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Acknowledgements
This book began because of the largesse of the National Endowment for the Humanities. On the practical front, a fellowship in 2007–08 from this venerable institution supported a year of research in India. In a more abstract and not easily quantifiable way, the time away gave me much needed distance and afforded me a special opportunity to explore new pathways. One of these many paths—a road less travelled—led me in completely unanticipated directions that I am only now beginning to understand. For that I am deeply grateful, and my thanks to the NEH goes well beyond this book, the tangible fruits of that magical time in India.
Although I was a new addition, both the Departments of Comparative Literature and Religious Studies, University of California, Davis, released me from teaching and administrative responsibilities for the 2007–08 academic year. Since that time, I have been privileged to be a part of two wonderful and energetic programmes. The supportive environment combined with the path-breaking scholarship of my colleagues has done much to nurture my own intellectual curiosity.
The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies and the Shivdasani Fellowship entered my life and the life of this book at a crucial stage. They provided a haven of retreat for my quarter of sabbatical between January and March 2013. If not for the generosity of the fellowship and the equal generosity of the staff of OCHS, this book would still remain a random collection of arbitrary, scattered files on my computer. They provided a space for quiet, thoughtful reflection that was instrumental in bringing this book to fruition. The vibrant life of the centre—seminars, lectures and informal discussions—have shaped the character of this book in ways both large and small. A thousand pranams to Judit Bajusz, Anuradha Dooney, Gavin Flood, Jessica Frazier, Lal Krishna, Rembert Lutjherms, Shaunaka Rishi Das and Ken Valpey for their witty conversation, poetry readings and Kamadhenu-like kindness, and for creating a place that came to feel like home. A special thanks to the centre’s own Annapurnas: Judit, Anu and Shyama who fed me, fed me, fed me, and to Shaunaka and Gavin for introducing me to Dosa Park.
The staff of the various Oxford libraries were the epitome of patience as I accumulated stacks of books over the course of my stay. In particular, thanks must go to the Sackler Library for allowing my books to occupy entire shelves. Although I wasn’t a fellow of the college, the Harris Manchester College Library, Oxford, was quick to give me access to key sources in a timely manner. Thanks to Katrina Malone, Harris Manchester College, for her aid in securing Krishnaswami Aiyangar’s Early History of Vaishnavism in South India. My thanks also go to Joanna Snelling of Corpus Christi College Library for all her able assistance in tracking down materials related to J.S.M. Hooper, and for finding a class photo from 1905 that allowed me finally to put a face to the man I had been researching.
Through RISA-L (the email list of Religion in South Asia Section), the virtual community of South Asia scholars, I was able to track down information on J.S.M. Hooper. Anita Ray, Will Sweetman and Arun Jones directed me to collections, libraries and sources that helped me flesh out how Hooper’s translation, Hymns of the Ālvārs, came to be.
Over the years, the Annual UC Berkeley Tamil Conference has provided a safe and supportive venue to share some of my preliminary thinking on the Tiruviruttam, on Nammalvar and on Araiyar Cevai. George and Kausalya Hart have hosted this conference for almost a decade, and cr
eated a space of exciting intellectual exchange on all things Tamil. Every year, I eagerly looked forward to the annual nalama email from Kausalya that announces the conference’s theme and invitees. Whether it was palam (bridge) or the Pantiyas, the Tamil conference never failed to stimulate discussion and new thinking. It was at one such conference that I met Crispin Branfoot and our mutual love of Pantiya Nadu has grown over several cups of coffee and enthusiastic discussions of Andal. Crispin—thank you for the lively Tuesday afternoon conversations in Oxford, for bringing me much needed sources to untangle the Gordian knot of Pantiya lineages, and for embarking on an Andal-Srivilliputtur project with me.
My intellectual parampara is not quite as neat as the Srivaisnava lineal descent from Nammalvar to Ramanuja. The gifts of knowledge I have accrued over the years from teachers, colleagues and friends are far-ranging and cross continents.
In the United States, Frank Clooney’s painstaking work on Nammalvar and the commentaries on the Tiruvaymoli have deepened my own relationship to both. Working with Frank on the translation of the Tiruvaymoli challenged my conceptions and approach to translation itself. The mark of those early conversations about the Tiruvaymoli is indelible on what eventually became A Hundred Measures of Time. Leslie Orr, my go-to person on all things related to south Indian inscriptions, clarified with her usual ease and thoroughness some of my long-standing questions about Araiyar Cevai and Tiruvaymoli recitation. Vasudha Narayanan’s Vernacular Veda was one of the first books on the alvars that I read many moons ago as a curious Berkeley undergraduate. It has stayed with me all these years, and was instrumental in getting me to engage with Nammalvar seriously. Conversations with Martha Selby on the relationship of Cankam literature (and the Ainkurunuru in particular) and bhakti poetry helped refine my readings of the Tiruviruttam and Tirukkovaiyar. David Shulman has been a generous, inspiring and patient interlocutor. His own long relationship with the Tiruviruttam has proved invaluable in my own journey. I eagerly anticipated his thoughtful comments in the form of early-morning emails on specific verses, which invariably pushed me to rethink, reconsider and revise. All of this and his sage counsel towards syllabic economy have made this a much better work. Davesh Soneji inspires with his scholarship and his kindness. His friendship and support over many years is a treasured blessing.