March 9, 2010, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/women-underrepresented-in-parliaments-around-the-world/; Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in National Parliaments.”
222 only 7 percent of corporate boards in the world
“A Guide to Womenomics,” Economist.
223 have also fallen below the replacement rate
Steven Philip Kramer, “Baby Gap: How to Boost Birthrates and Avoid Demographic Decline,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2012.
224 The U.S. birthrate fell to an all-time low in 2011
Terence P. Jeffrey, “CDC: U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low; 40.7% of Babies Born to Unmarried Women,” CNS News, October 31, 2012, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/cdc-us-birth-rate-hits-all-time-low-407-babies-born-unmarried-women.
225 64 million by 2100
Bryan Walsh, “Japan: Still Shrinking,” Time, August 28, 2006.
226 career paths after having children, and other benefits
Kramer, “Baby Gap.”
227 now once again nearly at their replacement rate of fertility
Ibid.
228 not yet been able to slow their fertility declines
Ibid.
229 greater per capita expense of U.S. health care
Simon Rogers, “Healthcare Spending Around the World, Country by Country,” Guardian, June 30, 2012; Harvey Morris, “U.S. Healthcare Costs More Than ‘Socialized’ European Medicine,” International Herald Tribune, June 28, 2012.
230 year 2000 are projected to live past the age of 100
“Most Babies Born Today May Live Past 100,” ABC News, October 1, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/WellnessNews/half-todays-babies-expected-live-past-100/story?id=8724273.
231 will live to be more than 104
Ibid.
232 less than thirty years; some believe much less
Nicholas Wade, “Genetic Data and Fossil Evidence Tell Differing Tales of Human Origins,” New York Times, July 27, 2012; Sonia Arrison, “Average Life Expectancy Through History,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2011.
233 but not until the middle of the nineteenth century
Arrison, “Average Life Expectancy Through History.”
234 and in most industrial countries are now in the high seventies
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision; Arrison, “Average Life Expectancy Through History.”
235 aged sixty-five and older within the next quarter century
Ted C. Fishman, “As Populations Age, a Chance for Younger Nations,” New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2010.
236 and by 2050 fully one third of Chinese will be sixty or older
Ibid.; Joseph Chamie, former director of the United Nations Population Division, “The Battle of the Billionaires: China vs. India,” Globalist, October 4, 2010.
237 percentage of the elderly will still be half that in China
Chamie, “The Battle of the Billionaires: China vs. India.”
238 the Japanese bought more adult diapers than baby diapers
Sam Jones and Ben McLannahan, “Hedge Funds Say Shorting Japan Will Work,” Financial Times, November 29, 2012.
239 increase from twenty-eight today to forty by midcentury
Ibid.
240 contributed to the pressures that resulted in the French Revolution
NPR, “In Arab Conflicts, the Young Are the Restless,” NPR, February 8, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2011/02/09/133567583/in-arab-conflicts-the-young-are-the-restless.
241 majority of the revolutions in developing countries
Jack Goldstone, “Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to Violent Conflict,” Journal of International Affairs 56 (2002).
242 coincided with the young adulthood of the post–World War II
Kenneth Weiss, “Runaway Population Growth Often Fuels Youth-Driven Uprisings,” Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2012.
243 twice the rate of countries generally
“In Arab Conflicts, the Young Are the Restless,” NPR.
244 have been in nations with youth bulges
“The Hazards of Youth,” WorldWatch, October 2004.
245 during a period of food price hikes around the world
Joseph Chamie, “A ‘Youth Bulge’ Feeds Arab Discontent,” Daily Star, April 15, 2011; Ashley Fantz, “Tunisian on Life One Year Later: No Fear,” CNN, December 16, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/16/world/meast/tunisia-immolation-anniversary/index.html.
246 number of jobs available to them is exceptionally low
Madawi Al-Rasheed, “Yes, It Could Happen Here: Why Saudi Arabia Is Ripe for Revolution,” Foreign Policy, February 28, 2011.
247 will reach only 40 by midcentury
Fishman, “As Populations Age, a Chance for Younger Nations.”
248 fertility of immigrant populations
Ibid.
249 population of developed countries to 10 percent
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Age and Sex,” http://esa.un.org/MigAge/index.asp?panel=8; United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs, “Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision,” July 2009, http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.
250 increase from 7.2 percent twenty years earlier
Ibid.
251 moved from one region to another inside countries
Fiona Harvey, “Climate Change Could Trap Hundreds of Millions in Disaster Areas, Report Claims,” Guardian, October 20, 2011.
252 developing country to developed regions of the world
Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations General Assembly, “International Migration and Development,” May 18, 2006.
253 “are about as numerous as those moving ‘South-to-North’ ”
Ibid.
254 including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Algeria
Anne-Sophie Labadie, “Greek Far-Right Rise Cows Battered Immigrants,” Daily Star, May 25, 2012.
255 the trans-Caucasus region, where there are significant Muslim populations
Atryom Liss, “Neo-Nazi Skinheads Jailed in Russia for Racist Killings,” BBC, February 25, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8537861.stm; Mansur Mirovalev, “Russia: Far-Right Nationalists and Neo-Nazis March in Moscow,” Associated Press, November 4, 2011.
256 three quarters of them have less than one million people
Report of the Secretary-General, “International Migration and Development.”
257 make up 10 percent of the population or more
United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs, “Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision.”
258 2,100-mile-long, 2.5-meter-high iron fence
Kurt M. Campbell et al., “The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change,” Center for Strategic & International Studies, November 2007, http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/071105_ageofconsequences.pdf.
259 a surge of internal migration from low-lying coastal areas and offshore islands
Ibid.
260 in the Bay of Bengal, where four million people currently live
Ibid.
261 population of Bangladesh
Ibid.
262 even though it has only 5 percent of the world’s population
Global Migration Group, “International Migration and Human Rights,” October 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?doci
d=49e479cf0&query=migration.
263 outnumbered Caucasian babies for the first time
Conor Dougherty and Miriam Jordan, “Minority Births Are New Majority,” Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2012.
264 experts as a major factor causing the surge of hate groups
Colleen Curry, “Hate Groups Grow as Racial Tipping Point Changes Demographics,” ABC News, May 18, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/US/militias-hate-groups-grow-response-minority-population-boom/story?id=16370136#.T7Zy1O2I3dl.
265 “nation’s population growth in the decade that ended in 2010”
Sabrina Tavernise, “Whites Account for Under Half of Births in U.S.,” New York Times, May 17, 2012.
266 as the number of Hispanic and Asian children increased by 5.5 million
William H. Frey, “America’s Diverse Future: Initial Glimpses at the U.S. Child Population from the 2010 Census,” Brookings Institution, April 6, 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0406_census_diversity_frey.aspx.
267 Hispanics at 26 percent and African Americans at 22 percent
William H. Frey, “Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs: Racial and Ethnic Change in Metro America in the 2000s,” Brookings Institution, May 4, 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0504_census_ethnicity_frey.aspx.
268 represent the largest minority group in the United States
Dennis Cauchon and Paul Overberg, “Census Data Shows Minorities Now a Majority of U.S. Births,” USA Today, May 17, 2012.
269 bombing of the federal office building in Oklahoma City
Brian Levin, “U.S. Hate and Extremist Groups Hit Record Levels, New Report Says,” Huffington Post, March 8, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-levin-jd/hate-groups-splc_b_1331318.html.
270 renewed upsurge in 2009–12
Ibid.
271 “precisely coinciding with Obama’s first three years as president”
Curry, “Hate Groups Grow as Racial Tipping Point Changes Demographics.”
272 immigration from several other countries has continued
Jeffrey Passel, D’Vera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Pew Research Center, “Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less,” May 3, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/.