13.Ibid.
14.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
15.Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (3)
16.Crabtree, S. (producer), and Jim Al-Khalili (presenter). Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity. [Documentary] United Kingdom: BBC.
17.Franklin, Benjamin, quoted in Finger, Stanley. “Benjamin Franklin and the Electrical Cure.” Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Eds. Harry Whitaker, C.U.M. Smith, and Stanley Finger. (246)
18.Finger, Stanley. “Benjamin Franklin and the Electrical Cure.” Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Eds. Harry Whitaker, C.U.M. Smith, and Stanley Finger. (246; 271–283)
19.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84] (NP)
20.Ibid.
21.Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (9)
22.Bertucci, Paola. “Therapeutic Electricity.” Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Eds. Harry Whitaker, C.U.M. Smith, and Stanley Finger. (271–283)
23.Epitome of Electricity and Galvanism 1809; quoted in Delbourgo, James. A Most Amazing Scene of Wonders. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. (8)
24.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
25.Turkel, William. Sparks from the Deep: How Shocking Experiments with Strongly Electrical Fish Powered Scientific Discovery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. (80)
26.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
27.Fowler, Richard. Experiments and Observations relative to the influence lately discovered by Galvani and commonly called Animal Electricity. Edinburgh, 1793. (1)
28.Ibid.
29.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
30.Intellectual Electricity, Novum Organum of Vistion, and Grand Mystic Secret (Anon.) London, 1798.
31.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
32.Ibid.
33.Montillo, Roseanne. The Lady and Her Monsters. New York: William Morrow, 2013. (54)
34.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (125).
35.Ibid. (132)
36.Turkel, William. Sparks from the Deep: How Shocking Experiments with Strongly Electrical Fish Powered Scientific Discovery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. (80)
37.Pancaldi, Giuliano. Volta: Science and Culture in the Age of Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005. (180).
38.Turkel, William. Sparks from the Deep: How Shocking Experiments with Strongly Electrical Fish Powered Scientific Discovery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. (81)
39.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
40.An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (317)
41.Ibid. (328)
42.Ibid. (329)
43.Ibid. (192)
44.Darwin, Erasmus, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (197)
45.Ibid. (198)
46.The best description of Herschel’s incredible discoveries, as well as the lasting impact they had on our modern future, can be found in Richard Holmes, Age of Wonder.
47.Byron, George Gordon. Letters. “Alas! The Love of Women”: 1813–1814. Ed. Leslie Alexis Marchand. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974. (64)
48.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (210)
49.Ibid. (235)
50.Taylor, W. C. The Modern British Plutarch; of Lives of Men Distinguished in The Recent History of England. New York, 1868. (113)
51.Ibid. (113)
52.Ibid. (114–115)
53.Davy, Humprhy, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (254)
54.Davy, Humprhy, quoted in ibid. (254)
55.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
56.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (260)
57.Davy, Humphry, to J. King Esquire. Fragmentary Remains, Literary and Scientific, of Sir Humphry Davy. Ed. J. Churchill. London. 1858. (64)
58.Davy, Humphry, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (289)
59.Tuft, Michael, and Victoria Bell (producers), and Michael Mosely, Mark Miodownik, and Cassie Newland (presenters). Genius of Invention. Episode 1. [Documentary] United Kingdom: BBC.
60.Boswell, James. The Life of Samuel Johnson, L.L.D. Edinburgh. 1890. (281)
61.Davy, Humphry. The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy (with Miscellaneous Papers and Researches, especially on The Safety Lamp, and Flame). Ed. John Davy. London, 1840. (5)
62.Davy, John. Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy. London. 1836. (1)
63.Blum, Deborah. “Firedamp,” Speakeasy Science, ScienceBlogs. April 9, 2010. http://scienceblogs.com/speakeasyscience/2010/04/09/firedamp/.
64.Davy, Humphry. The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy (with Miscellaneous Papers and Researches, especially on The Safety Lamp, and Flame). Ed. John Davy. London, 1840. (5)
65.Ibid. (5)
66.“Felling” Mining Disasters—Names. Durham Mining Museum. http://www.dmm .org.uk/names/n1812-01.htm.
67.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (363)
68.Davy, Humphry. The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy (with Miscellaneous Papers and Researches, especially on The Safety Lamp, and Flame). Ed. John Davy. London, 1840. (10)
69.Ibid. (11)
70.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (365)
71.Ibid. (367)
72.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
73.Davy, Humphry. The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy (with Miscellaneous Papers and Researches, especially on The Safety Lamp, and Flame). Ed. John Davy. London, 1840 (18)
74.Buddle, John. Report of the Select Committee, 1835. As quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (368)
75.Ibid. (369)
76.Abernathy, John. An Enquiry into the Probability and Rationability of Mr. Hunter’s Theory of Life. London. 1814. (48)
77.Ibid. (49)
78.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP).
79.Davy, John. Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy. London, 1836. (378–379)
80.Ibid. (379)
81.Ibid. (380)
82.Ibid. (385)
83.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
84.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (430)
FOUR: INTO DARK COUNTRY
1.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. Project Gutenberg. Release date: June 17, 2008 [Ebook #84]. (NP)
2.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (18)
3.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge,
Mass., June 25, 1896).
4.Wallace, Willard Mosher. Sir Walter Raleigh. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2015. (120)
5.Magasich-Airola, Jorge, and Jean-Marc de Beer. America Magica, 2nd ed. When Renaissance Europe Thought It Had Conquered Paradise. London: Anthem Press, 2007. (4)
6.Long, Edward, History of Jamaica (London: 1774), Vol. II. Quoted in Giraldo, Alexander. “Obeah: The Ultimate Resistance,” Slave Resistance, a Caribbean Study. http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/Religion/religion.html.
7.Williams, Joseph J., Voodoos and Obeahs: Phases of West India Witchcraft (New York: Dial Press, 1932). Quoted in Giraldo, Alexander. “Obeah: The Ultimate Resistance,” Slave Resistance, a Caribbean Study. http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/Religion/religion.html.
8.Evans, Arthur B. Jules Verne Rediscovered: Didacticism and the Scientific Novel. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1988. (21)
9.Ibid. (17)
10.Verne, Jules. Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century. [1880] London, 2001. (3)
11.Ibid. (29)
12.Ibid. (30)
13.Quoted in ibid. (35)
14.Ibid. (36)
15.Ibid. (55)
16.Ibid. (58)
17.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (1)
18.Banks, Joseph, quoted in ibid. (3)
19.Quoted in Verne, Jules. Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century. [1880] London, 2001. (63)
20.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (6)
21.Ibid. (7)
22.Quoted in ibid.
23.Terry, Martin, and Susan Hall. Cook’s Endeavour Journal: The Inside Story. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2008. (20)
24.London Gazette, Aug. 18, 1768. Quoted in Terry, Martin, and Susan Hall. Ibid. (23)
25.Banks, Joseph, quoted in Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (11)
26.Verne, Jules. Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century. [1880] London, 2001. (114)
27.Ibid. (128)
28.Cook, James, quoted in ibid. (128)
29.Coleridge, Samuel. Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Part the First. Project Gutenberg. Release date: March 11, 2006 [Ebook #151]. Last updated: January 26, 2013. (NP)
30.Cook, James. A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World V 1. Project Gutenberg. Contributor: Tobias Furneaux. Release date: May 7, 2005 [Ebook #15777]. (NP)
31.Ibid.
32.Krebs, Robert. The Basics of Earth Science. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 2003. (140)
33.Frank, Frederick, and Diane Long Hoeveler, eds. “Introduction.” Edgar Allan Poe. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Editions, 2010. (24)
34.Meville, Herman. Moby-Dick; Or, The Whale. Posting date: December 25, 2008 [Ebook #2701]. Release date: June 2001. (NP)
35.“Doomed Expedition to the Pole, 1912,” EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnessto history.com (1999).
36.Ibid.
37.Delgado, James. Across the Top of the World: The Quest for the Northwest Passage, Madeira Park, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009. (xiii)
38.Elce, Erika Behrisch. “‘In Sum, Evil Has Prevailed’: The Moral Morass of Science and Exploration in Jacques Tardi’s The Arctic Marauder.” Steaming into a Victorian Future. Eds. Julie Anne Taddeo and Cynthia J. Miller. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. (106)
39.Delgado, James. Across the Top of the World: The Quest for the Northwest Passage, Madeira Park, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009. (xiii)
40.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (211)
41.Banks, Sir Joseph. Letter, 1803. Quoted in ibid. (211)
42.McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. Quoted in McCarthy, James. Journey into Africa: The Life and Death of Keith Johnson, Scottish Cartographer and Explorer. Dunbeath Mill, England: Whittles Publishing Group, 2004. (144)
43.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (212)
44.Ibid. (212)
45.Park, Mungo, quoted in Verne, Jules. Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century. [1880] London, 2001. (392)
46.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (217)
47.Conrad, Joseph. “Geography,” 1924, quoted in ibid. (220)
48.Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Project Gutenberg. Release date: January 9, 2006 [Ebook #526]. (NP)
49.Verne, Jules. Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century. [1880] London, 2001. (404)
50.MacDonald, George. Unspoken Sermons. New York: Cosimo Books, 2007. (248)
51.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch and the University (Oration, delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, Mass., June 25, 1896). (27)
FIVE: THE SCIENTIST AND THE ENGINEER
1.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. “Preface, 1831 edition.” Frankenstein, Or the Modern Prometheus. Ware, England: Wordsworth Editions, 1993. (5)
2.Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan, Jr. The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 2011. (NP)
3.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. (1896) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (8)
4.Ibid. (8)
5.Ibid. (107)
6.Ibid. (16)
7.Ibid. (16)
8.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (406)
9.Quoted in Collier, Bruce, and James MacLachlan. Charles Babbage: And the Engines of Perfection. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. (9)
10.Quoted in ibid. (9)
11.A commentator to Davy’s voltaic pile, 1800, quoted in Cantor, Geoffrey. Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. New York: Macmillan, 1991. (140)
12.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (403)
13.Pollock, Lady Jane. St. Paul’s Magazine. Quoted in Morus, Iwan Rhys. Shocking Bodies: Life, Death, and Electricity in Victorian England. Stroud, England: The History Press, 2011. (71)
14.Schwarz, K. K. “Faraday and Babbage,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sept. 2002). (367–381)
15.Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder. New York: Vintage Books, 2008. (436)
16.Ibid. (440)
17.Ibid. (441)
18.Morus, Iwan Rhys. Shocking Bodies: Life, Death, and Electricity in Victorian England. Stroud, England: The History Press, 2011. (58)
19.Essinger, James. Ada’s Algorithm: How Lord Byron’s Daughter Ada Lovelace Launched the Digital Age. New York: Melville House, 2014. Ebook. (Chap 10, NP)
20.Morus, Iwan Rhys. Shocking Bodies: Life, Death, and Electricity in Victorian England. Stroud, England: The History Press, 2011. (62)
21.Lovelace, Ada, quoted in ibid. (62)
22.Babbage, Charles. Letter. Quoted in Ada’s Algorithm: How Lord Byron’s Daughter Ada Lovelace Launched the Digital Age. New York: Melville House, 2014. Ebook. (Chap. 13, NP)
23.Lovelace, Ada. “Notes by the Translator,” for Menabrea, L. F. “Sketch of the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage, Esq.,” Scientific Memoirs 3, 1843. (666–731)
24.George Zarkadakis, In Our Own Image: Savior or Destroyer? The History and Future of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Pegasus Books, 2016.
25.Padua, Sydney, quoted in Lehoczky, Etelka. “Lovelace and Babbage Is a Thrilling Adventure,” NPR Book Reviews. April 23, 2015.
26.Morus, Iwan Rhys. Shocking Bodies: Life, Death, and Electricity in Victorian England. Stroud, England: The History Press, 2011. (63)
27.Lovelace, Ada, quoted in ibid. (68)
28.Gibson, William, and Bruce Sterling. The Difference Engine. New York: Random House, 2011. (26)
29.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (99)
30.Ibid. (115)
31.Quoted in ibid. (115)
32.Ibid. (119)
33.Lovelace, Ada. “Notes by the Translator,” for Menabrea, L.
F. “Sketch of the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage, Esq.” Scientific Memoirs 3, 1843. (666–731)
34.Morus, Iwan Rhys. Shocking Bodies: Life, Death, and Electricity in Victorian England. Stroud, England: The History Press, 2011. (65)
35.Description of Crosse estate, quoted in ibid. (64)
36.Ibid. (70)
37.Sopwith, Thomas, quoted in Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. Carmarthen, Wales: McNidder and Grace, 2012. (286)
38.Quoted in ibid. (3)
39.The Times, 1884; quoted in ibid. (5)
40.Gibson, Thomas George, Henry Clapham, and Hill Morum. The Proceedings and reports of the town council of the borough of Newcastle. Proceedings of the council of the city and county of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1884. (xl)
41.Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. Carmarthen, Wales: McNidder and Grace, 2012. (14)
42.Morison, George Shattuck. The New Epoch. [1896] Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903. (67)
43.Member of Parliament Joseph Cowen, quoted in Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. McNidder and Grace, 2012. (8)
44.Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. Carmarthen, Wales: McNidder and Grace, 2012. (39)
45.J. W. Richardson quoted in ibid. (9)
46.Ibid. (38)
47.Ibid. (43)
48.Sopwith, Thomas, ed. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson. Thomas Sopwith: With Excerpts from his Diary of Fifty-Seven Years. Longmans Green, 1891. (232)
49.Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and the London Poor. New York: Penguin Classics, 1985. (371)
50.“Polluted State of the Thames,” The Mechanics Magazine, Vol. 63, 1855. (28)
51.Bell, Thomas J. History of the Water Supply of the World: Arranged in a Comprehensive Form [. . .], 1882. (21)
52.Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. Carmarthen, Wales: McNidder and Grace, 2012. (57)
53.Warren, Kenneth. Armstrongs of Elswick: Growth in Engineering and Armaments. New York: Springer, 1989. (11)
54.Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. New American Library, 1892. Google ebook (391).
55.Armstrong, William, quoted in Heald, Henrietta. William Armstrong: Magician of the North. Carmarthen, Wales: McNidder and Grace 2012. (62)
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