13. Their marriage does not appear in the register of marriages performed at the Church of Saint Peter the Apostle (NYPL, Records of St. Peter’s Church, New York City).
14. Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and hearts: A history of courtship in America (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 78.
15. Ibid., 78–81.
16. A search of Ancestry.com for the last name “Lapeyre” or “Lepeyre” returns no hits with any even vaguely similar first names for the period 1790 through 1830.
17. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for June 13, 1804.
18. Herbert Ross Brown, The sentimental novel in America 1789–1860 (1970; repr., Freeport, NY: Books of Libraries Press, 1970), 19n73; Eliza Haywood, The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, ed. Christine Blouch (Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 1988), 421–26.
19. Herndon, “‘Proper’ magistrates and masters,” 51 (see prologue, n. 7).
20. Sharon V. Salinger, ‘To serve well and faithfully’: Labor and indentured servants in Pennsylvania 1682–1800 (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2000), 118–19; 127–28.
21. Ibid., 116.
22. Diary of Elizabeth Drinker, 3:1683 (September 12, 1803); 3:1941 (June 24, 1806) (see chap. 2, n. 29).
23. John van der Zee, Bound over: Indentured servitude and American conscience (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), 99.
24. Linda L. Mathew, “Gleanings from Rhode Island town records: Providence Town Council records, 1789–1801,” Rhode Island Roots, Special Bonus Issue 2007 (April 2007): 113– 14, 118.
25. For Sampson, see Herman Mann, The female review (1916; repr., Bedford, MA: Apple-wood Books, [2009]) and Alfred A. Young, Masquerade: The life and times of Deborah Sampson, Continental soldier (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 5, 11, 179, 249, 190, 197–200, 271.
CHAPTER 8: MRS. JUMEL
1. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for June 14, 1804. The gig was “guaranteed for one year from the 6th instant,” which pinpoints June 6 as the date of purchase.
2. New-York Evening Post, April 5, 1802, [3] (advertisement placed by Sebring & Van Wyck).
3. Moreau de St. Méry’s American journey 1793-1798, trans. Kenneth and Anna M. Roberts (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1947), 334.
4. Suggested by a payment “for varnishing the carriage” and other sums expended for a coachman’s boots and wages (NYHS-BV Jumel, entries for November 28, 1809; May 26, 1812; and March 7, 1815).
5. New-York Evening Post, January 4, 1810, [3].
6. James D. Davidson and Ralph E. Pyle, Ranking faiths: Religious stratification in America (Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 10.
7. Ibid., 13, table 1.2; 71, table 4.1; 8, table 1.1.
8. Felton, American life, 39 (see chap. 5, n. 1).
9. Baptismal records of Eliza Jumel and William Ballow [sic], October 25, 1807, in the Register of the Parish of Trinity Church [online], available at http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/registry.php; accessed March 28, 2013. Strictly speaking, the records do not indicate at which church in Trinity Parish the two baptisms took place. But the minister who officiated performed marriages only at the parish’s main church, Trinity, and presumably performed baptisms at the same place.
10. John C. Goodbody, One peppercorne: A popular history of Trinity Church (New York: The Parish of Trinity Church, 1982), 41, 43.
11. 1873 Transcript of record, 305.
12. NYHS-BV Jumel, entries for June 15, 1805, and February 3, 1806; NYPL-Letter Book, June 21, 1808, to Samuel Ward.
13. NYPL-Letter Book, March 28, 1810, to Batard, Sampson & Sharp.
14. 1873 Transcript of record, 303, 305; B-779, box 112, deposition of Nelson Chase.
15. “Law reports,” New York Times, October 22, 1870, 3; “The Jumel will,” New-York Tribune, October 22, 1870, 2.
16. Leonard B. Chapman, Monograph on the Southgate family of Scarborough: Their ancestors and descendants (Portland, ME: Hubbard W. Bryant, 1907), 14–17.
17. Ibid., 17 (for the date of the marriage).
18. Marriage record of William Jones and Maria Bowne, December 19, 1805, and baptismal record of William [B.] Jones, September 20, 1810 (with notation of the date of birth), in the registers of the Parish of Trinity Church [online] (see n. 9, above).
19. Baptismal record of Eliza Jumel Jones, September 20, 1810, in the registers of the Parish of Trinity Church [online] (see n. 9, above).
20. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for May 5, 1809.
21. Baptismal records of William Jones, Eliza Jumel Jones, and Louisa Jones, September 20, 1810, in the registers of the Parish of Trinity Church [online] (see n. 9, above).
22. Elliot’s Improved New-York Double Directory (New-York: Printed and sold by William Elliot, 1812), 162. This was the only year in which William Jones was listed as running a boardinghouse.
23. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for August 18, 1810; also see the entry for “William B. Ballow” at 34 Cedar St. in the 1810 edition of Longworth’s American almanac, New-York register, and city directory (New York: David Longworth, 1810), 98.
24. William’s wife, née Eliza Wiggins, worked for a woman named Margaret Brett who did some dressmaking for Eliza. William could have met Wiggins when she accompanied Brett to the house or when she stopped at Stephen’s office to pick up ten dollars Brett was owed. See NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for March 31, 1808.
25. Ibid., entry for April 7, 1813.
CHAPTER 9: BLOOMINGDALE
1. Hopper Striker Mott, The New York of yesterday: A descriptive narrative of old Bloomingdale (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), 87.
2. Ibid., 88–89.
3. Ibid., 87–89.
4. Ibid., 89.
5. J. Fr. Michaud, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, vol. 9 (Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966; reprint Paris: C. Desplaces and M. Michaud, 1854), 542–44.
6. “Reminiscences of New-York,” Talisman, January 1, 1829: 310.
7. Henriette Luce Dillon, marquise de La Tour du Pin Gouvernet, Journal d’une femme de cinquante ans, 1788–1815, ed. Aymar de Liedekerke-Beaufort (Paris: Librairie Chapelot, 1913), 2:105.
8. “Reminiscences of New-York,” 310.
9. David Lawday, Napoleon’s master: A life of Prince Talleyrand (London: Jonathan Cape, 2006), 73, 75–76, 87.
10. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent, Mémoires I: 1754–1807, ed. Paul-Louis Couchoud and Jean-Paul Couchoud (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1957), 1:243–250; Gouvernet, Journal d’une femme, 2:104; Michel Poniatowski, Tallyrand aux États-Unis 1794–1796 (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1967), 328–29.
11. Diary of my travels in America: Louis-Philippe, King of France, 1830–1848, trans. Stephen Becker (New York: Delacorte Press, 1977), 10, 153, 125, 165; New York Gazette, October 10, 1797, [3] (notice of their arrival in New York). For political reasons, the brothers made a convoluted return to Europe in 1799 by way of Havana, the Bahamas, Halifax, and New York, but there is no indication that they remained in the latter city longer than was necessary to board a packet boat to England (Mémoires de Louis-Philippe, duc d’Orléans, ecrits par lui-même [Librairie Plon, 1973], 2:440–43).
12. Greatorex, 189.
13. T. E. B. Howarth, Citizen-king: The life of Louis-Philippe, king of the French (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1961), 89–90.
14. NYPL, MssCol 717: D’Auliffe [Olive] family letters, 1800–1801. See in particular no. 5:182–83 for the identification of the writer and his wife as the Olives.
15. Edith Pilcher, Castorland: French refugees in the western Adirondacks 1793–1814 (Harrison, New York: Harbor Hill Books, 1985), 13, 53; Gouvernet, Journal d’une femme, 2:83–84, 103–104; François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucault-Liancourt, Travels through the United States of North America, the country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797; with an authentic account of Lower Canada (London: Printed for R. Phillips, 1799), 2:465.
16. Ancestry.com, Paris, France & vicinity m
arriages, 1700–1907 [database online] (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008).
17. New York County, Land and Property Records, Deeds, Liber 96:330–33; N.Y. Ct. Ch., Stephen Jumel vs. the Ursuline Convent of the City of New York and the Trustees of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, CL-161, 184–251.
18. NYHS-BV Jumel, entries for May 26, 1812, and March 7, 1815.
19. Ibid., entry for May 27, 1809.
20. Ibid., entries for March 31, 1808, and February 4, 1813; A season in New York 1801: letters of Harriet and Maria Trumbull, ed. Helen M. Morgan (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969): 96.
21. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for February 6, 1812.
22. MJM 4.2, Eliza Jumel to Paul and Eliza Pery, August 27, 1855.
23. Donald Fraser, A compendium of the history of all nations … (New York: Printed by Henry C. Southwick, 1807).
24. Donald Fraser, The mental flower garden: or, An instructive and entertaining companion for the fair sex (New-York: Printed by Southwick & Hardcastle, 1807).
25. NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for July 22, 1813; John McVickar, The professional years of John Henry Hobart, D.D. being a sequel to his early years (New York: Protestant Episcopal Press, 1836), 177; An abridgment of the Book of Martyrs (New-York: Printed and sold by Samuel Wood, 1810).
26. Geoffrey O’Brien, The fall of the house of Walworth: A tale of madness and murder in Gilded Age America (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2010), 94.
27. NYHS-BV Jumel, entries for April 7, 1813; July 20, 1813; October 18, 1813; October 25, 1814.
28. Ibid., entries for July 19, 1814, and April 19, 1815.
29. Ibid., entry for April 28, 1815.
30. NYHS-JP, box 1, folder 3, Stephen Jumel to Eliza Jumel, February 5, 1819.
CHAPTER 10: THE FORTUNES OF WAR
1. Daily Advertiser, March 22, 1804, [3]; Spectator, May 23, 1804, [3].
2. New-York Gazette, May 28, 1804, [1] (for her berth on the Old Slip); John Lambert, Travels through Canada and the United States of North America, in the years 1806, 1807, & 1808, 2nd ed. (London: Printed for C. Cradock and W. Joy, 1814), 2:62–64 (for the description of the port).
3. Daily Advertiser, March 22, 1804, [3].
4. Ibid.
5. Robert P. Watson, America’s first crisis: The War of 1812 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014), 12–15.
6. Ibid., 15.
7. New-York Gazette & General Advertiser, January 12, 1805, [3] (announcement). BM 710-J, second inventory, filed December 17, 1836, reveals that Desobry had a one-third share in the business and Stephen retained two-thirds.
8. Silvia Marzagalli, “Guerre et création d’un réseau commercial entre Bordeaux et les États-Unis, 1776–1815. L’impossible économie du politique,” in Guerre et économie dans l’espace atlantique du XVIe au XXe siècle, eds. Silvia Marzagalli and Bruno Marnot, Actes du colloque international du Bordeaux, October 3–4, 2003 (Pessac: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006), 385.
9. The most common alternative port that he used was San Sebastián, in Spain. My assessment of the scope of his trading activities is based primarily on a careful reading of shipping reports that appeared in American newspapers between 1799 and 1814. These reports are accessible through the America’s Historical Newspapers database (Readex).
10. See, for example, purchases listed in NYHS-BV Jumel, as well as NYHS-JP, box 4, folder [6], certificate of goods delivered to Pedro Queheille by the brig Sally Tracy, which departed New York for San Sebastián on November 28, 1808. For the use of American beeswax in Europe to make candles, see “American beeswax,” Albany Argus, December 13, 1869, [2].
11. See, for example, the certificate of goods delivered to Pedro Queheille and a certificate of May 2, 1811, listing goods to be shipped to Bordeaux by Stephen Jumel on the schooner Maria Louisa (both in NYHS-JP, box 4, folder [6]).
12. My summary of Stephen’s imports is based on dozens of shipping reports printed in New York newspapers between 1799 and 1814 that detail the cargoes he received.
13. Silvia Marzagalli, “The failure of a transatlantic alliance? Franco-American trade, 1783–1815,” History of European Ideas 34, no. 4 (December 2008), 463.
14. New York Gazette and General Advertiser, September 17, 1805, [2]; New York Gazette and General Advertiser, August 2, 1805, [2].
15. NYPL-Letter Book, July 6, 1808, to Batard, Sampson, & Sharp; August 23, 1808, to Samuel Ward.
16. NYPL-Letter Book, August 4, 1808, to John Perry [sic]; August 4, 1808, to Batard, Sampson, & Sharp; North American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser, June 2, 1808, [3] (the latter article notes the exoneration of the cargo, but states that the brig was carried into Portsmouth rather than Plymouth).
17. NYPL-Letter Book, August 4, 1808, to John Perry [sic].
18. “An act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States,” New-York Evening Post, December 26, 1807, [2].
19. New York City Works Progress Administration Writers’ Program, A maritime history of New York. (1941; repr., Brooklyn, NY: Going Coastal, 2004), 87.
20. NYPL-Letter Book, October 26 and December 5, 1808, to F. Philippon Jr.
21. NYPL-Letter Book, December 5, 1808, to Captain Berry.
22. New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, February 11, 1809, [3]; “Government look out,” Augusta [GA] Chronicle, March 11, 1809, 2 (reprinting information from the New York Public Advertiser).
23. Heaton, “Non-importation,” 185.
24. Ibid., 192.
25. New-York Commercial Advertiser, August 3, 1809, [3].
26. NYPL-Letter Book, April 14, 1810, to Gordon S. Mumford.
27. Ibid.; Heaton, “Non-importation,” 193.
28. Commercial Advertiser, February 1, 1811, [3]; Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, February 14, 1811, [3].
29. NYHS-JP, box 4, folder [2], James Berry to Jumel & Desobry, January 19, 1811.
30. New-Hampshire Gazette, April 3, 1811, [3].
31. Repertory, July 30, 1811, [3].
32. Mary Elizabeth Ruwell, Eighteenth-century capitalism: The formation of American marine insurance companies (New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1993), 99.
33. New-York Gazette & General Advertiser, May 7, 1803, [3]; New-York Gazette & General Advertiser, May 14, 1811, [1].
34. NYPL-Letter Book, August 3, 1809, to Skiddy.
35. NYPL-Letter Book, August 17, 1809, to Skiddy.
36. NYPL-Letter Book, January 17 and February 16, 1810, to Skiddy.
37. NYPL-Letter Book, June 21, 1810, to Batard, Sampson, & Sharp.
38. NYPL-Letter Book, August 18, 1810, to Batard, Sampson, & Sharp.
39. E.g., Philippon Jr. and Baron Jr. in New Orleans, Mr. Coquillon in Savannah, François Depau in Charleston, Soulage V. André in Norfolk, J. Bujac in Philadelphia, Martin Foäche in Havana. These names were gleaned from NYPL-Letter Book and Jeanne Chase, “War on trade and trade in war: Stephen Jumel and New York maritime commerce (1793–1815),” Bulletin du Centre d’Histoire des Espaces Atlantiques, nouvelle série, no. 4 (1988), 128.
40. See the NYPL-Letter Book for many letters to Pery. There his name is spelled “John Perry,” but I have used the French form of the name throughout for the sake of consistency.
41. E.g., a letter of September 15, 1820, to Monsieur Perry [sic] fils ainé, in NYHS-JP, box 1, folder 6, letter book of Stephen Jumel.
42. NYPL-Letter Book, August 4 and September 12, 1808, to John Perry [sic].
43. NYPL-Letter Book, October 7, 1809, to John Ducasse, October 9, 1810, to Charles Wright.
44. NYPL-Letter Book, April 16, 1810, to Walter Bowne and John Delafield; November 15, 1810, to Walter Bowne, the Colombian Insurance Company, and John Delafield.
45. “Further disasters by the late storm,” Connecticut Courant, January 8, 1812, 3; NYHSAHMC, Jumel, Stephen, wardens’ certificate recording a sale of damaged goods from the Maria Louisa, January 23, 1812.
46. NYHS-JP, box 4, folder [5], Pedro Quehu
ille to Jumel and Desobry, February 7, 1813, with added note of April 30, 1813.
47. BM 710-J, examination of Eliza B. Burr, December 17, 1836; NYPL-Letter Book, November 21 and 24, 1808, to John Phelan; August 18 and September 5, 1808, to Thomas B. Cook; Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford Bridge Company Record Book, 1809–1850, Ms 32203, vol. 1.
48. New York County, Land and Property Deeds, Liber 297:86–88; Liber 94:206–8; Liber 96:330–33, and Liber 89:435–41; B-779, box 112, deposition of Nelson Chase.
CHAPTER 11: MOUNT STEPHEN
1. Advertisement for the New York and Albany Mail Stage, in American Citizen, January 4, 1810, [1].
2. Moreau de St. Méry’s American journey, 96 (see chap. 8, n. 3).
3. 1876 Bill of Complaint, letter 24.
4. Shelton, 3–4, 17.
5. Ibid., chapters 3 and 6.
6. Ibid., 128–31.
7. Ibid., 134.
8. Ibid., 135–36.
9. New York County, Land and Property Records, Liber 88:79-86; NYHS-BV Jumel, entry for March 13, 1810. They purchased lots five, seven, and nine through fifteen.
10. New York County, Land and Property Records, Liber 88:86–92.
11. For the property lines as described in this paragraph, see J. B. Holmes, Map of the Jumel, Murray, Burrill, Dickey and other estates showing the farm lines as they existed 100 years ago and the present streets, drives and boulevards, 1887 [NYPL, NYC Farm Map 44]; C. J. Hunt, Map of property in Harlem formally belonging to the Bowers, Smedes, Benson, Bussing, and other estates, showing the topography [sic] old roads, lanes &c. as they existed 100 years ago and the present streets, boulevards, drives &c., March 1887 [NYPL, NYC Farm Map 46].
12. New-York Daily Gazette, March 24, 1792, [4].
13. Ibid. (for all quotations in this paragraph).
14. “Rambles in the environs. Fort Washington,” The New-Yorker, June 1, 1839, 167.
15. NYHS-BV Jumel, entries for January 13, 1813; November 1813 (sometime between November 2 and November 5, but the exact date is not recorded); and November 27, 1813.
The Remarkable Rise of Eliza Jumel Page 29