Connectome

Home > Other > Connectome > Page 39
Connectome Page 39

by Sebastian Seung


  Paterniti, Michael. 2000. Driving Mr. Albert: A trip across America with Einstein’s brain. New York: Dial.

  Paul, L. K., W. S. Brown, R. Adolphs, J. M. Tyszka, L. J. Richards, P. Mukherjee, and E. H. Sherr. 2007. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (4): 287–299.

  Pearson, K. 1906. On the relationship of intelligence to size and shape of head, and to other physical and mental characters. Biometrika, 5 (1–2): 105.

  ——— . 1924. The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton. Vol. 2, Researches of middle life. London: Cambridge University Press.

  Peck, D. T. 1998. Anatomy of an historical fantasy: The Ponce de León fountain of youth legend. Revista de Historia de América, 123: 63–87.

  Penfield, W., and E. Boldrey. 1937. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain, 60 (4): 389.

  Penfield, W., and T. Rasmussen. 1952. The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan.

  Petrie, W. M. F. 1883. The pyramids and temples of Gizeh. London: Field & Tuer.

  Pew Forum on Religion. 2010. Religion among the millennials. Technical report, Pew Research Center, Feb.

  Plum, F. 1972. Prospects for research on schizophrenia, 3. Neurophysiology. Neuropathological findings. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 10 (4): 384.

  Poeppel, D., and G. Hickok. 2004. Towards a new functional anatomy of language. Cognition, 92 (1–2): 1–12.

  Pohl, Frederik. 1956. Alternating currents. New York: Ballantine.

  Porter, K. R., and J. Blum. 1953. A study in microtomy for electron microscopy. Anatomical Record, 117 (4): 685–709.

  President’s Council on Bioethics. 2008. Controversies in the determination of death. Washington, D.C.

  Purves, D. 1990. Body and brain: A trophic theory of neural connections. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Purves, D., L. E. White, and D. R. Riddle. 1996. Is neural development Darwinian? Trends in Neurosciences, 19 (11): 460–464.

  Purves, Dale, and Jeff W. Lichtman. 1985. Principles of neural development. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.

  Quiroga, R. Q., L. Reddy, G. Kreiman, C. Koch, and I. Fried. 2005. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435 (7045): 1102–1107.

  Rakic, P. 1985. Limits of neurogenesis in primates. Science, 227 (4690): 1054.

  Rakic, P., J. P. Bourgeois, M. F. Eckenhoff, N. Zecevic, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1986. Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science, 232 (4747): 232–235.

  Ramachandran, V. S., and S. Blakeslee. 1999. Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind. New York: Harper Perennial.

  Ramachandran, V. S., M. Stewart, and D. C. Rogers-Ramachandran. 1992. Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization. Neuroreport, 3 (7): 583.

  Ramón y Cajal, Santiago. 1921. Textura de la corteza visual del gato. Archivos de Neurobiología, 2: 338–362. Trans. in DeFelipe and Jones 1988.

  ——— . 1989. Recollections of my life. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

  Rapoport, J. L., A. M. Addington, S. Frangou, and MRC Psych. 2005. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: Update 2005. Molecular Psychiatry, 10 (5): 434–449.

  Rasmussen, T., and B. Milner. 1977. The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 299: 355–369.

  Redcay, E., and E. Courchesne. 2005. When is the brain enlarged in autism? A meta-analysis of all brain size reports. Biological Psychiatry, 58 (1): 1–9.

  Rees, S. 1976. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the ageing human cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathologica, 36 (4): 347–362.

  Reilly, K. T., and A. Sirigu. 2008. The motor cortex and its role in phantom limb phenomena. Neuroscientist, 14 (2): 195.

  Rilling, J. K. 2008. Neuroscientific approaches and applications within anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137 (S47): 2–32.

  Rilling, J. K., and T. R. Insel. 1998. Evolution of the cerebellum in primates: Differences in relative volume among monkeys, apes and humans. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 52 (6): 308.

  ——— . 1999. The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution, 37 (2): 191–223.

  Robinson, A. 2002. Lost languages: The enigma of the world’s undeciphered scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Rosenzweig, M. R. 1996. Aspects of the search for neural mechanisms of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 47 (1): 1–32.

  Ruestow, E. G. 1983. Images and ideas: Leeuwenhoek’s perception of the spermatozoa. Journal of the History of Biology, 16 (2): 185–224.

  ——— . 1996. The microscope in the Dutch Republic: The shaping of discovery. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  Rumelhart, David E., and James L. McClelland. 1986. Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

  Russell, R. M. 1978. The CRAY-1 computer system. Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 63–72.

  Ruthazer, E.S., J. Li, and H. T. Cline. 2006. Stabilization of axon branch dynamics by synaptic maturation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (13): 3594.

  Rymer, R. 1994. Genie: A scientific tragedy. New York: HarperPerennial.

  Sadato, N., A. Pascual-Leone, J. Grafman, V. Ibanez, M. P. Deiber, G. Dold, and M. Hallett. 1996. Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature, 380 (6574): 526–528.

  Sahay, A., and R. Hen. 2007. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (9): 1110–1115.

  Sale, A., J. F. M. Vetencourt, P. Medini, M. C. Cenni, L. Baroncelli, R. De Pasquale, and L. Maffei. 2007. Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (6): 679–681.

  Schildkraut, J. J. 1965. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122 (5): 509–522.

  Schiller, F. 1963. Leborgne—in memoriam. Medical History, 7 (1): 79.

  ——— . 1992. Paul Broca: Founder of French anthropology, explorer of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Schmahmann, J. D. 2010. The role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion: Personal reflections since 1982 on the dysmetria of thought hypothesis, and its historical evolution from theory to therapy. Neuropsychology Review, 20 (3): 236–260.

  Schneider, G. E. 1973. Early lesions of superior colliculus: Factors affecting the formation of abnormal retinal projections. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 8 (1): 73.

  ——— . 1979. Is it really better to have your brain lesion early? A revision of the “Kennard principle.” Neuropsychologia, 17 (6): 557.

  Schüz, A., D. Chaimow, D. Liewald, and M. Dortenman. 2006. Quantitative aspects of corticocortical connections: A tracer study in the mouse. Cerebral Cortex, 16 (10): 1474.

  Selfridge, O. G. Pattern recognition and modern computers. 1955. In Proceedings of the March 1–3, 1955, Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 91–93. ACM.

  Seligman, M. 2011. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press.

  Selkoe, D. J. 2002. Alzheimer’s disease is a synaptic failure. Science, 298 (5594): 789.

  Seung, H. S. 2009. Reading the book of memory: Sparse sampling versus dense mapping of connectomes. Neuron, 62 (1): 17–29.

  Shen, W. W. 1999. A history of antipsychotic drug development. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40 (6): 407–414.

  Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, C. Varma, and G. M. Church. 2004. Advanced sequencing technologies: Methods and goals. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5 (5): 335– 344.

  Sherrington, C. S. 1924. Problems of muscular receptivity. Nature, 113 (2851): 894–894.

  Shoemaker, Stephen J. 2002. Ancient tradit
ions of the Virgin Mary’s dormition and assumption. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Sizer, Nelson. 1888. Forty years in phrenology. New York: Fowler & Wells.

  Soldner, F., D. Hockemeyer, C. Beard, Q. Gao, G. W. Bell, E. G. Cook, G. Hargus, A. Blak, O. Cooper, M. Mitalipova, et al. 2009. Parkinson’s disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell, 136 (5): 964–977.

  Song, S., P. J. Sjostrom, M. Reigl, S. Nelson, and D. B. Chklovskii. 2005. Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS Biol, 3 (3): e68.

  Sporns, O., J. P. Changeux, D. Purves, L. White, and D. Riddle. 1997. Variation and selection in neural function: Authors’ reply. Trends in Neurosciences, 20 (7): 291–293.

  Sporns, O., G. Tononi, and R. Kotter. 2005. The human connectome: A structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol, 1 (4): e42.

  Spurzheim, J. G. 1833. A view of the elementary principles of education: Founded on the study of the nature of man. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon.

  Steen, R. G., C. Mull, R. Mcclure, R. M. Hamer, and J. A. Lieberman. 2006. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188 (6): 510.

  Steffenburg, S., C. Gillberg, L. Hellgren, L. Andersson, I. C. Gillberg, G. Jakobsson, and M. Bohman. 1989. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30 (3): 405–416.

  Stent, G. S. 1973. A physiological mechanism for Hebb’s postulate of learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 70 (4): 997.

  Sterr, A., M. M. Müller, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, C. Pantev, and E. Taub. 1998. Perceptual correlates of changes in cortical representation of fingers in blind multifinger Braille readers. Journal of Neuroscience, 18 (11): 4417.

  Stevens, C. F. 1998. Neuronal diversity: Too many cell types for comfort? Current Biology, 8 (20): R708-R710.

  Stratton, G. M. 1897a. Vision without inversion of the retinal image: Part 1. Psychological Review, 4 (4): 341–360.

  ——— . 1897b. Vision without inversion of the retinal image: Part 2. Psychological Review, 4 (5): 463–481.

  Strebhardt, K., and A. Ullrich. 2008. Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8 (6): 473–480.

  Strick, P. L., R. P. Dum, and J. A. Fiez. 2009. Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32: 413–434.

  Stuart, Greg, Nelson Spruston, and Michael Häusser. 2007. Dendrites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Sur, M., P. E. Garraghty, and A. W. Roe. 1988. Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex. Science, 242 (4884): 1437.

  Swanson, L. W. 2000. What is the brain? Trends in Neurosciences, 23 (11): 519–527.

  ——— . 2012. Brain architecture: Understanding the basic plan, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Tang, Y., J. R. Nyengaard, D. M. G. De Groot, and H. J. G. Gundersen. 2001. Total regional and global number of synapses in the human brain neocortex. Synapse, 41 (3): 258–273.

  Taub, R. 2004. Liver regeneration: From myth to mechanism. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5 (10): 836–847.

  Tegmark, M. 2000. Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer. Information Sciences, 128 (3–4): 155–179.

  Tipler, Frank J. 1994. The physics of immortality: Modern cosmology, God, and the resurrection of the dead. New York: Doubleday.

  Tomasch, J. 1954. Size, distribution, and number of fibres in the human corpus callosum. Anatomical Record, 119 (1): 119–135.

  Towbin, A. 1973. The respirator brain death syndrome. Human Pathology, 4 (4): 583–594.

  Treffert, D. A. 2009. The savant syndrome, an extraordinary condition: A synopsis, past, present, future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1522): 1351.

  Turing, A. M. 1950. Computer machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59 (236): 433–460.

  Turkheimer, E. 2000. Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9 (5): 160.

  Utter, A. A., and M. A. Basso. 2008. The basal ganglia: An overview of circuits and function. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32 (3): 333–342.

  Varshney, L. R., B. L. Chen, E. Paniagua, D. H. Hall, and D. B. Chklovskii. 2011. Structural properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans neuronal network. PLoS Computational Biology, 7 (2): e1001066.

  Vein, A. A., and M. L. C. Maat-Schieman. 2008. Famous Russian brains: Historical attempts to understand intelligence. Brain, 131 (2): 583.

  Vetencourt, J. F. M., A. Sale, A. Viegi, L. Baroncelli, R. De Pasquale, O. F. O’Leary, E. Castrén, and L. Maffei. 2008. The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science, 320 (5874): 385–388.

  Vining, E. P. J., J. M. Freeman, D. J. Pillas, S. Uematsu, B. S. Carson, J. Brandt, D. Boatman, M. B. Pulsifer, and A. Zuckerberg. 1997. Why would you remove half a brain? The outcome of 58 children after hemispherectomy. Pediatrics, 100 (2): 163.

  Vita, A., L. De Peri, C. Silenzi, and M. Dieci. 2006. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Schizophrenia Research, 82 (1): 75–88.

  Voigt, J., and H. Pakkenberg. 1983. Brain weight of Danish children: A forensic material. Acta Anatomica, 116 (4): 290.

  Wang, J. W., D. J. David, J. E. Monckton, F. Battaglia, and R. Hen. 2008. Chronic fluoxetine stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult-born hippocampal granule cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (6): 1374–1384.

  West, M. J., and A. P. King. 1990. Mozart’s starling. American Scientist, 78 (2): 106–114.

  White, J. G., E. Southgate, J. N. Thomson, and S. Brenner. 1986. The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 314 (1165): 1.

  Wigmore, B. 2008. How tyrant wife ‘drove two of her five husbands to suicide’—after one was transplanted with heart of the other. Daily Mail, Sept. 1.

  Wilkes, A. L., and N. J. Wade. 1997. Bain on neural networks. Brain and Cognition, 33 (3): 295–305.

  Witelson, S. F., D. L. Kigar, and T. Harvey. 1999. The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein. Lancet, 353 (9170): 2149–2153.

  Woods, E. J., J. D. Benson, Y. Agca, and J. K. Critser. 2004. Fundamental cryobiology of reproductive cells and tissues. Cryobiology, 48 (2): 146–156.

  Yamada, M., Y. Mizuno, and H. Mochizuki. 2005. Parkin gene therapy for α-synucleinopathy: A rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Human Gene Therapy, 16 (2): 262–270.

  Yamahachi, H., S. A. Marik, J.N.J. McManus, W. Denk, and C. D. Gilbert. 2009. Rapid axonal sprouting and pruning accompany functional reorganization in primary visual cortex. Neuron, 64 (5): 719–729.

  Yang, G., F. Pan, and W. B. Gan. 2009. Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories. Nature, 462 (7275): 920–924.

  Yates, F. 1966. The art of memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Yuste, Rafael. 2010. Dendritic spines. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

  Zhang, R. L., Z. G. Zhang, and M. Chopp. 2005. Neurogenesis in the adult ischemic brain: Generation, migration, survival, and restorative therapy. Neuroscientist, 11 (5): 408.

  Ziegler, D. A., O. Piquet, D. H. Salat, K. Prince, E. Connally, and S. Corkin. 2010. Cognition in healthy aging is related to regional white matter integrity, but not cortical thickness. Neurobiology of Aging, 31 (11): 1912–1926.

  Zilles, Karl, and Katrin Amunts. 2010. Centenary of Brodmann’s map—conception and fate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11 (2): 139–145.

  Figure Credits

  Images not credited below are by the author.

  Figure 1: Ramón y Cajal 1921; DeFelipe and Jones 1988. Digitized by Javier DeFelipe from the original drawing in the Museo Cajal. Copyright © the heirs of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Fig
ure 2: David H. Hall and Zeynep Altun 2008. Introduction. In Worm Atlas. http://www.wormatlas.org/hermaphrodite/introduction/introframeset.html. Figure 3: Copyright © Dmitri Chklovskii, reproduced with permission. C. elegans wiring diagram described in Varshney, L. R., B. L. Chen, E. Paniagua, D. H. Hall, and D. B. Chklovskii. Structural properties of the C. elegans neuronal network, PLoS Computational Biology, 7 (2): e1001066. doi:10.1371/journal .pcbi.1001066 and http://www.hhmi.org/research/groupleaders/chklovskii.html. Figure 5: Assembled by Hye-Vin Kim using images from the Benjamin R. Tucker papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Figure 6: Courtesy of David Ziegler and Suzanne Corkin, and part of a study reported in Ziegler et al. 2010. Figures 7–8: Rob Duckwall/Dragonfly Media Group. Figure 9: Sizer 1888. Figure 10: Dronkers, N. F, O. Plaisant, M. T. Iba-Zizen, and E. A. Cabanis. 2007. Paul Broca’s historic cases: High resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain, 130 (5): 1432–1441. By permission of Oxford University Press. Figure 11: Brodmann 1909. Figure 12: Penfield and Rasmussen 1954. Figure 13, left: David Phillips/Photo Researchers; right: Alex K. Shalek, Jacob T. Robinson, and Hongkun Park. Figure 14: Constantino Sotelo. See also DeFelipe 2010. Figure 15: Ben Mills. Figure 16, left: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; right: copyright © 2009 Andrew Back (Flickr: carrierdetect). Figure 17: Albert Lee, Jérôme Epsztein, and Michael Brecht. Figure 18: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 23: Yang, G., F. Pan, and W. B. Gan. 2009. Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories. Nature, 462 (7275): 920–924. Figure 25: Assembled by Hye-Vin Kim from drawings in Conel 1939–1967. Figure 26: Kathy Rockland. Figure 27: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 28: Created by Winfried Denk based on an image from Kristen M. Harris, PI, and Josef Spacek. Copyright © SynapseWeb 1999–present. Available at synapses.clm.utexas.edu. Figure 29: Courtesy of Kim Peluso, Beaver-Visitec International, Inc.(formerly BD Medical–Ophthalmic Systems). Figure 30: Ken Hayworth. Figure 31: Richard Schalek. Figures 32–33: TEM cross-section of the adult nematode, C. elegans, published on www.wormimage.org by David H. Hall, with permission from John White, MRC/LMB, Cambridge, England. Figure 34: Daniel Berger, based on data of Narayanan Kasthuri, Ken Hayworth, Juan Carlos Tapia, Richard Schalek, and Jeff Lichtman. Figure 35: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 37: Aleksandar Zlateski. Figure 38: Modified from an image provided by Richard Masland. Figure 39: Felleman, D. J., and D. C. Van Essen. 1991. Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 1 (1): 1–47. By permission of Oxford University Press. Figure 40, left: Hye-Vin Kim; right: Kathy Rockland. Figure 41: Ramón y Cajal 1921; DeFelipe and Jones 1988. Digitized by Javier DeFelipe from the original drawing in the Museo Cajal. Copyright © the heirs of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Figure 42: Hye-Vin Kim, based on White et al. 1986. Figure 43: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 44: Dr. Wolfgang Forstmeier, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. Figure 45: Redrawn from an image created by Michale Fee. Figure 48: Rob Duckwall/Dragonfly Media Group. Figure 49: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 50: Kristen M. Harris, PI, and Josef Spacek. Copyright © SynapseWeb 1999–present. Available at synapses .clm.utexas.edu. Figure 51: Felleman, D. J., and D. C. Van Essen. 1991. Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 1 (1): 216–276. By permission of Oxford University Press. Figure 52: Hye-Vin Kim. Figure 53, left: Daniel Berger; right: Anders Leth Damgaard—www.amber-inclusions.dk.

 

‹ Prev