Connectome

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by Sebastian Seung


  through synapse, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  in relation to electrical messages, [>]

  Chemical synapse, [>], [>], [>]

  Childhood indoctrination, Jesuit maxim on, [>]

  Chlorpromazine, [>], [>]

  Chomsky, Noam, [>]

  Chuas (“rat people”), [>]

  Clarke’s Third Law of Prediction, [>]

  Clinton, Hillary, [>]

  Cohen, Stanley, [>]

  “Collaterals” (axon branches), [>], [>]

  Collective consciousness, through computer simulation, [>]

  Comatose patients, and reanimation problems, [>]

  Communication, as neuronal goal, [>]

  Compact Muon Solenoid, [>]–[>]

  Computer simulation

  of Hayworth, [>]

  and information as self, [>]–[>]

  and neuron-variety problem, [>]–[>]

  of part of brain, [>]

  See also “Uploading”

  Computing and computers, [>]

  for connectome exploration, [>]

  Cray-1 supercomputer, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  exponential rate of progress in, [>]–[>]

  learning by, [>], [>]

  limitations of, [>]–[>]

  as neuronal function, [>]–[>]

  neuron reconstruction through, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  storage systems in, [>]–[>]

  Conduction aphasia, [>], [>]

  Congenital microcephaly, [>]

  Connection(s), regional, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  “Connectional fingerprint,” [>], [>]

  Connectionism, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  empirical investigation needed for, [>]–[>]

  and important differences in connectomes, [>]

  and memory experiments, [>]

  and monocular deprivation experiments, [>]

  neuron type as basis of, [>]

  and technology, [>]

  Connectivity

  and areas of cortex, [>]–[>]

  sparse, [>]–[>], [>]

  Connectome(s), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  and association of ideas, [>]–[>]

  and autism or schizophrenia, [>] (see also Autism; Schizophrenia)

  of birds (HVC), [>]

  reweighting and reconnecting in, [>]

  and brain development

  in early stage, [>], [>]

  through synapse elimination, [>]–[>]

  change of, [>], [>]

  caution desirable over, [>]

  four R’s of, [>], [>]–[>], [>] (see also Reconnection; Regeneration; Reweighting of synapse; Rewiring of brain)

  methods for, [>]

  chunks of delineated, [>]

  comparing of, [>], [>]

  in C. elegans, [>]–[>]

  in identical twins, [>]–[>]

  microscopy for, [>]

  with reduced connectomes, [>]

  as computer simulation basis, [>], [>]

  and connectome as self, [>]

  decoding of, [>]–[>], [>]

  and synaptic strength, [>]

  differences among, [>]–[>]

  and division of brain, [>]

  endeavor to map, [>], [>]

  C. elegans mapped, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  of entire dead brains, [>]

  and genes, [>], [>], [>]

  and memory, [>]

  memories read from, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  memories read from (birds), [>]–[>]

  memories read from (dead humans), [>], [>]

  MTL prominent in, [>]–[>]

  and microscopy, [>]–[>]

  and minds, [>], [>]

  neuronal, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  as organization of parts, [>]

  dumb into smart, [>]

  origin of term, [>]

  quest to control, [>]

  reduced, [>]–[>], [>]

  regional, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and rules of connection for neurons, [>]–[>]

  self as, [>], [>], [>]

  stable self, [>]–[>]

  technologies for finding, [>]–[>], [>] (see also Technological innovation)

  Connectome death, [>]–[>], [>]

  Connectome determinism, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  “Connectome twin,” [>]–[>]

  Connectome variation, and behavior, [>]–[>]

  Connectomics, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and computer simulation, [>]

  and cryonic brain preservation, [>]

  and dying neurons, [>]–[>]

  in future, [>]

  innovation in, [>]

  and methods for carving up brain, [>]

  question of growth of, [>]

  and regeneration, [>]

  and therapy development, [>]

  and transhumanism, [>]–[>]

  well-defined goal of, [>]–[>]

  Connectopathy(ies), [>], [>]

  diagnosis of, [>]

  and mental disorders, [>], [>]

  autism, [>]–[>]

  and in vitro testing of drugs, [>]

  schizophrenia, [>]–[>], [>]

  and MRI, [>]–[>]

  open-ended research on, [>]

  prevention of, [>]

  search for, [>]–[>]

  and therapy development, [>]

  Consciousness

  and brainstem, [>]–[>]

  collective, [>]

  and computer simulation, [>]–[>]

  Conscious self, [>]. See also Self

  Contact point, [>]

  Corpus callosum, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Correlation, [>]

  vs. causation, [>]

  Cortex, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  alternate maps of, [>]

  area 3 of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  area 4 of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  area 17 of, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Brodmann’s map of, [>], [>], [>] (see also Brodmann’s map)

  defining areas of, [>]–[>]

  through connectivity, [>]–[>]

  effect of experience on, [>], [>], [>]

  layers of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  pyramidal neurons in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  remapping of, [>]

  in absence of injury, [>]

  deeper understanding of needed, [>]

  and phantom limbs, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and skull (Gall), [>]

  See also Brain(s)

  Cortical chauvinism, [>]

  Cortical plasticity, [>]. See also Plasticity

  Cottle, Cheryl, [>], [>]

  Cottle, Terry, [>]–[>]

  Cray, Seymour, [>]

  Cray-1 supercomputer, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Creative destruction, [>], [>]

  Crick, Francis, [>], [>]

  Critical period, [>]–[>]

  in adulthood, [>]–[>]

  challenges to, [>]

  for deprivation vs. enrichment, [>]

  rewiring during, [>]

  for vision learning, [>]–[>], [>]

  “Crossed eyes” condition, [>]–[>]

  “Cross-modal” plasticity, [>]

  Crosstalk, [>], [>]

  Cryobiology, [>]–[>]

  Cryonics, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  and brain reanimation, [>]

  and connectomics, [>]–[>]

  critical questions for, [>]

  and transhumanism, [>]

  vulnerability of, [>], [>]

  “Cytoarchitecture,” [>]

  Daedalus, [>]

  Dale, Sir Henry, [>], [>]

  Dale’s Principle, [>], [>], [>]

  Darwinism, neural, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  for adult neurons, [>], [>]

  Death

  of brain, [>]–[>]

  brainstem death, [>]

  as connectome destruction, [>]–[>]

  whole-brain death, [>]

  of cells, [>]

  connectome d
eath, [>], [>]

  information-theoretic, [>]

  irreversibility of, [>]–[>]

  of neurons, [>], [>]

  Pascal on, [>]

  uploading as coping with fear of, [>]

  Decision-making, as neuronal goal, [>]

  Declarative (explicit) memory, [>]–[>], [>]

  Decoding of connectomes, [>]–[>], [>]

  and synaptic strength, [>]

  De Dion, Bouton et Trépardoux (automobile manufacturers), [>]

  Deep Blue (supercomputer), [>]

  Dendrites, [>]–[>], [>]

  cross-sections of, [>]

  in dead brains, [>]

  as convergent, [>]

  growth of after birth, [>]

  from birth to age two, [>]

  and ion channels, [>] (see also Ion channel)

  spikes in, [>]–[>], [>] (see also Spikes and spiking)

  spines of, [>]–[>]

  and wiring of brain, [>]

  Denk, Winfried, [>]–[>], [>]

  Depression, [>]

  antidepressants for, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  iproniazid, [>]

  and serotonin, [>]

  Descartes, René, [>]

  Determinism, connectome, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Diamond knife, [>]–[>], [>]

  Diamonds, [>]

  Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, [>]

  Diffraction limit, [>]

  Distributed functions, [>]

  dMRI (diffusion magnetic resonance imaging), [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  DNA, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  in dead brain tissue, [>]

  information surviving through, [>]

  individual code discoverable in near future, [>]

  and sperm, [>]

  structure of discovered, [>]

  Doidge, Norman, [>]

  Dopamine, [>], [>]

  Double bouquet cell, [>], [>]

  Double dissociation, of speech production and comprehension, [>], [>]

  Double helix, [>]

  Dr. Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet (film), [>]

  Drexler, Eric, [>]–[>], [>]

  Drugs

  for mental disorders, [>]–[>]

  antidepressants, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  development of, [>]–[>], [>]

  for neurodegenerative disorders, [>], [>], [>]

  for stroke, [>]

  for trauma (forgetting), [>]

  Dual-trace theory of memory, [>]–[>]

  and stability-plasticity dilemma, [>]–[>]

  Dynamic Polarization, Law of, [>]

  Dyson, Freeman, [>]

  Early intervention, [>]

  École Polytechnique Fédérale, Switzerland, [>]

  Economics, Nobel Prize in, [>]

  Economo, Constantin von, [>]

  Edelman, Gerald, [>]

  Education, Spurzheim’s philosophy of, [>], [>]

  Efficient market hypothesis (EMH), [>]–[>]

  Efficient science hypothesis (ESH), [>], [>]

  Ehrlich, Paul, [>], [>]

  Einstein, Albert

  brain of, [>]

  vs. Newton, [>]

  Electrical signals, [>]–[>], [>]

  in relation to chemical signals, [>]

  Electrical synapses, [>], [>], [>]

  Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), [>]

  Electron microscope, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  axon and dendrite cross-sections imaged by, [>]

  and brain tissue after death, [>]

  serial, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  SBFSEM (serial block face scanning electron microscopy), [>]–[>]

  Embalming, [>], [>]–[>]

  Encoding of information, [>]–[>]

  Ending Aging (de Grey), [>]

  L’Enfant Sauvage (Truffaut film), [>]

  Engelbart, Doug, [>], [>]

  Engines of Creation (Drexler), [>]–[>]

  Enlightenment, the, and transhumanism, [>]–[>]

  Environmental differences, and rats’ problem solving, [>]

  Epigenetics, [>]

  Epilepsy, [>]

  from lissencephaly, [>]

  from malfunctioning ion channels, [>]

  surgery for, [>]

  and case of H.M., [>], [>]

  and weakened inhibition, [>]

  Equipotentiality, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  “Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An” (Locke), [>]

  Ettinger, Robert, [>]

  Ettinger’s Wager, [>], [>], [>]

  Evans, Arthur, [>]

  Excitatory neurons, [>]–[>]

  Excitatory synapses, [>]–[>]

  Experience

  and connectome, [>]

  and neuronal connections, [>]

  as source of ideas, [>]

  Locke on, [>]

  synapse elimination from, [>]–[>]

  Explicit (declarative) memory, [>]–[>], [>]

  Extracellular recording, [>]

  Factory metaphor for brain, [>]–[>]

  Fahey, Greg, [>]

  Fates, DNA compared with, [>]

  Fee, Michale, [>]

  Feedback, negative, [>]

  Feral children, [>]

  Feuerbach, Ludwig, [>]

  Fiala, John, [>], [>], [>]

  “Fiber tract,” [>], [>]

  First Law of Behavior Genetics, [>]

  First Three Minutes, The (Weinberg), [>]

  First Years Last Forever, The (video), [>], [>]

  Fixatives and fixation, [>], [>], [>]

  Fixing My Gaze (Barry), [>]

  Fleming, Alexander, [>]

  Fluoxetine, [>], [>]

  fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Focal dystonia, [>]

  Forest metaphor for brain, [>], [>], [>]

  and classification of neurons, [>]

  Four R’s of connectomes, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  and brain simulation, [>

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