Petition of Right (seventeenth century)
Philip II (Philip Augustus), King of France
Philip VI of Valois, King of France
Philippa of Hainault, Queen of Edward III
Pickering, Vale of, Yorkshire
Picquigny, treaty of (1475)
Picts: land of (Prydyn); harass Romans and English
pilgrims
Pilgrims Way, The
Pistor, John
Pius II, Pope
plague: in 540s, ; see also Black Death
Plantagenet dynasty: succession; killings
Plautius, Aulus
Pliny the Elder
poems, songs and tales: heroic
Poitiers, battle of (1356)
Poitou
poll tax: introduced (1377); (1380)
Poppelau, Nicholas von
population: in Neolithic period; increase in Bronze Age; in Iron Age; reduced by plague (1540s); towns; increase in Henry III’s reign; falls in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; reduced by Black Death
portents: and civil unrest; of two kings
Pounchon, William
Poundbury, Dorset
Prasutagus, King of Iceni
Preseli Hills, south-west Wales
prices: rise under King John; increase under Henry III; rise during harvest failures
priests see parish priests
Princes in the Tower see Tower of London
printing
Procopius of Caesarea
property: inheritance under Normans; legal disputes over
Prophecies of Merlin
proverbs
public houses
punishment: for crimes
Puttock, Stephen
Pytheas
Quernbetere, Alice
rabbit: introduced to England
Radcot, battle of (1388)
Ralph de Crockerlane
Ravenspur, Yorkshire
Redwald, King of the East Angles
Reformation, the
Regenbald, chancellor
Regnenses (tribe)
religion: Iron Age; see also Christianity; Druids
Restitutus, Bishop of London
Rheged (kingdom)
Riccardi bankers (of Lucca)
Richard I (Lionheart), King: kingship; and ‘legal memory’; disputes with father and brothers; background and character; coronation; on Third Crusade to Holy Land; captured and ransomed; returns to England and pardons John; and succession; troubled reign; and Jews
Richard II, King: authority; peaceful nature; crowned aged ten; confronts Peasants’ Revolt; appearance and manner; first marriage (to Anne of Bohemia); campaign against Scots; court and favourites; conflict with parliament; deposed and reinstated; mediates between Lords and Commons; piety; purges lords; exiles Bolingbroke; halts Bolingbroke – Mowbray duel; second marriage (to Isabella); sails to Ireland; returns to England to oppose Bolingbroke; Bolingbroke negotiates with; renounces throne in favour of Bolingbroke; death and burial; rumoured survival; posthumous support for; kills Thomas of Gloucester
Richard III, King (earlier Duke of Gloucester): reputation; and Princes in the Tower; as rumoured murderer of Henry VI; background and service to Edward IV; and succession to throne; power in north; and Edward V’s accession; seizes and confines Edward V; appointed Protector; deformed arm; has Hastings executed; claims crown; crowned; makes circuit of kingdom; appearance and character; rebellions against; rule; piety; and threat of Henry Tudor; and Henry Tudor’s invasion and campaign; killed at Bosworth Field and bones scattered
Richard of Crudwell
Richard, Duke of York: confined in Tower and murdered; Perkin Warbeck impersonates
Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans (Henry III’s brother)
Richard le Brewer
Riche, Geoffrey
Rivers, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl
roads and trackways: prehistoric; pilgrim routes; development and maintenance; continuity
Robert, Duke of Normandy
Robert, Earl of Gloucester
Robert of Reading
Robert of Wetherby
Robin Hood
Robin of Redesdale see Conyers, Sir John
Rochester castle
Roger of Hoveden
Roger of Portland
Roger of Wendover
Roland the Farter (jester)
Roman Catholicism: Church prevails in England
Rome (ancient): invades and occupies England; imperial frontiers; social and cultural influence in England; taxation; Christianity in; disputes over imperial power; rule in England ends
Rouen: Henry V besieges
Rous, John: Historia Regum Angliae
Rudton, East Yorkshire
Runnymede, Surrey: Magna Carta signed at
Rye: plundered by French
Saffron Walden
St Albans: first battle of (1455); second battle of (1461); cloister school
saints: and medical cures; English
Saladin, Sultan
Salisbury: scholastic community
Salisbury, John Montague, 3rd Earl of
Salisbury Plain: prehistoric; under Romans
Salisbury, Richard Neville, 1st Earl of: killed at Wakefield; supports Richard of York in Wars of the Roses; invades England with Warwick
Salisbury, Thomas Montague, 4th Earl of
salt: trade in
Samain (festival)
sanctuary
Sandwich, Kent: raided by French (1457)
Savoy Palace, London: burned in Peasants’ Revolt
Savoyards: at Henry III’s court
Sawtreé, William
Saxon Shore
Saxons: early settlers; recruited as mercenaries; spread and colonization
Scarborough
schools
Scone Palace, Scotland
Scot, John
Scotland: Romans reach; Athelstan subdues; border with England; Stephen defeats (1138); war with Henry II; Edward I’s wars with; conflict with Edward II; Edward III’s wars with; alliance with France against England; Edward IV negotiates peace with; Perkin Warbeck in; union with England (1707)
Scots: harass Romans
Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York
seasons
serfs; see also peasantry
Shakespeare, William: depicts King John; on Tudors; Henry IV, Pt.2; Henry V; The Merry Wives of Windsor; Richard II; Richard III; The Tempest
Shaw, Ralph
sheep: domesticated; introduced; numbers in Bronze Age; numbers in Henry III’s reign; and enclosures; see also wool
Sheppey, isle of
sheriffs
Sherwood forest
Shetland: surrendered to Scotland
shires
Shore, Elizabeth (‘Jane’)
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 1st Earl of
Sigeberht, King of Kent
Silbury Hill
Silchester
Silures (tribe)
silver: imported; mines in west country
Simeon of Durham
Simnel, Lambert (‘Edward VI’)
slaves: in Iron Age; under Anglo-Saxons; in Domesday Book
Sluys: English naval victory over French (1340)
Smith, William (of Leicester)
Somerset, Edmund BeaufortDuke of
Somerset, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of
Song of the Husbandman
Song of Lewes, The (poem)
South Saxons
space and time: loosely defined
sports see games and sports
Stafford, Edmund, 3rd Earl of
Stafford, Sir Humphrey
Stafford, John, Archbishop of Canterbury
Stafford, Sir William
Stamford Bridge, battle of (1066)
Standard, battle of the (1138)
standing stones see megaliths
Stanley, Thomas, Baron (later 1st Earl of Derby
Stanley, Sir William
Stapledon
, Walter le, Bishop of Exeter
Stapleford Park, Leicestershire
Star Carr, Yorkshire
Star Chamber
Statute of Jewry (1253)
‘Statute of Westminster the First’ (1275)
Statute of Winchester
Stephen, King: succeeds to throne; conflict with Matilda; financial problems; captured and imprisoned; mistrusts centralized bureaucracy and devolves power; succeeded by Henry II
Stirling Bridge, battle of (1297)
stone of destiny (Lia Faéil; stone of Scone)
Stonehenge
Stony Stratford
Stowe, John
Strabo
Stratford, John, Archbishop of Canterbury
Stratford-upon-Avon: plan
Strathclyde (kingdom)
Stratton, Adam de
Suetonius
Suffolk, John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of
Suffolk, Michael de la Polet Earl of
Suffolk, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of
Sully, John de
surnames: introduced by Normans
Sutton Hoo
Sutton, Robert
Swein Forkbeard, King of Denmark
Swynford, Katherine
Tacitus
Tailboys, William
taxation: Roman; and kingship; under William the Conqueror; under Henry I; under King John; in Magna Carta; under Edward I; raised during Great Famine (1313 – 17); Edward III’s; and Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Templars, Order of
Tewkesbury Abbey
Tewkesbury, battle of (1471)
Thame, Oxfordshire
Thames, river: Bronze Age weapons and artefacts in; prehistoric skulls in; freezes (1309 – 10)
Thanet, Kent
Thatcham, Berkshire
thegns
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury
Theobald of Etampes
Thirwell, John de
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster: as rival to Edward II; executed; posthumous miracles; on Richard II
Thomas of Eldersfield
Thomas of Woodstock see Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of
Thorpe, Norfolk
Thurkill of Arden
time see space and time
tin
Tinchebray, battle of (1106)
Tiptoft, Sir John
Tirel, Walter
tithings
tombs: prehistoric; see also burial
Tostig, Earl of the Northumbrians
tournaments
Tower of London: in Peasants’ Revolt; Edward V and Richard of York confined and murdered in (‘Princes in the Tower’)
towns: Anglo-Saxon development; populations; free men in; fortified; grow under Plantagenets; trade and manufacture; communal government; character and conditions; crafts and businesses; civic rituals and routines; literacy levels; origins; post-Roman; see also villages
Towton, battle of (1461)
toys (children’s)
trade: Bronze Age; in iron; with Vikings; wool; fifteenth century
trailbaston (courts)
travel: in medieval period
Tresilian, Robert
Trevelyan, George Macaulay
Trevet, Nicholas
trial by ordeal
Trinovantes (tribe)
troubadours
Tudor family
Tudor, Jasper see Pembroke, Earl of
Tudor, Owen
Tusser, Thomas
Twynyho, Ankarette
Tyler, Wat
umbrella: introduced
universities
urn fields
Usamah ibn Munqidh
Varausius
Vergil, Polydore
Verulamium
Vespasian, Roman Emperor
Vikings (Norsemen): raids
villages: beginnings; Iron Age; regional variations; Anglo-Saxon; thrive under Henry II; customs and traditions; deserted; see also towns
villeins
violence: prevalence in medieval times
Visigoths
Vita Edwardi Secundi
Vortigern (or Wyrtgeorn)
Voxe, John
Wakefield, battle of (1460)
Wales: Agricola conquers; name; subdued by Harold and Tostig; William Rufus moves against; Henry I’s settlements in; King John subdues; Edward I campaigns against; castles; Edward II born in; supports Henry VI; and Henry Tudor’s bid for throne; and English monarchy; union with England (1536)
Wallace, William
Walsingham
Walsingham, Thomas
Walter of Maidstone
Walworth, William
Wansdyke
Warbeck, Perkin (‘Richard IV’)
warrior aristocracy: in Bronze Age
Wars of the Roses: origins; outbreak; conduct of; effect on English noble families; end; and claims to throne
Warwick, Edward, Earl of (Clarence’s son)
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (‘the kingmaker’): supports Richard of York in Wars of the Roses; commands forces in Calais; invades England with Salisbury; and Edward IV’s marriage; alliance with Margaret of Anjou; seeks alliance with France; instigates rebellion of Robin of Redesdale; as effective ruler after capture of Edward IV; and Lincolnshire rebellion (1470); lands at Exmouth with Clarence (1470); rules after release of Henry VI; and Edward IV’s return from continent; killed at Barnet (1471); character and achievements; Louis XI supports
Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of
water: significance in Bronze Age
Watling Street
Watton, Yorkshire
Waurin, Jean de
Wessex (and West Saxons): settled; power; threatened by Vikings
Westminster Abbey: Henry III rebuilds; Richard II reburied in; Elizabeth Woodville takes sanctuary in
Westminster Hall: parliament in
Wharram Percy, Yorkshire
wheat: cultivation
White Ship: sunk (1120)
Whittlesford, Cambridgeshire
William I (the Conqueror), King: relations with pope; employs Breton forces; oath of loyalty to; kingship; claims English crown; background and character; invades and conquers England; rule in England; and English rebellions; hunting; commissions Domesday Book; death; brings Jews to England
William I (the Lion), King of Scotland (1209)
William II (Rufus), King of England: reign; death; achievements; calls assembly; policy on Jews
William Adeline, Prince (son of Henry I)
William of Norwich
William of Savoy
William of Wakeham
Wilton Diptych
Winchester: Roman name (Venta Belgarum); as Camelot; pilgrimages to; street plan
windmills: first constructed
Windsor Castle: Edward III rebuilds
wine: imported by Normans
witenagemot
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas: relations with monarch; on Richard III as usurper
wolves: in England
women: dress legislation
woods and forests
Woodville family
wool: products under Romans; exports under Henry III; taxed; exports maintained during Black Death; English exporters exceed foreign; cloth exports increase in fifteenth century; economic importance
Wroxeter
Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (and Archbishop of York)
Wycliffe, John
yard: as unit of measurement
Yeavering, Northumberland
yeomen of the guard
Yevele, Henry
York (city): as Roman capital of Britannia Inferior; Constantine appointed emperor at (306); archbishopric; Athelstan conquers; Danish Vikings capture; wealth and power under Danes; population; William the Conqueror attacks; self-immolation of Jews; guildhall rebuilt
York family: in Wars of Roses
York, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of
York, Richard, Duke of: commands English forces; as heir to throne; protects John Paston; return
from Ireland and conflict with Somerset; claim on throne; in Wars of Roses; and protection of Calais; reigns; killed at Wakefield
Zosimus
1. The building of Stonehenge, from an illuminated manuscript. It was the largest programme of public works in English history.
2. A silver relief of Cernunnos, the horned god of Iron Age worship. It may have been a god of fertility.
3. A mosaic from the Roman villa at Bignor in West Sussex; the residence itself dates from the third century AD.
4. A stylized depiction of some protagonists in the Roman conquest of Britain, from a late eighteenth-century history.
5. The helmet of a great Germanic overlord, presumed to be Redwald, buried at Sutton Hoo in the early seventh century.
6. A nineteenth-century print of a Saxon manor. In reality it was a wooden halled residence with several outbuildings, forming a small community.
7. Saxon soldiers about to engage in battle. A Roman chronicler of the fifth century declared that ‘the Saxon surpasses all others in brutality’.
8. ‘Alfred in the Danish Camp.’ In legend, the king infiltrated the Danish camp in the disguise of a minstrel, where he sang to Guthrum.
9. Aethelbert, the great king of Kent, is here depicted at his baptism by Saint Augustine in AD 597. It was the beginning of the saint’s mission to convert the Germanic settlers.
10. The Venerable Bede in his scriptorium. His most famous work, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, earned him the title of ‘The Father of English History’.
11. The incipit of the Gospel of Saint Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The richly illuminated manuscript was fashioned at Lindisfarne, in Northumbria, in the late seventh or early eighth century.
12. A Viking ship, suitably stylized as an engine of the invasion that began in AD 790. ‘Never before’, one chronicler wrote, ‘has such a terror appeared in Britain.’
13. An image of Ethelred, commonly known as ‘the unready’ or ‘the ill-advised’, who was king of England in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. The great sword is no doubt intended to emphasize his prowess or masculinity.
14. Edward the Confessor, king of England from 1042 to 1066. He was known as ‘the Confessor’ because he was deemed to have borne witness to the Christian faith, but in truth he was not especially pious.
15. The Normans crossing the Channel for the invasion of 1066. Fourteen thousand men were summoned by William for the onslaught against England.
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