Some of those who informed the chapters about Aafia are Salma Kazmi, Aga Naeem Khan, Mohammed Amjad Khan, Zahera Khan, Fowzia Siddiqui, Elaine Whitfield Sharp, Imran Khan, C. Christine Fair, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Hamid Mir, Zaynab Khadr, Ijaz ul-Haq, Hamid Gul, Aamir Latif, Mohammed Hussein Baloch, Iqbal Jaffrey, Evan Kohlmann, Tamar Tesler, Thomas Joscelyn, Lorenzo Vidino, and the late Khalid Khawaja.
Quite a few others interviewed about both women prefer not to be named. I am grateful to all of them for their time and trust.
I have not cited material drawn from these personal interviews. Quotations and other information taken from books, articles, and other published materials are listed in the notes.
Notes
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Part I: Regarding the West
One
3 When Aafia Siddiqui’s name: In addition to interviews, my account of Aafia’s upbringing is taken from her testimony in United States of America v. Aafia Siddiqui, January 28, 2010, pp. 1696–1697, as well as the forensic evaluations conducted by Sally Johnson, M.D., March 16, 2009, pp. 5–6; Thomas L. Kucharski, Ph.D., June 20, 2009, pp. 2–4; Gregory B. Saathoff, M.D., March 15, 2009, pp. 4–6.
5 The Deobandis: Barbara Metcalf, Perfecting Women: Maulana Ashraf ’Ali Thanawi’s Bihishti Zewar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Charles Allen, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (New York: Da Capo Press, 2006).
6 Most Indian Muslims: For a biography of Mufti Muhammad Shafi, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Muhammad_Shafi and www .classicalislamgroup.com/index.php?view=tafseer/s17-v61to65.
6 Western intellectual historians: On Abu al-A’la al-Maududi and women, see Lamia Rustum Shehadeh, The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam (Gainesville, Fla.: University of Florida Press, 2003), pp. 23–48.
7 Asked what had set him: Ibid., p. 31.
7 When Aafia was two: Aafia describes the United Islamic Organisation and its work in two e-mails sent out to Muslim newsgroups on July 25, 1995, and September 18, 1995, copy in author’s files plus at www.qucis .queensu.ca/home/fevens/UIO/html.
Two
9 Ayaan’s mother: Ayaan Hirsi Ali has described her childhood and upbringing in her three books, The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women (New York: Free Press, 2006); Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007); and Nomad: From Islam to America: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations (New York: Free Press, 2010), as well as in many interviews and news reports.
9 Even today, a typical Somali child: See Lee V. Cassanelli, The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982); David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987); and I. Lewis, A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali in the Horn of Africa (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1961) on Somali history and culture.
10 Both Asha and Hirsi belonged: Some details of Hirsi Magan Isse’s life are taken from his obituary, “Tariikhii Dr. Xersi Magana 1935–2008,” August 25, 2008, www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish /Islam_28/Tariikhii_Xersi_Magana.shtml. Others are taken from Mahmoud Yahye’s unpublished manuscript, “A Short Biography of Mr. Hirsi Magan,” copy in author’s files.
12 As Ayaan’s half sister Arro later wrote: IAW Newsletter, no. 5 (June 2002), www.womenalliance.org/pdf/June2002.pdf; “Le Mutilazioni Genitali Femminili: Una Tradizione da Abbandonare per Sempre,” www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/MutItal.pdf.
13 Hirsi, however, like his first wife: Transcript of Jos van Dongen, interview with Mahad Hirsi Magan, March 30–April 1, 2005.
14 “Something inside”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 40.
14 “Ma saw us”: Ibid., p. 41.
14 “You are my only son”: Hirsi Ali, Nomad, p. 52.
15 “There were two examples”: Kathy Brewis, “On a Jihad Against the Faith She Cast Off,” Sunday Times, December 4, 2004.
15 Banna later described: Quoted in Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 7.
15 “Allah is our way”: Quoted in Matthias Kuntzel, Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11 (New York: Telos Press, 2007), p. 14.
16 At the time, Wahhabis: Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (London: Penguin, 2006), p. 149; Alexi Alexiev, “The End of an Alliance,” National Review, November 26, 2002.
Three
19 “the modernity”: Quoted in Muhammed Taqi Usmani, Islam and Modernism (trans. Muhammad Sualeh Siddiqui), www.fahmedeen.org /books/islamandmodernism.pdf.
19 The implications: Afshan Jafar, “Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan,” Gender Issues 22, no. 1 (2005), 35–55.
21 There was plenty for a woman: Aafia Siddiqui, e-mails to Muslim newsgroups on July 25, 1995, and September 18, 1995, copy in author’s files plus at www.qucis.queensu.ca/home/fevens/UIO/html.
22 The zakat money helped support: Khalid Baig, “Yeh Tere Pur Asrar Bande, Author: Mufti Muhammad Rafi Usmani,” www.urdustan .com/nuqta/warriors.htm.
22 A few numbers: International Crisis Group, “Pakistan: Karachi’s Madrassas and Violent Extremism,” March 29, 2007, http://www .crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/130_pakistan_karachi_s_madrasas_and_violent_extremism.ashx.
22 Back in 1981: Baig, “Yeh Tere Pur Asrar Bande.”
23 The girl’s hobby: Fowzia wrote me about Aafia’s pets, and Der Spiegel describes her pulling out the family albums in Juliane von Mittelstaedt, “The Most Dangerous Woman in the World,” November 27, 2008.
23 As Aafia later summarized: www.qucis.queensu.ca/home/fevens/UIO /html.
Four
26 Hirsi had installed her: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Nomad: From Islam to America: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations (New York: Free Press, 2010), p. 51.
26 Chicken Licken: Jean Westmoore, “A Flight from Radical Islam’s Oppression,” Buffalo News, October 6, 2009.
27 Mahad could do well: Jos van Dongen, interview with Mahad Hirsi Magan, March 30–April 1, 2005.
27 “fighting practice”: Hirsi Ali, Nomad, p. 188.
27 But Somalia’s confrontational methods: Ibid., pp. 53–55.
28 In January 1983: Van Dongen, interview with Mahad.
28 “It was the ideal home”: Ibid.
29 “She began to beat us”: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007), p. 40.
29 “as a family”: Van Dongen, interview with Mahad.
29 “angry at everyone”: Jutta Chorus and Ahmet Olgun, In godsnaam: Het jaar van Theo van Gogh (Amsterdam: Contact, 2005), p. 92.
29 “Sometimes in those”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 90.
30 “What we learned was”: Westmoore, “A Flight from Radical Islam’s Oppression.”
30 A new teacher: Ayaan has described her relationship with Sister Aziza in Infidel, pp. 83–124, as well as in many interviews. See, e.g., Christopher Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment,” The New York Times Magazine, April 3, 2005.
31 “it sent a message”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 85.
31 “I never reached”: Ibid., p. 130.
31 “Suddenly we hated Israel”: Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment.”
31 “I must confess”: Rogier van Bakel, “The Trouble Is the West,” Reason, November 2007.
31 “It was when I was most devout”: Mary Wakefield, “We Are at War with Islam,” The Spectator, December 1, 2007.
32 Ayaan finished high school: Ayaan describes the period between her graduation from high school and her departure for Somalia in Infidel, pp. 114–122.
Five
34 It was snowing: United States of America v. Aafia Siddiqui, January 28, 20
10, p. 1697.
34 Aafia’s architect brother: Muhammad A. Siddiqui is mentioned as the architect of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston in “Islamic Architecture, Art and Urbanism: Vital Resources,” http://libraries.mit.edu /guides/subjects/islamicarchitecture/visual/usamosqueslist.html.
35 Several other: “Who was Dr. Aafia Siddiqui? An Eyewitness Account,” www.draafia.org/2009/07/23/who-was-dr-aafia-an-eyewitness-account/.
35 Her only extracurricular: Lorenzo Vidino details the history of the Muslim Students Association in The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
37 The prayer leader: Catherine Criss, “Area Muslims Fear the World Is Going to War,” Houston Chronicle, January 12, 1991.
37 The Siddiquis’ spiritual guide: Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Islam and Modernism (trans. Muhammed Sualeh Siddiqui), www.fahmedeen.org /books/islamandmodernism.pdf, p. 22.
Six
39 Somalia in the spring: Ayaan describes the period she spent in Somalia in 1990 in Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007), pp. 123–144.
40 “I always felt”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 125.
40 “Our relationship”: Maaike Beekers, “Ayaanlaanse Toestanden,” Red, June 2010.
41 “I was violating”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 131.
41 “a rather bewildered Englishman”: Ibid., p. 133.
41 Somalia was so poor: See, e.g., Haley Sweetland Edwards, “Somalis Risk Passage to Yemen,” February 10, 2010, on the terrifying annual rite by which Somalis try to make it to the poorest Arab country.
42 “utterly gorgeous”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 138.
43 “As for my father’s family”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 140.
43 Mohamud, for his part: See Juha-Pekka Tikka, “Ayaan Hirsi Alin outo Suomi-yhteys,” Ilta-Sanomat, October 9, 2007; Tikka, “Rajatarkastus selvittaa Hirsi Ali–mysteeria,” Ilta-Sanomat, October 15, 2007.
Seven
45 Aafia had requested: United States of America v. Aafia Siddiqui, Document 258-1, August 19, 2010, p. 5.
45 “She was religious”: Katherine Ozment, “Who’s Afraid of Aafia Siddiqui?” Boston Magazine, May 15, 2006.
45 Aafia gravitated toward: United States of America v. Aafia Siddiqui, January 28, 2010, pp. 1699–1700.
46 One MSA member: A former Wellesley student reminisced about Aafia at http://muslimmatters.org/2010/12/30/aafia/.
46 By the time: MIT MSA’s recommendation can be found at http://msa .mit.edu/life/housing/.
46 The MSA’s executive board: The package of materials Aafia and Suheil Laher contributed is part of the “MSA Starter’s Guide: A Guide on How to Run a Successful MSA,” 1st ed., March 1996.
47 “First make sure the intention”: Ibid.
47 Another recalled: Syed Shoaib Hassan, “Mystery of Siddiqui Disappearance,” BBC News, August 14, 2008.
Eight
49 For the first time: Ayaan gives the fullest account of the events leading up to her departure for Germany in Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007), pp. 145–180. However, she gave different accounts in her earlier book, The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women (New York: Free Press, 2006) and in many interviews. See Marlise Simons, “Behind the Veil: A Muslim Woman Speaks Out,” New York Times, November 9, 2002, in which Simons says Ayaan’s father forced her to marry “a man she had never seen before.” More recently Ayaan told Joseph Rago that her marriage would have been “an arranged rape” if it had gone forward. See “Free Radical; The Weekend Interview: Ayaan Hirsi Ali Infuriates Muslims and Discomfits Liberals,” Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2007.
49 The Somali refugees: See Ilse van Liempt, Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling into the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007), for a discussion of how and why Somalis began arriving in the Netherlands in the early 1990s. Elizabeth H. Campbell, “Formalizing the Informal Economy: Somali Refugee and Migrant Trade Networks in Nairobi,” Global Migration Perspectives, no. 47 (2005), describes the situation of Somali refugees in Nairobi after the fall of Siad Barre. Lucy Hannan, “A Gap in Their Hearts: The Experience of Separated Somali Children,” IRIN, 2003, details how the smugglers’ network brings Somalis to Europe.
50 “If you could raise”: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Nomad: From Islam to America: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations (New York: Free Press, 2010), p. 179.
51 Finnish immigration records: Juha-Pekka Tikka, “Ayaan Hirsi Alin outo Suomi-yhteys,” Ilta-Sanomat, October 9, 2007.
52 She says: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 161.
52 according to Mahad: Jos van Dongen, interview with Mahad Hirsi Magan, March 30–April 1, 2006.
53 “fed on North American beef”: Jos van Dongen, interview with Ayaan, April 27, 2006.
53 Osman himself: “The Holy Ayaan,” Zembla, VARA Television, May 11, 2006. Osman and Faduma were interviewed by Zembla in 2006. In 2009, I interviewed Faduma and her son, Mahad. I reached Osman Musse Quarre in Toronto, but he would not talk to me.
54 “Mahad’s goal now”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 176.
54 Ayaan would later confess: For instance, in The Caged Virgin, p. 87, she wrote that she “mastered the art of lying.” In Nomad, p. 182, she wrote, “I lie to . . . apologize.”
55 “I personally”: Van Dongen, interview with Mahad.
56 Osman, on the other hand: “The Holy Ayaan,” May 11, 2006.
56 Like everyone else: Zembla was the first to expose in “The Holy Ayaan” the fact that Ayaan already had refugee status in Kenya when she applied for asylum in the Netherlands.
57 “my tongue”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 180.
Nine
58 Aafia spent: Aafia is listed as a recipient of a Carroll L. Wilson award at http://entrepreneurship.mit.edu/clw-award-recipients.
58 The two largest: “Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan,” Human Rights Watch, 1992.
59 MIT has never released: Aafia spoke to the FBI about the book she wrote and her views of American feminism in United States of America v. Aafia Siddiqui, Document 256, August 19, 2010, p. 4.
60 “was that of an Islamic state”: Hassan Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America’s War on Terror (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2005), p. 148.
60 Under Nasir: Ibid.
60 Less famous: In addition to my interview with members of the family, this account of the al-Baluchi clan’s origins is taken from Terry McDermott, Perfect Soldiers (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 107–126, and Yosri Fouda and Nick Fielding, Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2003), pp. 88–104.
Ten
62 “I wanted to be”: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007), p. 187.
62 Staying in Germany: Lucy Hannan, “A Gap in Their Hearts: The Experience of Separated Somali Children,” IRIN, 2003, p. 22.
63 “You had to go”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, p. 190.
63 “If you just told them”: Van Dongen, interview with Ayaan, April 27, 2006.
63 She has never said in detail: What follows is taken from Infidel, pp. 192–193.
64 The first Somali refugees: Ilse van Liempt, Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling into the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007), pp. 79–80.
64 There were so many other: Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 45.
64 “For months”: “Airlift for Humanity,” Time, August 10, 1992.
66 Until she found work: Ayaan discusses her unemployment benefits in Nomad: From Islam to America: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations (New York: Free Press, 2010), p. 166.
Eleven
67 Blinded as a child: Peter Waldman, “Bully Pulpit: Egyptian Jihad Leader Preaches Holy War to Brooklyn Muslims—Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman Blessed Slaying of Sadat,
Now Operates from U.S.—Murder in the Neighborhood,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 1993.
68 The group vehemently opposed: Mark Fineman, “A Death Threat: Afghan Women Fear for Rights in the Future,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1989.
68 Although most Muslim men: Peter Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know (New York: Free Press, 2006), pp. 17–18.
68 Yet despite all this: Evan F. Kohlmann, “Expert Report—United States of America v. Muhamed Mubayyid, Emadeddin Muntasser, and Samir Al-Monla,” Criminal Action no. 05-40026-FDS, 2007, p. 38.
69 Back in 1985, Kanj: Bernard Rougier gives the best capsule biography of Bassam Kanj in Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam Among Palestinians in Lebanon, trans. Pascale Ghazaleh (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 231–254.
69 As Abdullah Azzam’s widow: Mohammed Al Shafey, “Asharq Al-Awsat Interviews Umm Mohammed: The Wife of Bin Laden’s Spiritual Mentor,” Asharq Al-Awsat, April 30, 2006.
70 The MSA in Chicago: Evan Kohlmann, “Relief International (R.I.)—Chicago, IL,” copy in author’s files.
70 Aafia was eager: Shakat Ali Bhatti to Aafia on Muslim newsgroups, March 27, 1993, copy in author’s files; Aafia Siddiqui, e-mail to Muslim newsgroups, March 15, 1993, copy in author’s files.
Twelve
73 Back in Eastleigh: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Infidel: My Life (New York: Free Press, 2007), p. 197.
74 If the Islamists feared: “The Guns of August Echo,” Time, August 17, 1992.
74 The same month the Americans: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, pp. 203–205.
74 Osman’s account: The interview with Osman Musse was in “The Holy Ayaan,” Zembla, VARA Television, May 11, 2006.
75 According to Ayaan: Ayaan describes this in Infidel, pp. 204–205.
76 Ayaan wrote her father: Ibid., pp. 209–211.
Thirteen
77 His uncle KSM: John R. Schindler, Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa’ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad (St. Paul, Minn.: Zenith Press, 2007), p. 280.
77 Ramzi Yousef had set: Simon Reeve, The New Jackals (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999), p. 24.
78 On February 23: Steve McGonigle and Gayle Reaves, “Texas Ties: Texas Linked Network of Suspects in World Trade Center Bombing,” Dallas Morning News, June 8, 1997.
Wanted Women Page 46