Government Reports and Congressional Hearings
US Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Adding Hezbollah to the EU Terrorist List: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe. 110th Cong., 1st sess., June 20, 2007 (Statement of James Phillips).
———. Committee on International Relations. Fighting Terrorism in Africa. 108th Cong., 2nd sess., April 1, 2004 (Statement of Douglas Farah).
———. Committee on International Relations. Hezbollah’s Global Reach: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia. 109th Cong., 2nd sess., September 28, 2006 (Statements of Christopher D. Hamilton and Frank C. Urbancic, Jr.).
———. Committee on International Relations. Islamic Extremism in Europe: Beyond al-Qaeda–Hamas and Hezbollah in Europe: Hearing before Committee on International Relations. 109th Cong., 1st sess., April 27, 2005 (Statement of Matthew Levitt).
———. Committee on International Relations. Terrorism in Latin America/AMIA Bombing in Argentina: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 104th Cong., 1st sess., September 28, 1995 (Statements of Tommy Baer, James L. Brown, Robert Bryant, and Ambassador Philip Wilcox).
———. Committee on International Relations. Terrorism in Latin America/AMIA Bombing in Argentina: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 104th Cong., 1st sess., September 28, 1995 (Report prepared by Gabriel Levinas).
———. Committee on International Relations. Venezuela: Terrorism Hub of South America: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation. 109th Cong., 2nd sess., July 13, 2006 (Statement of Edward Royce and Frank Urbancic).
———. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community: Hearing before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. 112th Cong., 1st sess., February 10, 2011 (Statement of James Clapper).
US Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Assessing the Strength of Hezbollah: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs. 111th Cong., 2nd sess., June 8, 2010 (Joint Statement of Daniel Benjamin and Jeffery Feltman).
———. Committee on Foreign Relations. Confronting Drug Trafficking in West Africa: Hearing before the Subcommittee on African Affairs. 111th Cong., 1st sess., June 23, 2009 (Statement of Michael A. Braun and Douglas Farah).
———. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Illicit Diamonds, Conflict and Terrorism: The Role of U.S. Agencies in Fighting the Conflict Diamond Trade. 107th Cong., 2nd sess., February 13, 2002 (Statement of Alan W. Eastham).
———. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Counterfeit Goods: Easy Cash for Criminals and Terrorists: Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 109th Cong., 1st sess., May 25, 2005 (Statement of John C. Stedman).
———. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Homeland Threats and Agency Responses: Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 112th Cong., 1st sess., September 19, 2012 (Statement of Matthew G. Olsen).
———. Committee on Intelligence. National Security Threats to the United States: Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence. 108th Cong., 1st sess., February 11, 2003 (Statement of George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence).
———. Committee on the Judiciary. An Assessment of the Tools Needed to Fight the Financing of Terrorism: Hearing before Senate Committee on the Judiciary. 107th Cong., 2nd sess., November 20, 2002 (Testimony of Robert J. Conrad Jr).
US Department of Defense. Downing Assessment Task Force. “Report of the Assessment of the Khobar Towers Bombing,” Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, August 30, 1996.
US Department of Defense, “Report of the DOD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983,” December 20, 1983.
US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Terrorist Research and Analytical Center, “International Radical Fundamentalism: An Analytical Overview of Groups and Trends,” November 1994.
US Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress. By Casey L. Addis and Christopher M. Blanchard, January 3, 2011.
———. Federal Research Division. Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups in the Tri-Border Area (TBA) of South America. By Rex A. Hudson, 2003.
———, under Interagency Agreement with the Department of Defense, Federal Research Division, A Global Overview of Narcotics-Funded Terrorist and Other Extremist Groups, May 2002.
“Report of the Task Force of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Analysis of the Attack on the Seat of the Mutual Israeli Argentinean Association (AMIA), 18th of July, 1994, Buenos Aires, Argentina,” August 1998 (original copy in Spanish, translated to English for the author by Yair Fuxman).
CIA FOIA Documents
US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Directorate of Intelligence. “Al-Qa’ida in Sudan, 1992–96: Old School Ties Lead down Dangerous Path.” March 10, 2003.
———. “Attacks against Saudi Interests: Inspired by Iran [redacted].” Terrorism Review, June 2, 1988.
———. “Bahraini Hizballah Still Active?” Terrorism Review, May 1997.
———. “Beirut: Terrorist Mecca.” Terrorism Review, January 13, 1987.
———. “Detainee Reporting Pivotal for the War Against Al-Qa’ida,” June 3, 2005.
———. “Escape of the Dawa 15.” Terrorism Review, September 6, 1990.
———“Expanding Links between Alien Smugglers and Extremists: Threats to the United States.” July 6, 2001.
———. “Former Consul Arrested for Selling Passports.” Terrorism Review, November 2, 1989.
———. “Greece: The Tsoutsouvis Case.” Terrorism Review, July 1, 1985.
———. “Hizballah Terrorist Plans against U.S. Interests.” December 6, 1991.
———. “Hizballah Ties to Egyptian Fundamentalists.” Near East and South Asia Review, April 24, 1987.
———. “Iran and the Radical Palestinians.” Terrorism Review, June 1, 1989.
———. “Iran and the U.S. Hostages in Lebanon.” August 1, 1998.
———. “Iran: Enhanced Terrorist Capabilities and Expanding Target Selection.” April 1, 1992.
———. “Iran: The Uses of Terror.” Terrorism Review, October 22, 1987.
———. “Iran-Hizballah-Israel: Inching toward a Hostage Release.” Terrorism Review, June 27, 1991.
———. “Iran-Lebanon: Playing Politics with Western Hostages.” Terrorism Review, March 21, 1991.
———. “Iranian Support for Terrorism in 1985.” Terrorism Review, January 13, 1986.
———. “Iranian Support for Terrorism in 1987.” Terrorism Review, February 25, 1988.
———. “Iranian Support for Terrorism: Rafsanjani’s Report Card.” Terrorism Review, August 9, 1990.
———. “Iranian Surveillance of US Persons and Facilities 1995.” January 1996.
———. “Keenan’s Release a Victory for Rafsanjani.” Terrorism Review, September 6, 1990.
———. “Khobar Bombing: Saudi Oppositionists and Iran Major Suspects [redacted].” Terrorism Review, July 1996.
———. “Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa.” January 1988.
———. “Lebanon: The Hizb Allah.” September 27, 1984.
———. “Lebanon: Hizballah at the Crossroads.” Terrorism Review, October 6, 1988.
———. “Lebanon: Hizballah at the Crossroads [redacted].” Near East and South Asia Review, August 26, 1988.
———. “Lebanon: ‘Islamic Jihad’ Goes Public on Hostages.” Terrorism Review, June 3, 1985.
———. “Lebanon: Nabih Barri and Negotiations.” Middle East Africa Brief, June 18, 1985.
———. “Lebanon: The Prospects for Islamic Fundamentalism.” July 1987.
———. “Lebanon’s Hizballah: Testing Political Waters, Keeping Militant Agenda.” July 1992.
———. “Lebanon’s Khomeini: Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah.” Terrorism Review, March 25, 1985.
———. Memorandum for the DCI, “Iranian Support for International Terrorism.” November 22, 1986.
———. Memorandum for the Honorable Robert B. Oakley, Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, from the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, “Iran and the U.S. Hostages in Lebanon,” August 1, 1988.
———. “Middle East Terrorism: The Threat and Possible US Responses.” February 15, 1985.
———. “Middle Eastern Terrorism: Retrospect and Prospect.” Terrorism Review, December 14, 1989.
———. “New Rash of Kidnappings in Lebanon.” Terrorism Review, March 25, 1985.
———. “Overview of State-Supported Terrorism in 1985.” Terrorism Review, January 13, 1986.
———. “Planning to Prosecute Shaykh for Bombing.” National Intelligence Daily, February 13, 1998.
———. “Prospects for Hizballah Terrorism in Africa.” Terrorism Review, October 22, 1987.
———. “Saudi Diplomat Assassinated.” Terrorism Review, December 1, 1988.
———. “Shia Extremists Taste Own Medicine.” Terrorism Review, March 25, 1985.
———. “Shootdown of Iran Air 655.” Terrorism Review, July 28, 1988.
———. “South Korea: Terrorist Threats to the Seoul Olympics [redacted].” Terrorism Review, June 2, 1988.
———. “Spot Commentary: Status of TWA Hijacking/Hostages.” June 26, 1985.
———. “Summary of Initiatives Known to DCI Hostage Location Task Force Which Have Been Taken to Secure the Release of US Hostages in Lebanon.” December 18, 1986.
———. “Terrorist Use of Beirut International Airport.” Terrorism Review, July 1, 1985.
———. “Two Jordanian Jets Hijacked for Opposing Reasons.” Terrorism Review, July 1, 1985.
———. “Western Government Installations Targeted by Shia Terrorists.” Terrorism Review, March 25, 1985.
———. “Western Hostages in Lebanon: Latest Developments and Implications.” Terrorism Review, April 8, 1985.
———. “Wild, Wild West Beirut.” Terrorism Review, April 8, 1985.
About the Author
Matthew Levitt is a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, where he directs the institute’s Stein Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence. He has taught at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies and has held fellowships with the Combating Terrorism Center at the US Military Academy (West Point), the Homeland Security Policy Institute at George Washington University, and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Previously, Levitt served in the senior executive service as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis at the US Department of the Treasury. He has also served as a counterterrorism adviser to Gen. (ret.) James L. Jones, the State Department’s Special Envoy for Middle East Regional Security, and as an FBI counterterrorism analyst, which included work on the Millennial and September 11 plots.
Widely published, Levitt has authored numerous monographs, journal articles, and editorials in leading outlets ranging from the Washington Post to Foreign Affairs. His previous books include Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad (Yale University Press, 2006) and Negotiating under Fire: Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008). He holds an MA in law and diplomacy and a PhD in international relations from Tufts University’s Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
Index
Surnames beginning with “al” and “el” are alphabetized by the following part of the name.
Abdallah, Adnan Yousef, 80
Abdallah, Mohammad Yousef, 79, 80, 83
abductions. See kidnappings
Abdullah (Saudi Crown Prince), 200
Abdullah, Abu, 332
Abdullah Ali, Isa, 146–49
Abousaeidi, Ahmad, 88
Abouselah, Ali, 159
Action Directe network, 59
Adam, Abu, 160
AFOSI (Air Force Office of Special Investigations, US), 191
Africa, 246–84
arms trafficking in, 267–69
blood diamonds in, 261–65
expatriate remittances from, 254–57
Hezbollah “cover companies” in, 257–59
mafia-style shakedowns in, 259–61
narco-terrorism in, 272–76
operations in, 251–53
recruitment and radicalization in, 265–67
Sunni extremists in, 269–72. See also specific countries
Ahad (cover name), 91
Ahl al-Beit cultural center, 60
Ahmad, Ibrahim, 264
Ahmad-Nia, Jaffar Saadat, 99
Aideed, Mohamed Farah, 269
Air Afrique flight 56 hijacking (1987), 59, 251–53
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI, US), 191
el-Aissami, Tarek, 343
Ajoudi, Mostafa, 64
Akawi, Omar, 267
Akhdar, Elias, 321, 322
al-Akhdar, Nasir, 332
Akl, Amera, 330–31
Akl, Hor, 330–31
Aladine, Ali Najem, 1–3
Alamolhoda, Ahmad, 88
Alan, Mohammed, 343
Alavi, Majid, 366–67
al-Alawe, Fadel, 193, 195
Alawieh, Hussein, 151
Alawieh Import Export, 151
Albahli, Fahad Az, 138
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Bureau (ATF, US), 75, 157
Algiers, TWA flight 847 hijacking role of, 53, 56–57
Alhabsyi, Abdulkadir Ali, 126
Alhabsyi, Husein Ali, 126
Ali, Abu, 138, 139
Ali, Jamal Jafar Muhammad. See al-Muhandis, Abu Mahdi
al-Mabarrat Charity Association, 28, 161–62, 330
al-Manar (satellite television station), 10, 12, 14, 16, 168, 332–34
Alomari, Yehia Ali Ahmed, 329–30
Alpha counterterrorism unit (KGB), 40
al-Qaeda, 17n10, 119, 199, 263, 270, 272, 358
al-Qard al-Hassan, 10
Alsaif, Ahmed, 138
al-Shabab, 368
al-Tauhid mosque, 85
Alzakzaky, Ibrahim, 265
Amal, 11–12, 37, 46n119, 57, 58, 146, 154, 250
Amar, Hamad Abu, 268
al-Ameri, Hadi, 289
American University of Beirut, 28, 34, 99, 230
Ames, Robert C., 23
Amhaz, Ali Adham, 165, 167, 168
AMIA. See Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina bombing (1994)
al-Amin, Ibrahim, 60
Amin, Youssef, 67, 68
Amiri, Masoud, 88
Amiri, Shahram, 360
Anderson, Kurt B., 181
Anderson, Terry, 38–39
Aneisi, Hasan, 6
Angola: civil war in, 262
cover companies in, 258, 259
diamond trade in, 261
Annan, Kofi, 5
Ansar Allah (Partisans of God), 102
Aqil, Ibrahim, 215
al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (Fatah), 236
Arad, Ron, 68, 225
Arafat, Yasser, 28, 209
Arbabsiar, Manssor, 344, 362–63
Ardalan, Homayoun, 67
Argentina: immigration from Lebanon and Syria to, 78–80
Iran’s intelligence footprint in, 106
narco-terrorism in, 104–6
operations in, 75–116
sleeper cells in, 85–86
tri-border area (TBA) in, 77
tri-border support network in, 80–85.
See also Buenos Aires
arms trafficking: in Africa, 267–69
dual-use procurement for, 163–66
in Indonesia, 129
in North America, 159, 163–66
in South America, 102
in Thailand, 121, 130
and Unit 1800, 219
in US, 335–37, 341
Arnaudo, Monica Lucía, 75
Arosfram (food-import company), 258
Asaib Ahl al-Haq, 296
Asgari, Ali-Reza, 360
Asghari, Ahmad, 87, 94
Ashkenazi, Gabi, 8, 234, 236
Ashuah, Hussein, 236
Ashuah, Khaled, 235–36
Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA) bombing (1994): intelligence and logistics support for, 88–93
operations, 7, 75–78, 93–98
plotting of, 86–88
sleeper cell coordination for, 85–86
al-Assad, Bashar, 10, 12, 370
al-Assad, Hafiz, 12
assassinations: of Eid, 7
of Hariri, 6, 12, 358, 370
Iranian dissidents targeted, 63–64
of Mughniyeh, 2, 3–5, 170, 359
of Musawi, 98–99
Saudi officials targeted, 107, 184, 185
Assi, Fawzi Mustapha, 164
Atat, Hussein Hanih, 57
ATF. See Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Bureau
Atlas Airlines bombing (1994), 102
Atris, Hussein, 364–65, 368
Atris, Mohammad, 68
Atris, Muhammad, 365
Atwa, Ali, 56, 57
Atwan, Abdel Bari, 199
Australia: al-Manar banned in, 333
designation of Hezbollah as terrorist organization in, 10
travel to, 134–35
Awde, Salim, 321, 322
Ayad, Ataollah, 67
Ayad, Nasser, 219–20
Ayub, Fawzi Mohammed Mustafa, 168, 226–30, 325
Ayyash, Salim, 6
Azerbaijan: Hezbollah operations in, 360
operations in, 1–3
Qods Force operations in, 361, 364
Azzain, Abdul-Munam, 265
Badr Corps, 289, 290, 291, 292, 296
Badreddine, Mustapha: and Beirut embassy bombing, 24
and Islamic Resistance, 15
and Kuwait bombings, 37
and marine barracks bombing, 31–32
and shadow war, 357, 359, 362
Hezbollah Page 65