William Franklin (c. 1731-1813), illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, was raised by Franklin and his wife Deborah; appointed royal governor of New Jersey in 1762, and remained a loyalist during the war.
William Temple Franklin (c. 1760-1823), illegitimate son of William Franklin and an unknown mother. Born in London; accompanied his grandfather to France, 1776-85, where he served as secretary.
Thomas Gage (1721-87), commander in chief of the British Army in the American colonies, 1763-75.
Joseph Galloway (c. 1731-1803), Pennsylvania assemblyman who worked closely with Franklin against the proprietary government, but remained loyal to the Crown during the American revolution.
King George III (1738-1820), king of England during the American Revolution; succeeded his grandfather George II and was crowned at the age of 22.
Conrad-Alexandre Gérard (1729-90), lawyer and diplomat, first foreign minister to the United States, 1778-79.
Radolphe-Ferdinand Grand (1726-94), America’s banker and financial agent in France.
Catherine Ray Greene (1731-94), friend and correspondent of Franklin since meeting in Boston in 1754; married William Greene, governor of Rhode Island, and had six children.
George Grenville (1712-70), Lord Secretary of the Treasury and author of the Stamp Act.
Thomas Grenville (1755-1846), second son of George Grenville, peace negotiator in 1782, and later First Lord of Admiralty in 1806-07.
David Hall (1714-72), Franklin’s printing partner until 1767.
David Hartley (c. 1730-1813), British statesman and scientist, and a member of Parliament; helped negotiate the peace and exchange of prisoners.
Anne-Catherine de Ligniville d’Autricourt Helvétius (1719-1800), widow who lived in Auteuil (next to Passy) following the death of her husband, Claude-Adrien Helvétius, in 1771.
Mary “Polly” Stevenson Hewson (1734-95), daughter of Margaret Stevenson; married William Hewson in 1770, and was widowed 4 years later.
Countess d’Houdetot: Elisabeth-Francoise-Sophie de La Live de Bellegarde (1730-1813), wife of Claude-Constance-Cesar, comte d’Houdetot, a witty and charming neighbor who was made famous by Rousseau in his Confessions.
Jean-Antoine Houdon (1740-1828), French sculptor who made busts of Franklin (1778), Washington, Voltaire, Rousseau, and other notables.
Caroline Howe (c. 1721-1814), sister of Lord Richard Howe; married to John Howe.
Lord Richard Howe (1726-99), British politician, and commander in chief of the British Navy (1776-78).
William Howe (1729-1814), commander in chief of the British Army in the American colonies from 1775 until 1778; brother of Lord Richard Howe.
Thomas Hutchinson (1711-80), lieutenant governor of Massachusetts; his letters to friends caused a scandal for him and Franklin in 1773-74.
David Hume (1711-76), philosopher and economist of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Jan Ingenhousz (1730-99), Dutch physician to the Austrian Court, scientist, and correspondent with Franklin.
Ralph Izard (1741-1804), American diplomat appointed commissioner to Tuscany in 1777, but remained in Paris because Tuscany refused to recognize the United States. Recalled in 1779, and later became a U.S. Senator (1789-95).
Richard Jackson (c. 1721-87), British scientist and member of Parliament; was co-agent with Franklin representing Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.
Abel James (c. 1726-90), Philadelphia Quaker merchant who, along with Franklin, encouraged silk production in America; he obtained possession of the first part of Franklin’s Autobiography through the estate of Mrs. Joseph Galloway.
John Jay (1745-1829), American ambassador to Spain (1780-82), and later Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and Governor of New York.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Virginia delegate to Congress and the chief composer of the Declaration of Independence; succeeded Franklin as ambassador to France and later became the third president of the United States.
Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-84), English essayist and critic made famous by James Boswell’s Life of Johnson (1791).
John Paul Jones (1747-92), famed American naval captain and commander of the Bonhomme Richard in 1779; returned to America on the Alliance in 1781.
Lord Kames (1696-1782): Henry Home, Scottish judge.
Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834): Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roche-Gilbert du Motier, French captain American revolutionary general. Franklin and Lafayette remained friends throughout their lives.
Henry Laurens (1724-92), president of the Continental Congress in 1777-78, and commissioner to France to help negotiate the peace treaty with England.
John Laurens (1754-82), son of Henry Laurens; envoy in 1781 to France to seek additional aid.
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), French chemist and one of Europe’s most influential scientists, and director of the Academy of Sciences. He died on the guillotine in 1794.
Arthur Lee (1740-92), Virginia-born lawyer, soldier, and commissioner with Franklin to France, 1776-79; a bitter critic of Franklin.
Charles Lee (1731-82), English-born American revolutionary general.
William Lee (1739-95), brother of Arthur and Richard Henry Lee; appointed commissioner to Berlin and Vienna, but these courts refused to recognized the United States, forcing Lee to stay in Paris.
Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste (1720-1800), French scientist and loyal friend to Franklin.
Robert Livingston (1746-1813), New York politician and foreign secretary of the United States, 1781-83.
King Louis XV (1710-74), king of France; married Queen Marie, a polish princess, in 1725.
King Louis XVI (1754-93), king of France at age 20 upon the death of his grandfather Louis XV; married Marie Antoinette in 1770.
James Lovell (1737-1814), Massachusetts delegate to Congress (1777-82) and member of the committee of foreign affairs.
Cotton Mather (1663-1728), famous Puritan minister, son of Increase Mather. Franklin was influenced by his Essays to Do Good (1710), and corresponded with his grandson Samuel Mather.
Jane Franklin Mecom (1712-94), youngest daughter of Josiah and Abiah Folger Franklin, and favorite sibling of Franklin, the youngest of ten sons. They were the last surviving of 17 children.
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), Viennese psychiatrist whose techniques created a sensation in France; later discredited by Franklin and others.
Abbe Andre Morellet (1727-1819), French economist and contributor to Diderot’s Encyclopedie.
Robert Morris (1734-1806), patriot and financier.
Jacques Necker (1732-1804), banker and French finance minister (1777-81).
Isaac Norris (1701-66), Quaker merchant and speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, 1750-64.
Lord Frederick North (1732-92), British prime minister during the American Revolution, from 1770 to 1782.
Richard Oswald (1708-84), Scottish-born merchant and British politician who helped negotiate the peace treaty, but was recalled before the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783.
Thomas Paine (1737-1809), English-born journalist and author of Common Sense (1776) and other pamphlets favoring American independence.
Governor John Penn (1729-85), grandson of Pennsylvania founder William Penn; served as governor from 1763 until 1776.
Thomas Penn (1702-1775), son of William Penn, Quaker founder and proprietor of Pennsylvania.
William Penn (1644-1718), Quaker founder and proprietor of Pennsylvania.
Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), English scientist and theologian, and discoverer of oxygen.
John Pringle (1707-82), Scottish physician and Franklin’s traveling companion.
The Duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (1747-1827), a French aristocrat who supported liberal democratic reforms during and after the French Revolution
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), French philosopher and author of The Social Contract (1761).
Benjamin Rush (1746-1813), physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Edward
Rutledge (1735-1826), South Carolina lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Lord Sandwich: John Montagu (1718-92), 4th Earl of Sandwich; Secretary of State; First Lord of Admiralty; member of the House of Lords.
James Searle (1733-97), merchant and Pennsylvania delegate to Congress sent to Europe in 1780 to obtain a loan to purchase supplies.
Captain Daniel Shays (c. 1747-1825), farmer and war veteran who led an armed uprising in Massachusetts to protest the jailing of debtors during depressed economic conditions in 1786-87. Shays was captured and sentenced to hang, but was pardoned by new Governor John Hancock.
Earl of Shelburne (1737-1805): William Petty, colonial secretary and British prime minister during 1782-83.
Rev. Jonathan Shipley (1714-88), Bishop of St. Asaph; Franklin’s lifelong friend and correspondent; it was at his house in Twyford, near Winchester, that Franklin began his memoirs. Daughters Catherine and Georgiana corresponded frequently with Franklin.
Adam Smith (1723-90), Scottish economist and author of The Wealth of Nations (1776).
Reverend William Smith (1727-1803), an Anglican minister in Philadelphia, was one of Franklin’s critics.
Margaret Stevenson (c. 1706-83), landlady of the Craven Street residence where Franklin lived in London, and mother of Mary “Polly” Stevenson Hewson.
Rev. Ezra Stiles (1727-95), Connecticut clergyman and president of Yale College (1778-95).
David Murray Stormont, Earl of Mansfield (1727-96), Scottish aristocrat and British ambassador to Versailles during the American Revolution.
Henry Strachey (1737-1810), undersecretary of the Home Department in 1782-83.
William Strahan (1715-85), English printer and a member of Parliament, publisher of such renowned works as Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, both in 1776.
Rev. William Sturgeon (c. 1722-70), Anglican clergyman.
Charles Townsend (1725-67), chancellor of the exchequer, author of the Townshend Acts of 1767.
Thomas Townshend (1733-1800), Secretary of War under Rockingham in 1782 and Secretary of the Home Office in 1783-89, and a cousin of Charles Townshend.
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727-81), French economist and finance minister to Louis XVI. Wrote the famous epigram: Eripuit celo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis: He snatched lightning from the sky and the scepter from tyrants.
Benjamin Vaughan (1751-1835), British diplomat who helped Franklin negotiate the peace treaty with England, and published Franklin’s works in 1779.
Comte de Vergennes: Charles Gravier Vergennes (1717-87), highly influential French minister of foreign affairs under Louis XVI.
Louis-Guillaume Le Veillard (1733-94), neighbor and friend to Franklin; died on the guillotine.
Voltaire (1694-1778), pen name for Francois Marie Arouet, French author and philosopher; Franklin and Voltaire met in Paris in 1778, the final year of Voltaire’s life.
Thomas Walpole (1727-1803), British merchant, banker, and member of Parliament who led a group of investors, including Franklin, to seek from the crown a land grant in Ohio.
George Washington (1732-99), commander of the Continental Army from 1775 until the end of the Revolutionary War, and first president of the United States.
Alexander Wedderburn (1733-1805), British solicitor general who interrogated Franklin in the Cockpit in January 1774 regarding the Hutchison Letters scandal.
George Whatley (c. 1709-91), London merchant and author of a pamphlet on trade in which Franklin wrote annotations supporting free trade. No relation to George Whately of Hutchinson Letters fame.
George Whitefield (1714-70), Anglican priest and Methodist evangelist who was one of the most successful preachers in America.
Jonathan Williams, Jr. (1750-1815), Franklin’s grand nephew who served as the American agent at Nantes, France, procuring supplies for the war, etc. He returned with Franklin to America in 1785, and became the first Superintendent of West Point (1801-03, 1805-12).
John Wilkes (1725-98), controversial member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of London who defended English rights.
About the Compiler and Editor
Mark Skousen is a professional economist, investment expert, university professor, and author of more than twenty books. Currently he holds the Benjamin Franklin Chair of Management at Grantham University. In 2004-2005, he taught economics and finance at Columbia Business School and Columbia University. Since 1980, Skousen has been editor in chief of Forecasts & Strategies, a popular award-winning investment newsletter. He also edits his own free weekly e-letter, www.worldlyphilosophers.com, and produces an annual conference called FreedomFest. He is a former analyst for the CIA, a columnist to Forbes magazine, and past president of the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) in New York. He has written for the Wall Street Journal , Forbes, and the Christian Science Monitor, and has appeared on CNBC, CNN, ABC News, FOX News, and C-SPAN Book TV. His bestsellers include The Making of Modern Economics and The Big Three in Economics. In honor of his work in economics, finance, and management, Grantham University renamed its business school the Mark Skousen School of Business.
Websites: www.markskousen.com; www.mskousen.com;
www.freedomfest.com.
E-mail: [email protected]
Index
Academy for Education of Youth
Academy of Sciences
Account of the Negotiations in London for Effecting a Reconciliation between Great Britain and the American Colonies (Franklin)
Adam
Adams, John; American Revolution and; as Founding Father; as minister to France; national debt and; prisoners of war and; treaties of commerce and; Treaty of Paris and; United States seal and
Adelaide, Madame
“Advice to a Young Man on the Choice of a Mistress” (Franklin)
Africa
agriculture
Aix la Chapelle, peace of
Albany Plan
Alexander, J.
Alfred
Alger, Horatio
Alliance
alliances
America: comfort and happiness in; cost of governing; expense of living in; as favored by nature; French treaties of peace and commerce with; gulf stream in; rattlesnake as symbol of; Treaty of Paris and. See also American independence; American Revolution; colonies; United States
American independence: acknowledgment of; American Revolution and; establishment of; France and; Franklin, Benjamin and; national debt and; Stamp Act and; Treaty of Alliance with France and; Treaty of Paris and
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution: alliances and; American independence and; Articles of Confederation and; beginning of; British barbarity in; British-colonial reconciliation and; Bunker’s Hill, Battle of; Canada and; Charlestown and; commerce and; Concord, Battle of; Declaration of Independence and; foreign officers in; French financial and military aid and; God and; Hessian mercenaries and; immigration and; Lexington, Battle of; London riots and; New York, loss of, and; original object of; Philadelphia, Pa. and; prisoners of war in; privateering and; Saratoga, Battle of; at sea; seeds of; Spain and; spies and; Treaty of Paris and; Trenton, Battle of; Valley Forge, Pa. and; Yorktown, Battle of
anarchy
anger
Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarco de Bolea, Conde de
armonica
Arnold, Benedict
Arouet, Francois Marie. See Voltaire
art, debauchery and
Articles of Confederation: congressional powers and; Constitutional Convention and; France and; Franklin, Benjamin and; purpose of; representation in; weakness of
“The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams” (Franklin)
astronomy
Aurora
Aurora Borealis
Austin, Mr.
Austria
Auteuil, France
Autobiography (Franklin)
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic Text (Lemay and Zall)<
br />
avarice
Bache, Benjamin Franklin “Benny” (grandson); Franklin, Benjamin, as minister to France, and; Franklin, Benjamin, correspondence with; Franklin, Benjamin, will of, and; profession of
Bache, Betsy (granddaughter)
Bache, Louis (grandson)
Bache, Richard; Franklin, Benjamin, will of, and; Franklin, Deborah Rogers, death of, and; marriage of; as Postmaster General of the United States
Bache, Sally Franklin (daughter); birth of; Franklin, Benjamin, absence from; Franklin, Benjamin, correspondence with; Franklin, Benjamin, will of, and; marriage of; Stamp Act affair and; Strahan, Billy and
Bache, William (grandson)
Bacon, Francis
Bailey, Francis
Bancroft, Edward
Bank of Douglas, Herod & Company
Bank of England
Bank of North America
Barclay.
Barkley, David, Jr.
Barney, Captain
Barry, Captain
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de
Beer, Thomas
Bellegarde, Elisabeth-Francouse-Sophie de La Live de. See Houdetot, Countess d’
Benevolence
Berlin, Germany
Bessborough, Lord
Bible
Bingham, William
Birmingham, England
Bitaube, Monsieur
Black Prince
Black Princess
blacks. See Negroes
Blackstone, William
Bollan, William
Bonhomme Richard
Boston
Boston, Mass.; American Revolution and; Franklin, Benjamin, will of, and; manners in
Boston Port Bill (1774)
Boston Tea Party
Boswell, James
Boulton, Matthew
Bowdoin, James
Brands, H. W.
Bridgewater, Duke of
Brillon, Cunegonde
Brillon, Jacque
Brillon de Jouy, Anne-Louise; Franklin, Benjamin, friendship with; marriage of daughter of
British Isles
Browns & Collinson
The Compleated Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1757-1790) Page 47