Herzog, Rudolph. Dead Funny: Humor in Hitler’s Germany. Translated by Jefferson Chase. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2011.
Hodgkinson, Brian. Spitfire Down: The POW Story. Edited by George E. Condon. Newcastle, ON: Penumbra Press, 2000.
Hoever, Dom Hugo, ed. Missel Quotidien Saint-Joseph. New York: Catholic
Book Publishing, 1956.
Intelligence Team of the Psychological Warfare Division of the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Forces. The Buchenwald Report. Translated by David A. Hackett. Foreword by Frederick A. Praeger. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1995.
Jackson, Bill. The Lone Survivor. North Battleford, SK: Turner-Warwick, 1993.
Jackson, Paul. One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military during World War II. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004.
Jones, Elwood. “Young Pilot’s Life Well Documented.” Peterborough Examiner. 3 October 2010. http://www.militarian.com/threads/murdered-pilots-life-well-documented.2035/.
King, David. Death in the City of Light: The Serial Killer of Nazi-Occupied Paris. New York: Crown, 2011.
Kogon, Eugen. The Theory and Practice of Hell: German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them. Translated by Heinz Norden. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.
Lagrandeur, Philip. We Flew, We Fell, We Lived: Stories from RCAF Prisoners of War and Evaders. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell, 2006.
Lavender, Emerson, and Norman Sheffe. The Evaders: True Stories of Downed Canadian Airmen and Their Helpers in World War II. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1992.
Leasor, James. Green Beach. London: Corgi, 1976.
Levasseur, Donat. Histoire des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie Immaculée: Essai de synthèse. Vol 1. Montreal: Maison Provinciale, 1983.
——. A History of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate: Toward a Synthesis. Translated by John Rheidt and Aloysius Kedl. Rome: General House,
1989.
Levitt, Peter. A Memoir of the Sinking of the “Zamzam.” Toronto: Lugus, 2011.
Mackenzie, S.P. The Colditz Myth: The Real Story of POW Life in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
MacLaren, Roy. Canadians Behind Enemy Lines, 1939–1945. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004.
Margolian, Howard. Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Mellor, John. Dieppe, Canada’s Forgotten Heroes: The Horrifying Story of the D-Day Rehearsal That Went Wrong. Alma, ON: Maple Leaf Route, 1985.
Moore, Bob, and Kent Federowich, eds. Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II. Washington, DC: Berg, 1996.
Moorhead, Caroline. A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Survival in World War Two. Toronto: Random House, 2011.
Moorhouse, Roger. Berlin at War. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
Moser, Joe. “Joe Moser—Buchenwald Flyboy,” http://buchenwaldflyboy.wordpress.com/about-joe-moser/.
Mowat, Farley. And No Birds Sang. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2012.
Nadeau, Eugéne. La Perle au Fond du Gouffre: “Zam-Zam” et Barbelés. 5th ed. Montreal: Fides 1953.
Nadeau, Jacques. Dieppe, ma prison: Récit de guerre de Jacques Nadeau. Outremont, QC: Athéna Éditions, 2008.
Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, and Julie Barlow. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin’s, 2006.
Nichol, John, and Tony Rennel. Home Run: Escape from Nazi Europe. London: Penguin, 2008.
North, Richard. The Many Not the Few: The Stolen History of the Battle of Britain. London: Bloomsbury, 2012.
Ousby, Ian. Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
Parker, Mike. Running the Gauntlet: An Oral History of Canadian Merchant Seamen in World War II. Halifax: Nimbus, 1994.
Poolton, Jack A., with Jayne Poolton-Turvey. Destined to Survive: A Dieppe Veteran’s Story. Toronto: Dundurn, 1998.
Pringle, Sherry J. All the Ship’s Men: HMCS Athabaskan’s Untold Stories. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell, 2010.
Prouse, A. Robert. Ticket to Hell via Dieppe: From a Prisoner’s Wartime Log, 1942–1945. Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
Reid, George A. Speed’s War: A Canadian Soldier’s Memoir of World War II. Seattle: Madrona, 2007.
Riding, Alan. And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris. New York: Knopf, 2010.
Roland, Charles G. “On the Beach and in the Bag: The Fate of the Dieppe Casualties Left Behind.” Canadian Military History 9, 4 (Autumn 2000): 6–25.
Schmidt, Dr. Paul. Hitler’s Interpreter. New York: MacMillan, 1951.
Shackleton, Ernest. “Escape Story.” Toronto Star. 4 October 1941.
Shavit, David. “‘The Greatest Moral Factor Next to the Red Army’ Books and Libraries in American and British Prisoner of War Camps in Germany during World War II.” Libraries & Culture 34, 2 (Spring 1999).
Smith, Gladys E. Forty Nights to Freedom: The True Prisoner of War Escape Story of Wing Commander Stewart F. Cowan (Ret.). Winnipeg: Queenston House, 1984.
Smith, Sydney Percival, with David S. Smith. Lifting the Silence: A World War II RCAF Bomber Pilot Reunites with His Past. Toronto: Dundurn, 2010.
Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
Speer, Nicole, Jeremy R. Reynolds, Khena M. Swallow, and Jeffrey M. Zacks. “Reading Stories Activates Neural Representations of Visual and Motor Experiences. Psychological Science 20, 8: 989–99. http://dcl.wustl.edu/PDFs/Speer09.pdf.
St. Clair, A.D. (Sandy). The Endless War. North Battleford, SK: Turner-Warwick, 1987.
St. John of the Cross. “Dark Night of the Soul.” The Collected Works of St. John of the Cross. Rev. ed. Translated by Kieran Kavanaugh and Otilio Rodriguez. Washington, DC: ICS Productions, 1991. http://www.catholictreasury.info/books/dark_night/dn1.php.
Stafford, David. Endgame, 1945: The Missing Final Chapter of World War II. Boston: Little, Brown, 2007.
Thompson, Douglas (Padre). Captives to Freedom. London: Epworth Press, 1955.
Todorov, Tzvetan. Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps. Translated by Arthur Denner and Abigail Pollack. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999.
Vance, Jonathan F. A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica, CA: Pacific Military History, 2000.
——. “Men in Manacles: The Shackling of Prisoners of War, 1942–1945.” Journal of Military History 59 (July 1995): 483–504.
——. Objects of Concern: Canadian Prisoners of War through the Twentieth Century. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994.
——. Unlikely Soldiers: How Two Canadians Fought the Secret War against Nazi Occupation. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2008.
Walker, Stephen. Hide and Seek: The Irish Priest in the Vatican Who Defied the Nazi Command. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2011.
Witt, John W. Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History. New York: The Free Press, 2012.
UNPUBLISHED MEMOIRS AND DIARIES*
Booker, Stanley. The Royal Air Force KL Buchenwald. Buchenwald Archives.
Miller Fisher, Charles. Memoirs of a Neurologist. Library of Congress cat. no. 92–072067.
Lavallée, Antoine. L’Afrique chez les boches: première partie; mon voyage en Afrique. Archives Deschâtelets.
——. L’Afrique chez les boches: deuxième partie; ma captivité en Allemagne. Archives Deschâtelets.
Lavallée, Georges-Aime, SC. Marking Time behind Barbed Wire: Four Years of Captivity in Germany, 1941–1945. Archives Deschâtelets.
Olmstead, Gordon. Memoir.
Shaker, George. Wartime Log, 29 August 1944 to 23 April 1945.
Sturgeon, Neil Mosher. My WWII POW Diary.
OBLATE LETTERS*
There are two sources for the letters written by the Oblate fathers and brothers. The first is the Archives Deschâtelets at Saint Paul University in Ottawa. The second is the Oblate journal L’Apostolat.
Archives Desch
âtelets holds letters by:
Father Robert Barsalou
Father Philippe Goudreau
Father Raoul Bergeron
Father Paul Juneau
Father Gérard Boulanger
Father Louis Larivière
Father Herménégilde Charbonneau
Father Gérard Pâquet
Brother Roland Cournoyer
Brother Léo Parent
Father Bernard Desnoyers
Father Pierre-Paul Pellerin
Between July 1941 and December 1944, L’Apostolat published 15 articles containing extracts from letters written by the fathers and brothers. Below is a list of the years, months and pages where these articles can be found:
1941
July pp. 206–14
October pp. 261–66
November pp. 306–8
1942
April pp. 5, 10–16
June pp. 10–16
July/August pp. 5–8
September pp. 12–14
October pp. 5–7
November pp. 15–16
December pp. 6–9
1943
February pp. 13–17
May pp. 6–7
1944
March pp. 4–5
June pp. 8–9
December pp. 14–18
INTERVIEWS
Ron Beal
Beverly Brooks (on her father, Robert Brooks)
Edward Carter-Edwards
Stan Darch
Father André Dubois, OMI
Harry Hurwitz
Father K.S. Kupka, OMI (Poznan, Poland)
Marek Łazarz (director of P.O.W. Camps Museum, Stalag Luft III, Żagan, Poland)
Ian MacDonald
Dr. Raymond Mar
Dr. Keith Oatley
Leo Panatelo
Norman Reid
REPORTS AND INTERVIEWS WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE, HISTORY SECRETARIAT
George A. Browne
Stan Darch
Rev. John Foote
Vernon Howland
Ken Hyde
Stuart Kettles
Vincent McAuley
Leslie S.G. Moore
Roger J. Teillet
Alfred Burke “Tommy” Thompson
Hauptmann Richard Schnösenberg (Dieppe Report)
James Griffith Young (Report of Murder)
Report No. 1 War Crimes Investigation Unit
REPORTS AND INTERVIEWS WITH LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA
Lucien Dumais
Stanley Dutka
Joly Lafleur and Robert Vanier
J.M. MacDonald
J.B. Morris
John Runcie
Derek M. Warner
* Copies of these memoirs and diaries are in the possession of the author.
* Copies of these letters are in the possession of the author.
ENDNOTES
1. It is not possible to determine whether the words “Pau, Bourdeaux and Fresnes Prison in Paris” were obliterated by a German or a Canadian censor.
2. In addition to the Oblates, the Sacred Heart Brothers and the American missionaries and their families, Zamzam carried some 20 members of a shadowy group called the British-American Ambulance Corps; and seven Canadian women, one of whom, Mrs. Kathleen Levitt, was travelling with her children, Wendy and Peter.
3. Grogan, 92.
4. Vance, Gallant Company, 4.
5. Thompson’s postwar account actually says “sumptuous report.” However, the context makes clear that “report” should have been “repast.”
6. At that meeting, Göring thanked Mackenzie King for the two bison that Canada had sent the Berlin Zoo, before turning to more substantive matters, including how much wheat Canada could export to Germany and Germany’s complaint that it felt constricted by Great Britain.
7. Cox, 28–29. By the time Cox was captured, the Germans held some two dozen Canadian POWs.
8. North, 202.
9. Cox, 32.
10. As translated by G.-A. Lavallée.
11. Quoted in Parker, 297.
12. E. Nadeau, 57, 61.
13. The translation “Wandering missionaries of the Atlantic” does not do justice to the line written by Father Gérard Pâquet. As we will see below, the word “errant” (lost/wanderer) had a special meaning for French Canadians.
14. Murray, “The Sinking of the ‘Zamzam,’” Life 10, 25: 70.
15. Quoted in E. Nadeau, 40.
16. See Vance, Objects of Concern, 103–25, for a discussion of the halting development of Canada’s POW apparatus.
17. The Canadian Ernest Shackleton (no relation to the Antarctic explorer) and Briton Sebastian Coe (father of Lord Coe, organizer of the 2012 London Olympics) escaped from the train. The details of their adventure-filled trip to Spain are lost because the report they filed with the Admiralty upon reaching England has gone missing and the article Shackleton published in the Toronto Star on 4 October 1941 was doctored so as to prevent the Germans from following their route. All that is certain is that the two intrepid men escaped and reported what they had seen to British authorities.
18. Cox, 49. One novel that caused so much interest that it had to be divided into ten-page segments was D.H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover, which had been banned in Britain and the United States for obscenity.
19. David Shavit, “‘The Greatest Morale Factor Next to the Red Army’: Books and Libraries in American and British Prisoners of War Camps in Germany during World War II,” Libraries & Culture 34, 2 (Spring 1999), http://sentra.ischool. utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/fulltext/LandC_34_2_Shavit.pdf.
20. By the end of the war, more than 6,000 Allied soldiers had taken final exams, with a pass rate of almost 80 per cent. In Canada, not only did professors from Queen’s University proctor exams for U-boat officers held in Fort Henry and Bowmanville, Ontario, but on at least one occasion a U-boat officer in full uniform crossed the stage at Queen’s to pick up his BA diploma.
21. Cox, 56–58.
22. As we will see below, such baiting of their German captors was not always popular. For many, however, small acts of rebellion were vital to Kriegies’ sense of themselves as men at war.
23. The term “Babylonian captivity” refers two periods. In 597 B.C., after winning the siege of Jerusalem, King Nebuchadnezzar II deported tens of thousands of Jews to Babylon (modern-day Iraq). They were held captive there for 80 years, until Cyrus the Great defeated the Babylonians and allowed willing Jews to return to Jerusalem. The term was then applied to the period during the fourteenth century when the papacy resided in France. In 1309, to avoid political turmoil in Rome, the French pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon, where it remained until 1378.
24. Quoted in E. Nadeau, 134.
25. Ibid., 136. It is a measure of the brothers’ erudition and Lavalée’s sense of humour that the poem is a dithyramb, which, according to Plato, originated in the cult of Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility and ecstacy.
26. Ibid., 146.
27. Ibid., 171.
28. Goudreau’s confrere and fellow Canadian, Father Luc Miville, who was stranded at an Oblate seminary near La Brosse-Montceaux after the fall of France in June 1940, also risked his life for the Allied cause. Because he was bilingual, he was able to run a clandestine radio station, which was used to plan drops of guns and munitions destined for the Resistance. Miville was one of the few at the seminary to survive a massacre of priests and brothers perpetrated by the Germans on 24 July 1944.
29. Quoted in Hodgkinson, 31, 34, 56.
30. Hodgkinson, 39, 61.
31. Ibid., 36, 63.
32. Ibid., quoted in 64–65.
33. The General Roman Calendar (of the Saints) in use today is not the same one that was in place in the 1940s. Then, the Fête de Saint Jean de la Croix fell on 24 November.
34. St. John of the Cross, “Dark Night of the Soul.”
35. Cox, 63.
36. Quoted in Hodgkinson, 47, 48, 83.
37. Ibid., 98.
38. The Kriegies erroneously took this to mean that the United States was at war against Nazi Germany. In fact, the United States did not declare war against Germany until after Hitler declared war against the United States on 11 December. Interestingly, none of the POWs’ letters, diaries or memoirs that I have read record this fact.
39. Since neither Cox’s nor any of the other POWs’ memoirs I’ve read mention it, none appeared to know that, with the attack on Hong Kong, almost 2,000 of their countrymen belonging to the Royal Rifles of Canada and the Winnipeg Grenadiers were now fighting Canada’s first land battle of the Second World War.
40. E. Nadeau, 114.
41. Hodgkinson and quoted in 107–8.
42. Quoted in Hodgkinson, 117.
43. Cox, 71.
44. Allister, 76.
45. “Canadian Missionaries Behind Barbed Wire,” part 1, P.O.W. Journal, April, May, June 1980: 41.
46. Quoted in E. Nadeau, 168.
47. Hodgkinson, 130.
48. Quoted in Hodgkinson, 132.
49. Another 88 German Oblates were imprisoned in regular prisons for varying periods.
50. A.J. Barker, quoted in Mackenzie, 176.
51. Quoted in E. Nadeau, 164–65.
52. Charbonneau, “Fraternité oblate en pays de captivité,” 14.
53. Quoted in Brown, 108.
54. Quoted in Atkin, 118.
55. Poolton, 43.
56. Atkin, 231.
57. Quoted in and Dumais, 46, 27.
58. Ibid., 47.
59. The most seriously wounded—and there were hundreds—were taken first to Hôtel-Dieu Hospital in Dieppe. The casual way the Germans treated the wounded Canadians shocked the nuns. The wounded were then sent to the Dieppe train station and on to Rouen.
60. Poolton, 45.
61. Quoted in Atkin, 247.
62. Ibid., 249.
63. Dumais, 51.
64. Although Mackenzie King told Hitler that, were Britain to be attacked, Canada would come to its aid, it cannot be said that Mackenzie King’s diary entry for 29 June 1937 was his finest hour. The following quote comes from page 10 of King’s entry for this day: “His [Schmidt’s] eyes impressed me most of all. There was a liquid quality about them which indicated keen perception and profound sympathy…. He was very nice, sweet and, one could see, how particularly humble folk would come to have a profound love for the man. He never once became the least bit restless during the talk of an hour and a quarter which we had together…. It seems to me that in this he was eminently wise…. As I talked to him, I could not but think of Joan of Arc. He is distinctly a mystic. He was telling me that the German people, many of them, begin to feel that he was on a mission from God, and some of them would seek to reverence him almost as a God. He said Hitler himself tries to avoid that kind of thing. He dislikes any of them thinking of him as anything but a humble citizen who is trying to serve his country well.”
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