258 “I cannot make myself realize that Beulah has given”: Washington Post, July 13, 1924.
258 She mused publicly that Al’s willingness to endure: “ ‘Chair Too Good for Them,’ Says ‘Gentle Sex’ Which Is Ready to Save State’s Time,” New York Telegram, Apr. 20, 1927.
258 Ten years after Beulah left him, Al, now: “Dead Woman Linked with Stoll Kidnap,” Brownsville (TX) Herald, Oct. 10, 1934.
258 The judge granted a request for a new trial: “Annan Goes Free in Party Slaying of Woman Guest,” CDT, Dec. 29, 1934.
258 After moving into a luxurious: “Husband Sues Belva Gaertner, Freed in Murder,” CDT, Aug. 1, 1926; Case S-443652 (Gaertner v. Gaertner, 1926).
259 This cowardice apparently infuriated Belva: “The Matrimonial Worm That Turned at Last,” San Antonio Light, Jan. 9, 1927.
259 Another paper referred to her as: “Why the ‘Cave-girl’ Wants a Third Divorce from Hubby,” Fresno Bee, Sept. 19, 1926.
259 She traveled to New York, Europe, and Cuba: Ship manifests, ancestry.com.
259 When William Gaertner died in 1948: “Business Left to Chicago U.,” NYT, Dec. 15, 1948; Belva E. Gaertner probate notice, Pasadena Star-News, May 26, 1965.
259 Katherine Malm was a model prisoner: “Kitty Malm, ‘Tiger Girl’ of Sensational Murder Case, Is Dead,” CDT, Dec. 28, 1932.
259 “Each time,” the reporter recalled: “Dear Mrs. Griggs,” a reprint of a five-part series that appeared in the Milwaukee Journal in March 1980, Ione Quinby Papers, Western Springs Historical Society.
259 Kitty tried to win early release in 1930: Joliet Penitentiary Record for Katherine Baluk (no. 418-9185), Illinois State Archives, Margaret Cross Norton Building, Springfield, Illinois.
259 In response, Quinby began to agitate: “May Free Convict,” Charleston (SC) Gazette, July 19, 1931.
260 Elsie Walther, a prisoner advocate working for: “Ex-‘Tiger Girl,’ Kitty Malm, to Ask for Parole,” CDT, Oct. 10, 1932.
260 In 1931, he was involved in riots: “Fear New Riots at Joliet; Tell Guards to Shoot,” CDT, Mar. 25, 1931.
260 She soon began an advice column: “Angel of the Green Sheet,” Coronet, Sept. 1953; “Mrs.Griggs,” Mar., 1980.
260 “Whenever we had a tour come through”: Author interview with Jackie Loohauis-Bennet, May 8, 2008.
261 Convinced she was failing: “Informally: Feminine Fallacies in Newspaper Work,” CDT, July 17, 1927; Steiner and Gray, 14.
261 The following year, in 1926, O’Brien: “Noted Lawyer Shot in Chicago Gang War; 2 Killed, 3 Wounded,” NYT, Oct. 10, 1926.
261 “You better lay down, Willie”: ISA: O’Brien, 33.
261 O’Brien, wounded in the stomach: “Chicago Police War upon Bandits,” NYT, Oct. 14, 1926.
262 O’Brien would win the Saltis case: ISA: O’Brien, 33.
262 He had begun drinking heavily: Case B-121999 (O’Brien, William and Zoe, 1925).
262 Four years later, he was disbarred: ISA: O’Brien, 30-40.
262 In 1939, in an attempt to regain: ISA: O’Brien, 27-29.
262 In 1944, facing new legal troubles: “William W. O’Brien Disbarred 2d Time; Five Others Banned,” CDT, May 13, 1944.
262 In 1929, he was sentenced to three months: “Scott Stewart Ordered to Jail by High Court,” CDT, Dec. 21, 1929.
262 Two years later, he beat back: McConnell, 136.
262 Stewart defended gangsters through much of the 1930s: “William Scott Stewart Dies Broke, Alone,” CDT, Mar. 20, 1964.
262 On June 16, 1924, Sabella Nitti was released: “Mrs. Crudelle, Back on Nitti Farm, Rejoices,” CDT, June 17, 1924; “Drop Charge of Murder Against Two Crudelles,” CDT, Dec. 2, 1924.
263 “ ‘The woman in law’—and straig htaway”: “The Woman in Law,” Viewpoints magazine, Nov. 1924, series 3, folder 72, Helen Cirese Papers, Special Collections, University of Illinois at Chicago.
263 In the three years after Chicago made: “Theater,” CDT, Dec. 6, 1927; “News and Gossip of the Times Square Sector,” NYT, Aug. 25, 1929, Sept. 17, 1929; Woollcott.
263 In 1981, seeking to revive interest: “How a 1936 Screwball Comedy Illuminates Movie History,” NYT, Feb. 1, 1981.
264 Maurine Watkins died of lung cancer: Letter from Fred J. Thompson to Mr. J. E. Smith, Oct. 9, 1969, William Roy Smith: Vice President of Abilene Christian College, 1940-1962 (MS9), Milliken Special Collections, Abilene Christian University Library.
265 Abend, who died in 2003, claimed: “Murder She Wrote,” CDT, July 16, 1997.
265 “She didn’t want to accept a dime”: CDT, July 16, 1997; also see “Pssstttt! ‘Chicago’ Has a Secret Past,” USA Today, Mar. 25, 2003.
265 Journalists and theater scholars recycled: Grubb, 193; Pauly, xiii.
265 University of Delaware professor: Pauly, xiii, xxix.
265 In a 1959 letter to an administrator: Letter from Maurine Watkins to W. R. Smith, Dec. 7, 1959, William Roy Smith: Vice President of Abilene Christian College, 1940-1962 (MS9), Milliken Special Collections, Abilene Christian University Library.
266 A 1935 stage revival in London: “London Dislikes Watkins Play,” NYT, Mar. 14, 1935.
266 Bob Fosse had no desire to stage: Grubb, 201-3.
266 Fosse told his stars that, though Roxie and Velma: Ibid.
Bibliography
BOOKS
Abbott, George. “Mister Abbott.” New York: Random House, 1963.
Adler, Jeffrey S. First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Anderson, Sherwood. Mid-American Chants. New York: John Lane, 1918.
Asinof, Eliot. Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series. New York: Henry Holt, 1987.
Aylesworth, Thomas G., and Virginia L. Aylesworth. Chicago: The Glamour Years (1919-1941). Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 1986.
Baker, Carlos, ed. Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917-1961. New York: Scribner’s, 1981.
Bergreen, Laurence. Capone: The Man and the Era. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Birchard, Robert S. Cecil B. DeMille’s Hollywood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
Bronte, Patricia. Vittles and Vice. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952.
Butcher, Fanny. Many Lives, One Love. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Campbell, Joseph W. The Year That Defined Journalism: 1897 and the Clash of Paradigms. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Chandler, Charlotte. She Always Knew How: Mae West, a Personal Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Chicago Vice Commission. The Social Evil in Chicago. 1911.
Ciccone, F. Richard. Mike Royko: A Life in Print. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001.
Cmiel, Kenneth. A Home of Another Kind. University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Dornfeld, A. A. “Hello Sweetheart, Get Me Rewrite!”: The Story of the City News Bureau of Chicago. Academy Chicago, 1988.
Downs, M. Catherine. Becoming Modern: Willa Cather’s Journalism. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1999.
Dreiser, Theodore. Newspaper Days: An Autobiography. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Books, 2001.
Duncombe, Stephen, and Andrew Mattson. The Bobbed Haired Bandit: A True Story of Crime and Celebrity in 1920s New York. New York University Press, 2006.
Dunlop, M. H. Gilded City: Scandal and Sensation in Turn-of-the-Century New York. New York: HarperCollins Perennial, 2000.
Federal Writers’ Project of the Work Projects Administration. Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State. New York: Hastings House, 1954.
Gilman, Mildred. Sob Sister. New York: Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith, 1931.
Grubb, Kevin Boyd. Razzle Dazzle: The Life and Work of Bob Fosse. New York: St. Martin’s, 1989.
Hecht, Ben. Charlie: The Improbable Life and Times of Charles MacArthur. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.
———. Gaily, Gaily. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.
Higdon, Hal. Leopold and Loeb and the Crime of the Ce
ntury. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Holt, Glen E., and Dominic A. Pacyga. Chicago: A Historical Guide to the Neighborhoods—the Loop and South Side. Chicago Historical Society, 1979.
Israel, Betsy. Bachelor Girl: 100 Years of Breaking the Rules—a Social History. New York: HarperCollins Perennial, 2002.
Johnson, Curt. Wicked City: Chicago from Kenna to Capone. New York: Da Capo Press, 1998.
Kahn, Roger. A Flame of Pure Fire: Jack Dempsey and the Roaring ’20s. New York: Harcourt, 1999.
Kaplan, Justin, ed. Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 17th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 2002.
Kinne, Wisner Payne. George Pierce Baker and the American Theatre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954.
Kobler, John. Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992.
Kogan, Herman, and Lloyd Wendt. Bosses in Lusty Chicago. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967.
Lane, Winthrop D. Cook County Jail: Its Physical Characteristics and Living Conditions. Chicago Community Trust, 1923. See alchemyof bones.com/stories/jail.htm.
Lesy, Michael. Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties. New York: Norton, 2007.
Lewis, Lloyd, and Henry Justin Smith. Chicago: The History of Its Reputation. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929.
MacAdams, William. Ben Hecht: The Man Behind the Legend. New York: Scribner’s, 1990.
MacKellar, Landis. The “Double Indemnity” Murder: Ruth Snyder, Judd Gray and New York’s Crime of the Century. Syracuse University Press, 2006.
Madison, James H. The Indiana Way: A State History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Mantle, Burns, ed. The Best Plays of 1926-27 and the Yearbook of the Drama in America. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1927.
Masters, Edgar Lee. The Tale of Chicago. New York: Putnam’s, 1933.
McConnell, Virginia A. Fatal Fortune: The Death of Chicago’s Millionaire Orphan. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
McPhaul, John J. Deadlines and Monkeyshines: The Fabled World of Chicago Journalism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
Mellow, James R. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
Morris, Edmund. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Ballantine, 1980.
———. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2001.
Murray, George. Madhouse on Madison Street. Chicago: Follett, 1965.
Nash, Jay Robert. Makers and Breakers of Chicago: From Long John Wentworth to Richard J. Daley. Academy Chicago, 1985.
———. World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime. New York: Paragon House, 1992.
Newton, Eric. Crusaders, Scoundrels, Journalists: The Newseum’s Most Intriguing Newspeople. New York: Times Books, 1999.
Nicholson, Virginia. Among the Bohemians: Experiments in Living, 1900-1939. New York: William Morrow, 2002.
Pasley, Fred. Al Capone: The Biography of a Self-made Man. New York: Ives Washburn, 1930.
Pauly, Thomas H., ed. “Chicago”: With the Chicago Tribune Articles That Inspired It. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
Pierce, Bessie Louise, ed. As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673-1933. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Quinby, Ione. Murder for Love. New York: Covici Friede, 1931.
Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin/Thomas Dunne, 2006.
Raiff, Janice L., Ann Durkin Keating, and James R. Grossman. The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum, online edition: www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org.
Rascoe, Burton. Before I Forget. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1937.
———. We Were Interrupted. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1947.
Ross, Ishbel. Ladies of the Press: The Story of Women in Journalism by an Insider. New York: Harper & Bros., 1936.
Sandburg, Carl. Chicago Poems. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004.
Schultz, Rima Lunin, and Adele Hast. Women Building Chicago 1790-1990. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Smith, Alston. Chicago’s Left Bank. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1953.
Spinney, Robert G. City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000.
Spivak, Lawrence E., ed. The American Mercury Reader. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 1944.
St. John, Robert. This Was My World. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1953.
Stewart, William Scott. Stewart on Trial Strategy. Chicago: Flood, 1940.
Sullivan, Edward Dean. Chicago Surrenders. New York: Vanguard, 1930.
———. Rattling the Cup on Chicago Crime. New York: Vanguard, 1929.
Terkel, Studs. Chicago. New York: Pantheon, 1986.
———. Touch and Go. New York: New Press, 2007.
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. Jazz: A History of America’s Music. New York: Knopf, 2000.
Watts, Jill. Mae West: An Icon in Black and White. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Watkins, Maurine. Chicago. New York: Knopf, 1927.
———. “Chicago”: With the Chicago Tribune Articles That Inspired It, ed. Thomas H. Pauly. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
Wendt, Lloyd. Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979.
Wetzsteon, Ross. Republic of Dreams: The American Bohemia, 1910-1960. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
The WGN: A Handbook of Newspaper Administration. Chicago: Tribune Company, 1922.
Zorbaugh, Harvey, and Howard P. Chudacoff. The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago’s Near North Side. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
JOURNALS
Adler, Jeffrey S. “ ‘I Loved Joe, but I Had to Shoot Him’: Homicide by Women in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago.” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 92, no. 3-4, 2003.
Elliott, John. “Tearing Up the Pages.” Portland Review 29, no. 1, 1983. Portland (Oregon) State University Library (LH1.P66).
Gilman, Mildred. “The Truth Behind the News.” American Mercury 29, no. 6, 1933.
Pelizzon, Penelope V., and Nancy M. West. “Multiple Indemnity: Film Noir, James M. Cain and the Adaptations of a Tabloid Case.” Narrative 13, no. 3, 2005.
Steiner, Linda, and Susanne Gray. “Genevieve Forbes Herrick: A Front-Page Reporter Pleased to Write About Women.” Journalism History, Spring 1985.
Stewart, William Scott. “A Criticism of the Public Defender System.” John Marshall Law Quarterly, no. 2, 1936.
Index
Abbott, George
Abend, Sheldon
Adams, Samuel Hopkins
Ahern, Michael
Allen, Albert
American Mercury
American Play Company
Annan, Albert
Beulah’s divorce from
and Beulah’s shooting of Kalstedt
at Beulah’s trial
manslaughter conviction of
Annan, Beulah
acquittal of
Al’s divorce from
beauty of
“Butterfly Goes Home” based on
Chicago based on
confessions of
at courthouse
death of
entertainment career desired by
first marriage of
Gaertner and
Harlib’s marriage to
at inquest
in jail
Kalstedt shot by
Nitti and
photograph of
police and
pregnancy of
press and
son of
testimony of
trial of
tuberculosis of
Unkafer case and
Watkins and
Archer, John
Asbury, Herbert
Atkinson, Brooks
Atlanta Constitution
Baker, George Pierce
/> Baluk, Max
Beck, Edward “Teddy”
Beith, Hay
Bell, Nelson B.
Bergman, Betty
birth control
Book About Myself, A (Dreiser)
bootleggers
Brown, Bert “Curley”
Browning, Edward W.
Browning, Frances
Bulliet. J.
Burton, Ernest DeWitt
Butcher, Fanny
“Butterfly Goes Home” (Watkins)
Cain, James M.
Canby, Vincent
Capone, Al
Capone, Frank
Capone family
Capron, Victor
Captive, The
Cause and Cure of Crime, The (Henderson)
Caverly, John R.
Chicago (musical)
Chicago (1926 play)
Annan as inspiration for
in Chicago
Gaertner and
Malm and
Nitti and
reviews of
Watkins’s interviews and
Chicago (1927 film)
Chicago (2002 film)
Chicago.
bohemians in
bootlegging in
Chicago in
corruption in
entertainment districts in
female criminals in
gangsters in
Grand Boulevard
Hyde Park
map of
philosophy of life in
race riots in
smoke in
Watkins’s move to
Chicago American
Annan and
Chicago and
Franks (Leopold and Loeb) case and
Gaertner and
Malm and
Nitti and
Stopa and
Chicago Crime Commission
Chicago Daily Journal
Annan and
Gaertner and
Chicago Daily News
Annan and
Chicago and
Gaertner and
Malm and
Chicago Evening Post
Annan and
Chicago and
folding of
Gaertner and
Malm and
Nitti and
Stopa and
Chicago Herald and Examiner
Chicago and
Franks case and
Gaertner and
race riots and
Chicago Record-Herald
Chicago Tribune
The Girls of Murder City Page 35