Houston, Texas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Hutchinson, GE 1, 2, 3
Icarus 1
inventions 1, 2, 3, 4 argon detector 1, 2, 3, 4
electron capture detector (ECD) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
ion anemometer 1, 2
leak detector 1
photoionisation detector 1
transmodulator 1
wax pencil 1
Ireland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Ishida, Kozo 1, 2
Itokawa Ann 1, 2
Hideo 1, 2, 3
James, Tony 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Jarrell, Dick and Kiffy 1
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Josias, Conrad 1
Jünge, Christian 1, 2, 3, 4
Kaplan, Lou 1, 2
Klinger, Lee 1, 2
Kloster, Knut 1, 2, 3
Kumar, Satish 1, 2
Kump, Lee 1
Lane, John 1, 2
Leakey Felix 1, 2, 3 Hugo 1, 2, 3, 4
Papa 1
Leete, John 1, 2
Leith Hill 1, 2
Lenton, Tim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Lidwell, Owen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Lindisfarne Fellowship 1, 2
Lipsky, Sandy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Liss, Peter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Lodge, James 1, 2, 3, 4
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 1
Lotka, Alfred 1
Lovelock Andrew 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Christine (Curthoys) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Helen (Hyslop) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Jane (Flynn) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Sandy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Tom 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Lowbury, Edward 1, 2
Machta, Lester 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Maeda, Yasuaki and Keiko 1
Manchester University 1, 2, 3, 4
Manchester 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
March 1 Ann (Mason) 1, 2
Florrie (Leete) 1, 2
Frank 1, 2
Grandfather Ephraim William 1, 2, 3
Grandmother Alice Emily 1, 2, 3, 4
Kit (Leakey) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Nell (Lovelock) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Margulis, Lynn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Marine Biological Association (MBA) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Mars 1, 2 detection of life 1, 2, 3, 4
Viking mission 1, 2, 3, 4
Voyager mission 1, 2
Marshall, Howard 1
Martin, Archer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
May, Sir Robert 1
Mazur, Peter 1
McCarthy, Ray 1, 2, 3
McIntosh, FC 1, 2
Medical Research Council see NIMR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Merryman, Henry 1
methane 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
microwave oven 1
Midgley, Mary 1, 2
Molina, Mario 1, 2, 3
Montefiore, Bishop Hugh 1, 2, 3
Moriyama, Shigeru 1, 2
Morton, James Parks 1, 2
Morton, Oliver 1, 2
Murray, Bull, and Spencer Ltd 1, 2, 3
Murray, Humphrey Desmond 1, 2, 3
Myers, Fred 1, 2, 3, 4
Myers, Norman 1
Nash, Thomas 1, 2
Nathan, Lord 1
National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) 1, 2, 3, 4
National Bureau of Standards 1, 2
National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Hampstead 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) 1, 2, 3
New Age 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Newton, Edward 1
Norton Croft 1, 2, 3
O’Boyle, Paddy 1, 2, 3, 4
Orpington, Kent 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Orwell, George 1, 2, 3, 4
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 1
O’Sullivan, Michael and Teresa 1, 2
oxygen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
ozone stratospheric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
patents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Pearce, Fred 1, 2
Pearson, Jos and David 1
Percy’s at Coombeshead 1
Peters, Jim and Chris 1, 2
Polge, Chris 1, 2, 3, 4
Porritt, Jonathon 1, 2, 3
Portland, Henry, Lord 1, 2, 3
Powys-Libbe, Jenny 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Princeton University 1
Prizes Amsterdam 1, 2, 3 Blue Planet 1, 2, 3
Nonino 1, 2
Norbert Gerbier 1
Volvo 1, 2
Quakers (Society of Friends) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Rapley, Chris 1
Rasmussen, RA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Raymond, Frank 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Reading University 1, 2, 3, 4
Rees, RJW 1, 2
rock weathering (biochemical) 1, 2
Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine 1
Rothschild, Victor, Lord 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Rowe, Charles 1
Rowland, Sherwood 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Royal Society of Chemistry 1
Royal Society 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Sagan, Carl 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Santo Domingo 1, 2, 3, 4
Sargent, Margaret 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Saunders, Peter 1
Schellnhuber, John 1, 2
Schumacher College 1, 2, 3, 4
Schwartzman, David 1, 2
Schweisfurth-Stiftung 1
scrub typhus 1
Security Services 1
Seiler, Wolfgang 1, 2
Shearer, Walter 1, 2, 3
Shell Corporation 1
Ships 1, 2, 3, 4 Carmania 1, 2
HMS Vengeance 1, 2
HMS Victorious 1
Queen Mary 1, 2
Royal Sovereign 1
RV Challenger 1
RV Meteor 1, 2
RV Shackleton 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Sir Frederick Russell 1
Silent Spring 1, 2, 3
Simmonds, Peter 1, 2, 3, 4
Smith, Audrey 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Smith, Frank 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Smith, John Maynard 1, 2, 3
spermatozoa 1, 2, 3
St Mark’s Road 1, 2, 3
Strand School 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
super-critical fluid chromatography 1, 2
Tellus 1, 2
Thatcher, Margaret 1, 2, 3
Thomas, Gordon 1, 2
Thompson, Keith 1
Thompson, William Irwin 1, 2, 3
Tickell, Sir Crispin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Todd, Alexander, Lord 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
trace gases 1 dimethyl sulphide (DMS) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
methyl chloride 1, 2
methyl iodide 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Tuck, Adrian 1, 2, 3
U.S. National Academy of Sciences 1, 2, 3
United Nations University 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
University of Houston 1, 2, 3, 4
Van den Ende, M 1
Volk, Tyler 1, 2
WG Pye of Cambridge 1, 2, 3
Walker, James 1
Warner, Ann 1
Warren, Steven 1, 2
Watson, Andrew 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Weaver, Harry and Ellen 1
Westbroek, Peter 1, 2
Whitfield, Michael 1, 2, 3, 4
Windscale 1
Wolpert, Lewis 1
Yale University 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Zlatkis Albert 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Esther 1
Plate 1. Ja
mes Lovelock in 1924
Plate 2. My Father, Tom Lovelock, in 1893
Plate 3. The wedding of Tom Lovelock and Nell March, 1914 Standing: Ephraim March (grandfather) and Tom Lovelock (father). Seated Alice March (grandmother) and Nell March (mother)
Plate 4. The March family at Deal, Kent, 1913 Left to right: Ephraim (grandfather), Ann, Alice (grandmother), Flo, Kit, and Frank
Plate 5. The National Institute for Medical Research, Holly Hill, Hampstead
Plate 6. James Lovelock, Owen Lidwell, and R. B. Bourdillon, 1943
Plate 7. A bullock with radio telemetering
Plate 8. HMS Vengeance in Arctic waters
Part 9. Audrey Smith, James Lovelock, and Leo McKern at the rehearsals of The Critical Point by Lorna Frazer
Plate 10. The experimental biology lab at the Mill Hill Institute
Plate 11. The apparatus for CFC measurements aboard RV Shackleton
Plate 12. The RV Shackleton
Plate 13. The Electron Capture Detector
Figure 1. A chromatogram to illustrate the sensitivity of the ECD. The peak ‘X’ represents 1.1 parts per trillion of Halon in the air
Plate 14. Helen Lovelock at Bowerchalke, 1968
Plate 15. Andrew Lovelock at Bowerchalke, 1968
Plate 16. Christine and Jane Lovelock at Harvard Hospital, 1947
Plate 17. John Lovelock at Bowerchalke, 1960
Plate 18. The Bowerchalke laboratory, 1972
Plate 19. The Coombe Mill laboratory, 1985
Plate 20. Left to right: James Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, and Ricardo Guerrero
Plate 21. Left to right: Robert Charlson, Jim Lovelock, Andi Andreae, and Steven Warren
Plate 22. James Lovelock and Hideo Itokawa
Plate 23. James Lovelock and Tim Lenton
Plate 24. Robert Garrels and James Lovelock at Coombe Mill
Plate 25. Jim and Sandy at Portland Road, 1988
Plate 26. Sandy at Altarnun, 1999
Copyright
First published in 2000 by Oxford University Press
This second paperback edition published in 2014 by Souvenir Press Ltd
43 Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3PD
This ebook edition first published in 2014
All rights reserved © 2000, 2013 by J.E. Lovelock
The right of James Lovelock to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with Section 77 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly
ISBN 9780285642560
THE AQUATIC APE HYPOTHESIS
Elaine Morgan
Why do humans differ in so many ways from other primates?
What do these differences tell us about human evolution?
The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis is Elaine Morgan’s definitive summation of the theory, where she asks her readers to consider the only evolutionary hypothesis that explains our anatomical anomalies:
Why, unlike other primates, are we naked and covered with fat?
The only other mammals with these features are whales, seals and pachyderms.
Why do we have a descended larynx? Why are we able to alter our rate of breathing? Chimpanzees cannot do this, but walruses can.
“A revelatory read for anyone interested in human origins.”
BBC Wildlife
The answers, Elaine Morgan argues, rewrite human history and evolution. They point to one inescapable conclusion: millions of years ago our ancestors were trapped in a semiaquatic environment. This readable and meticulously argued book forces scientists to question long-held theories of human evolution, which now seem seriously flawed.
“Part feminist polemic, part evolutionary bombshell.”
‘The Guardian’
THE DESCENT OF WOMAN
Elaine Morgan
The Descent of Woman is a pioneering work, the first to argue for the equal role of women in human evolution. On its first publication in 1972 it was created an international debate and became a rallying-point for feminism, changing the terminology of anthropologists forever. Starting with her demolition of the Biblical myth that woman was an afterthought to the creation of man, Elaine Morgan rewrites human history and evolution.
“Part feminist polemic, part evolutionary bombshell.”
‘The Guardian’
This lively, informative book sets out to solve the riddle of our origins; its answer is controversial. Elaine Morgan has made the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis a plausible alternative to conventional theories of evolution and The Descent of Woman first set out an understanding of who humans are and where they came from.
“She is more scientific than Genesis, more up to date than Darwin, more fun than Ardrey, and she writes better than Desmond Morris.”
‘The Sunday Telegraph’
THE SCARS OF EVOLUTION:
What our bodies tell us about human origins
Elaine Morgan
In this lively and controversial book Elaine Morgan presents a challenging interpretation to the question of human evolution. With brilliant logic she argues that our hominid ancestors began to evolve in response to an aquatic environment.
“Grippingly well written, argued clearly and with enormous intelligence… Morgan outlines the various evolutionary arguments concerning… the homo sapiens body and brilliantly demolishes 150 years of woolly theory.”
‘Literary Review’
Millions of years ago something happened that caused our ancestors to walk on two legs, to lose their fur, to develop larger brains and learn how to speak. Elaine Morgan discovers what this event was by studying the many incongruous flaws in the physiological make-up of humans. The human body is liable to suffer from obesity, lower back pain and acne. In support of her aquatic ape hypothesis she points out the flaws in our physiological make-up: the difficulties of erect bipedalism, our hairlessness and fat-layers, our preference for face to face sex and the way we breathe. Are these flaws a record of the history of the species, the ‘scars’ of evolution that are clues to earlier stages of evolution? Morgan establishes the origins of the evolutionary path that separated humans from other animals and questions the theories currently accepted by science. Did our ancestors adapt to an aquatic environment that subsequently dried out?
“It was one of the most outrageous, improbable evolutionary ideas ever proposed… now the idea… is becoming respectable.”
‘The Observer’
Elaine Morgan has made the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis a plausible alternative to conventional theories of evolution and in The Scars of Evolution she brings a real understanding of who humans are and where they came from.
Homage to Gaia Page 57