by Gail Collins
Many years later… Raines, p. 57.
Ruby Hurley… Raines, p. 131.
Autherine Lucy, who became… Raines, p. 326.
Bates, the daughter… Olson, p. 136.
Autherine Lucy would return… Raines, p. 327.
On the fortieth anniversary… Jack Schneider, “British Film to Revisit Crisis at Central High,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 17, 1999.
CHAPTER 19: THE SIXTIES
“YOU SHOULD SEE MY LITTLE SIS”
A Ladies’ Home Journal poll… Barbara Ehrenreich (with Elizabeth Hess and Gloria Jacobs), Re-Making Love, pp. 24–25.
“Every week the skirts…” Sara Davidson, Loose Change, p. 150.
“GREGORY, CAN’T YOU DEVISE SOME SORT OF PILL
FOR THIS PURPOSE?”
This section, all the way down to the Loretta Lynn song, is based on information in chapter 9 of Andrea Tone’s history of contraceptives in America, Devices and Desires. Notable American Women, James and James, eds., has a good portrait of Katharine McCormick by James Reed.
“ONE VAST, ALL-PERVADING SEXOLOGICAL SPREE”
Reader’s Digest fretted… Douglas, Where the Girls Are, p. 61.
“I told a date…” Gloria Steinem, “The Moral Disarmament of Betty Coed,” Esquire, September 1962, p. 156.
Producers started churning… Douglas, Where the Girls Are, pp. 73–80.
Marriage, she told her public… Helen Gurley Brown, Sex and the Single Girl, pp. 2–4.
“Obscene is not…” D’Emilio and Freedman, p. 306.
as late as 1969… May, Homeward Bound, pp. 198–99.
In 1975, TV reporter… Weiss, To Have and to Hold, pp. 170–71.
“MOVE ON, LITTLE GIRL”
Most of the memoirs of women in the New Left are interesting, and actually getting more so as the era becomes more and more distant. But the best all-purpose book on this subject I’ve found is Sara Evans’s Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left.
Jane Alpert…Alpert, Growing Up Underground, p. 344.
During a climactic… Evans, Personal Politics, pp. 198–99.
The Yippees… Robin Morgan, Saturday’s Child, p. 237.
like Stokely Carmichael… Carmichael defended himself by saying he was joking, but he made the comment so often, he obviously enjoyed the joke. See Jones, Labor of Love, p. 283.
In 1965, at a meeting… Evans, Personal Politics, p. 160.
“NOWADAYS, WOMEN WOULDN’T STAND
FOR BEING KEPT SO MUCH IN THE BACKGROUND”
The March on… This account is based on Lynne Olson’s Freedom’s Daughters, pp. 284–90.
“Nowadays, women wouldn’t…” Parks, p. 166.
“There is always…” Jones, pp. 279–80.
Even Rosa Parks’s lawyer… Parks, p. 82.
“All of the churches…” Olson, p. 143.
“Around 1965 there began…” Joanne Grant, Ella Baker, p. 229.
In Americus, Georgia… Olson, pp 279–80.
In Albany, Georgia… Olson, pp. 244–45.
In Indianola… Olson, p. 301.
The most famous example… This information on Fannie Lou Hamer comes from Kay Mills’s biography, This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer.
Mexican American women were torn… Sara Evans, Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century’s End, pp. 33–34.
“YOU CAN’T EVEN SAFELY ADVERTISE FOR A WIFE ANY MORE”
For an extremely thorough history of the woman’s movement, see Flora Davis’s Moving the Mountain: The Women’s Movement in America Since 1960.
When the landmark… See F. Davis, pp. 38–45, and Jo Freeman, “How ‘Sex’ Got into Title VII,” which is available on her website, www.jofreeman.com.
“Bunny problem indeed!… “De-Sexing the Job Market,” New York Times, August 21, 1965, p. 20.
Gloria Steinem had just written… “A Bunny’s Tale,” Show, 1963, reprinted in Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions as “I Was a Playboy Bunny.”
A personnel officer for an… “New Hiring Law Seen Bringing More Jobs, Benefits for Women,” Wall Street Journal, June 22, 1965, p. 1.
“It’s the sex thing”… F. Davis, p. 21.
Representative Griffiths angrily… Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open, p. 73.
At one point, Friedan… Marcia Cohen, The Sisterhood, p. 135.
Friedan thought up… Betty Friedan, Life So Far, p. 174.
“SHE IS DISSATISFIED WITH A LOT THAT
WOMEN OF OTHER LANDS CAN ONLY DREAM OF”
Any study of the women’s liberation movement ought to begin with reading The Feminine Mystique. Except where otherwise noted, this section is based on that book and Betty Friedan’s autobiography, Life So Far.
“Usually, until very…” Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers, p. 199.
“She is dissatisfied…” Sandie North, “Reporting the Movement,” Atlantic Monthly (March 1970), pp. 105–6.
“LADY JUROR BAN ENDED BY COURT”
the New York Times printed… Elizabeth Fowler, “Some Women Find Discrimination When Trying to Establish Credit,” May 15, 1972, pp. 53, 55; Georgia Dullea, “Women Demanding Equal Treatment in Mortgage Loans,” October 29, 1972, pp. R1, 10.
In North Carolina… D’Emilio and Freedman, p. 314.
In Alabama, the idea…“ Lady Juror Ban Ended,” Huntsville Times, February 8, 1966, p. 1; Helms, “Reaction on Jury Ruling,” Alabama Journal, February 8, 1966, p. 9.
In 1970, 3 percent… “Who’s Come a Long Way, Baby,” Time, August 31, 1970, pp. 16–21.
At Newsweek one of the fifty-two… F. Davis, pp. 110–11.
Flo Kennedy… M. Cohen, p. 152.
“DEGRADED MINDLESS BOOB-GIRLIE SYMBOL”
President Nixon said… M. Cohen, p. 150.
A group of women… There are many stories recounting this protest. Robin Morgan, the leader, tells her version in Going Too Far, pp. 62–77, and in her autobiography, Saturday’s Child, pp. 259–63.
The New York Times story… Charlotte Curtis, “Miss America Pageant Is Picketed by 100 Women,” September 8, 1968, p. 81.
In the spring of 1970… Friedan, Life So Far, pp. 238–39.
EPILOGUE
“DRAGGING THE WORD ‘HOUSEWIFE’ THROUGH THE MUD”
Alice Paul was still alive… Marylin Bender, “Liberation Yesterday—the Roots of the Feminist Movement,” New York Times, August 21, 1970, p. 41.
“It’s time for housewives…” “They’re Housewives and Proud of It,” New York Times, April 3, 1972, p. 44.
“Housewives have been called…” New York Times, April 3, 1972.
The number of women medical school graduates… S. Evans, Tidal Wave, p. 82. This is virtually the only good survey of the history of American women since the epochal 1970s.
“MY WIFE: I THINK I’LL KEEP HER”
Radical feminists claimed… S. Evans, Tidal Wave, p. 109.
In 1986, Newsweek warned… “Too Late for Prince Charming?” Newsweek, June 2, 1986, p. 54.
“They have more attitude”… Alex Kuczynski, “She’s Got to Be a Macho Girl,” New York Times, November 1, 2002, sec. 9, p. 1.
Nobody was happy that while… Joan Brumberg makes this point in the introduction to Girl Culture, by Lauren Greenfield.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In order to make it easier for readers to find other books and periodicals on subjects they’re interested in, this bibliography is divided into sections: The early years (chapters 1–4), the first half of the nineteenth century (chapters 5–6), the Civil War (chapters 7–9), post–Civil War (chapters 10–12), the turn of the century and 1920s (chapters 13–15), and the Depression to the present (chapters 16–19).
CHAPTERS 1 TO 4
BOOKS
Adams, Charles Francis. Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife, Abigail Adams, During the Revolution. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1876.
Allestree, Richard. The La
dies Calling. Oxford, England, 1673.
Amott, Teresa, and Julie Matthaei. Race, Gender and Work. Boston: South End Press, 1996.
Arber, Edward, ed. The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1606–1623 A.D. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1969.
Barker-Benfield, G. J., and Catherine Clinton, eds. Portraits of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Berkin, Carol. First Generations: Women in Colonial America. New York: Hill & Wang, 1996.
Berkin, Carol, and Leslie Horowitz, eds. Women’s Voices, Women’s Lives: Documents in Early American History. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998.
Blumenthal, Walter Hart. Brides from Bridewell: Female Felons Sent to Colonial America. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1962.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Colonial Experience. New York: Vintage, 1958.
———. The Americans: The National Experience. New York: Vintage, 1965.
Boydston, Jeanne. Home and Work: Housework, Wages and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum, eds. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974.
———. Salem-Village Witchcraft. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.
Brekus, Catherine. Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America.. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Brown, Kathleen. Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Burr, Esther. Esther Burr’s Journal. Washington: Woodward & Lothorp, 1903.
Burrage, Henry. Early English and French Voyages, Chiefly from Hakluyt. New York: Scribner’s, 1930.
Butterfield, L.H., Marc Friedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline. The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Chace, Elizabeth Buffum, and Lucy Buffum Lovell. Two Quaker Sisters. New York: Liveright Publishing, 1937.
Clinton, Catherine, and Michele Gillespie, eds. The Devil’s Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Coryell, Janet Lee, Martha Swain, Sandra Treadway, and Elizabeth Hays Turner, eds. Beyond Image and Convention. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1998.
Cott, Nancy F., Jeanne Boydston, Ann Braude, Lori Ginzberg, and Molly Ladd-Taylor, eds. Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996.
Crane, Elaine Forman. Ebb Tide in New England: Women, Seaports and Social Change: 1630–1800. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998.
Cunningham, Patricia, and Susan Voso Lab, eds. Dress in American Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993.
De Marly, Diana. Dress in North America. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990.
D’Emilio, John, and Estelle Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Demos, John. Entertaining Satan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
———. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle. Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.
De St. Mèry, Moreau. Moreau de St-Mèry’s American Journey, 1793–1798. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947.
Dingwall, Eric John. The American Woman: A Historical Study. New York: Rinehart, 1956.
Earle, Alice Morse. Child Life in Colonial Days. Stockbridge, Mass.: Berkshire House, 1993.
———. Colonial Dames and Good Wives. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1895.
———. Diary of Anna Green Winslow. Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1996.
———. Home Life in Colonial Days. Stockbridge, Mass.: Berkshire House, 1993.
———. Two Centuries of Costume. New York: Macmillan, 1903.
Evans, Elizabeth. Weathering the Storm: Women of the American Revolution. New York: Charles Scribner’s & Sons, 1975.
Evans, Sara. Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1997.
Flournoy, Mary. Essays Historical and Critical. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1967.
Garrett, Elisabeth Donaghy. At Home: The American Family, 1750–1870. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1990.
Gaspar, David, and Darlene Clark Hine, eds. More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Geller, I. D., ed. They Knew They Were Pilgrims. New York: Poseidon Books, 1971.
Gilman, Caroline. Recollections of a Southern Matron. New York: Harper & Bros., 1838.
Godbeer, Richard. Sexual Revolution in Early America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Gregory, John. A Father’s Legacy to His Daughters. London: W. Strahan, 1781.
Greven, Philip. The Protestant Temperament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Hawke, David Freeman. Everyday Life in Early America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Hill, Frances. A Delusion of Satan. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1993.
Hofstadter, Richard. America at 1750: A Social Portrait. New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
James, Edward, and Janet Wilson James, eds. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.
James, Janet Wilson. “Women in American Religious History: An Overview.” Women in American Religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980.
Jensen, Joan. Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750–1850. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.
Karlsen, Carol. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. New York: Norton, 1998.
Keller, Rosemary Skinner. Patriotism and the Female Sex: Abigail Adams and the American Revolution. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1994.
Kemble, Frances Anne. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839. Athens Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
Kerber, Linda. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998.
———. Women of the Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Kierner, Cynthia. Beyond the Household: Women’s Place in the Early South. 1700–1835. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Knight, Sarah Kemble. The Journal of Madam Knight. New York: Garrett Press, 1970.
Koehler, Lyle. A Search for Power: The “Weaker Sex” in Seventeenth-Century New England. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
Larcom, Lucy. A New England Girlhood. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1973.
Larkin, Jack. The Reshaping of Everyday Life: 1790–1840. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
Le Beau, Bryan. The Story of the Salem Witch Trials. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Marble, Annie Russell. The Women Who Came in the Mayflower. Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1920.
Marsh, Margaret, and Wanda Ronner. The Empty Cradle: Infertility in America from Colonial Times to the Present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Mayer, Holly. Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community During the American Revolution. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
Morello, Karen Berger. The Invisible Bar: The Woman Lawyer in America, 1638 to the Present. New York: Random House, 1986.
Norton, Mary Beth. Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society. New York: Knopf, 1996.
———. In the Devil’s Snare. New York: Knopf, 2002.
———. Liberty’s Daughters. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980.
Pinckney, Eliza Lucas. The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney, 1739–1763. Columbia University of South Carolina Pre
ss, 1997.
Reis, Elizabeth. Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Rogers, Horatio. Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston Common, June 1, 1660. Providence, R.I.: Preston & Rounds, 1896.
Semmes, Raphael. Crime and Punishment in Early Maryland. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938.
Sewall, Samuel. The Diary and Life of Samuel Sewall. Boston: Bedford Books, 1998.
Spruill, Julia Cherry. Women’s Life and Work in the Southern Colonies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.
Stiles, Henry Reed. Bundling. Sandwich, Mass.: Chapman Billies, 1999.
Stokes, I. N. Phelps. The Iconography of Manhattan Island (vol. 5). New York: The Lawbook Exchange, 1998.
Thompson, Roger. Sex in Middlesex. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1986.
———. Women in Stuart England and America. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
Treckel, Paula A. To Comfort the Heart: Women in Seventeenth-Century America. New York: Twayne, 1996.
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650–1750. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
———. A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary. 1785–1812. New York: Knopf, 1990.
Vuilleumier, Marion. Indians on Olde Cape Cod. Taunton, Mass.: William S. Sullwood, 1970.
Washburn, Wilcomb. The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957.
Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The End of American Independence. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
Wertz, Richard, and Dorothy Wertz. Lying-In: A History of Childbirth. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977.
Westbury, Susan. “Women in Bacon’s Rebellion.” In Southern Women: Histories and Identities, edited by Virginia Bernhard et al. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992.
White, Elizabeth Wade. Anne Bradstreet: The Tenth Muse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Woodward, Grace Steele, et al. Three American Indian Women. New York: MJF Books, 1997.
Yardley, John Henry. Before the Mayflower. New York: Doubleday, 1931.
PERIODICALS
Archer, Richard. “New England Mosaic: A Demographic Analysis for the Seventeenth Century.” William and Mary Quarterly (October 1990), pp. 477–502.