65. ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, l. 28 ob.; cf. Hamsun, Victoria, 78.
66. ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, l. 23–24ob. (the long quotation is on ll. 24–24ob.); Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizhenia Rossii (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 572–73; S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009.
67. S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009.
68. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://zhurnal.lib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, l. 28ob.
69. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://zhurnal.lib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, ll. 39–39ob. and passim.
70. RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 128. ll. 32–33ob.
71. Ibid., ll. 58–64ob.
72. Natal’ia Dardykina, “Dzhiokonda, kotoruiu ukrali,” Moskovskii komsomolets 21608 (January 22, 2001).
73. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 41 (translation modified); M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
74. Aleksei Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina (Moscow: Iauza, 2009), 206–16; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 301; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 35 (translation modified).
75. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 35–36; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
76. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 41–43 (translation modified); Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
77. ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, d. 65, l. 4 ob.
78. L. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi russkoi revoliutsii (opyt analiza t.n. “voennogo kommunizma”) (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1924), 79; Sheila Fitzpatrick, “Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia,” Journal of Modern History 65, no. 4 (December 1993): 745–70.
79. Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizhenia Rossii (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 688; E. I. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts”; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 194–211; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11, ll. 74–75; N. I. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, in Bukharin, Problemy teorii i praktiki sotsializma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 163; Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi russkoi revoliutsii, 79; ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, d. 1, l. 1.
80. ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, d. 80, ll. 1–2; Irena Vladimirski, “Evreiskaia diaspora i ee vklad v ekonomicheskoe razvitie Manchzhurii,” Zametki po evreiskoi istorii 10 (October 2008): http://berkovich-zametki.com/2008/Zametki/Nomer10/Vladimirski1.php; V. I. Lenin, “Novaia ekonomicheskaia poitika i zadachi politprosvetov,” in PSS, 44:173, http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=943:novaya-ekonomicheskaya-politika-i-zadachi-politprosvetov&catid=83:tom-44&Itemid=53#.D0.9F.D0.95.D0.A0.D0.92.D0.AB.D0.99_.D0.92.D0.A0.D0.90.D0.93_.E2.80.94_.D0.9A.D0.9E.D0.9C.D0.9C.D0.A3.D0.9D.D0.98.D0.A1.D0.A2.D0.98.D0.A7.D0.95.D0.A1.D0.9A.D0.9E.D0.95_.D0.A7.D0.92.D0.90.D0.9D.D0.A1.D0.A2.D0.92.D0.9E.
81. The Kritsman-Shcherbakov family archive (courtesy of Irina Shcherbakova).
82. ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, d. 79; RGASPI, f. 329, op. 2, d. 1, l. 10.
83. A. Arosev, Belaia lestnitsa (Moscow: Krug, 1923), 17–30.
84. V. I. Lenin, “Zasedanie petrogradskogo soveta,” in PSS, 38:15–16, http://leninism.su/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1298:zasedanie-petrogradskogo-soveta &catid=77:tom-38&Itemid=53.
85. This section is greatly indebted to Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), esp. 148–207.
86. A. Arosev, Zapiski Terentiia Zabytogo (Berlin: Russkoe tvorchestvo, 1922), 14, 96–97, 106–8.
87. A. Ia. Arosev, Belaia lestnitsa: Roman, povesti, rasskazy (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1989), 269–307.
88. Fedor Gladkov, Tsement, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/gladkov_fedor/tsement.html; V. Kirshon and A. Uspenskii, “Koren’kovshchina,” Molodaia gvardiia 10 (1926): 36–79; Sergei Malashkin, Luna s pravoi storony (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1928), 120–21.
89. Arosev, Zapiski, 27–33, 65–66, 100–101.
90. Aleksandr Arosev, Nedavnie dni (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926), 28–29, 46, 48–52, 97–107, 123–28.
91. Iurii Libedinskii, Rozhdenie geroia (Leningrad: GIKhL, 1931), 3, 17–18, 53–56, 78 (the “conciliator” quotation), 82 (the “bitch” quotation), 87–89, 123–24, 153 (the “children’s cities” quotation), 185–87.
92. Andrei Platonov, Chevengur, Klassika.ru, http://www.klassika.ru/read.html?proza/platonov/chewengur.txt&page=62.
93. A. Voronskii, Literaturnye portrety (Moscow: Federatsiia, 1929), 2:229–39. For an extensive discussion, see Eliot Borenstein, Men without Women: Masculinity and Revolution in Russian Fiction, 1917–1929 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000). Platonov, Chevengur.
94. V. V. Maiakovskii, “Klop,” Lib.ru, http://lib.ru/POEZIQ/MAYAKOWSKIJ/klop.txt; V. V. Maiakovskii, “Idilliia,” Biblioteka russkoi poezii, http://libverse.ru/mayakovskii/idilliya.html; V. V. Maiakovskii, “Vsem,” Vladimir Maiakovskii, http://mayakovsky.narod.ru/; Dardykina, “Dzhiokonda.”
8. THE PARTY LINE
1. A. Arosev, Po sledam Lenina (Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1924), 42; Boris Schumatsky, Silvester bei Stalin (Berlin: Philo, 1999); B. Baabar, History of Mongolia (Cambridge: White Horse Press, 1999), 218–26; S. G. Luzianin, Rossiia—Mongolia—Kitai v pervoi polovine XX veka: Politicheskie vzaimootnosheniia v 1911–1946 (Moscow: Ogni, 2003), 102–47.
2. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki (Moscow: Pravda, 1956), 121–24.
3. Quoted in Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 224.
4. Oleg Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), esp. chap. 3.
5. David L. Hoffmann, Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917–1941 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
6. Art. Khalatov, Rabotnitsa i obshchestvennoe pitanie (Moscow: Narpit, 1924), 11; Khalatov, Obshchestvennoe pitanie k desiatiletiiu Oktiabria (Moscow: Narpit, 1927), 5; Svetlana Artem’evna Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998.
7. N. I. Podvoiskii and A. R. Orlinskii, eds., Massovoe deistvo: Rukovodstvo k organizatsii i provedeniiu prazdnovaniia desiatiletiia Oktiabria i drugikh revoliutsionnykh prazdnikov (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1927), 9; N. I. Podvoiskii, ed., Massovoe deistvo, stsenicheskie igry: Vsemirnyi Oktiabr’, postavlennyi na Pervoi vsesoiuznoi spartakiade, i drugie stsenicheskie igry (Moscow: Teakinopechat’, 1929), 10–11.
8. V. Kerzhentsev, Tvorcheskii teatr: Puti sotsialisticheskogo teatra (Moscow: Kniga, 1918), 44, 46–47; P. M. Kerzhentsev, Organizui samogo sebia (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1925), 7, 21.
9. P. M. Kerzhentsev, Bor’ba za vremia (Moscow: Ktasnaia nov’, 1924), 15, 8–9; Kerzhentsev, Organizui, 15–16; see also Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 145–64.
10. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, chap. 11, eBooks@Adelaide, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/d/dickens/charles/d54ou/chapter11.html.
11. Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki, 107–10.
12. G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 76; Vsevolod Ivanov, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe iszdatel’stvo khudizhestvennoi literatury, 1958), 1:62 (the Gorky quotation).
13. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdts
e posylaiut puliu,” 78–79 (the “self-discipline quotation); Ivanov, Sobranie sochinenii, 1:63.
14. Ivanov, Sobranie sochinenii, 1:63.
15. A. Voronskii, Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi (Moscow: Antikva, 2005), 2:322; Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” 77–78, 82–84; Ivanov, Sobranie sochinenii, 1:63–64.
16. E. A. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii v poiskakh zhivoi vody (Moscow: Rosspen 2001), 90 (the censorship quotation); N. A. Trifonov, ed., Literaturnoe nasledstvo (Moscow: Nauka, 1983), 93:571; Voronskii, Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi, 1:165, 2:5–6; Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” 90.
17. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii, 81–85, 116–23; Edward J. Brown, The Proletarian Episode in Russian Literature, 1928–1932 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953), 13–32; Evgenii Dobrenko, Formovka sovetskogo pisatelia (St. Petersburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 1999), 42–62.
18. A. Voronskii, “Mister Britling p’et chashu do dna,” Krasnaia nov’ 5 (1926): 195; Voronskii, “Iskusstvo kak poznanie zhizni i sovremennost’,” in Voronskii, Izbrannye stat’i o literature (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1982), 302. For a discussion, see Dobrenko, Formovka sovetskogo pisatelia, 88–94.
19. A. Voronskii, “Ob iskusstve pisatelia,” in Kak i nad chem rabotat’ pisateliu (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1927), 3, 15–16; Voronskii, Literaturnye tipy (Moscow: Krug, 1931), 222 (on Pushkin’s “The Prophet”); Voronskii, “Iskusstvo videt’ mir,” in Voronskii, Izbrannye stat’i o literature, 419, 415.
20. Voronskii, Izbrannye stat’i o literature, 416, 422.
21. Voronskii, “Ob iskusstve pisatelia,” 21; A. Voronskii, Iskusstvo i zhizn’ (Moscow: Krug, 1924), 268–71.
22. A. Voronskii, “O khlestkoi fraze i klassikakh,” in Voronskii, Izbrannye stat’i o literature, 296–97; Voronskii, “Iskusstvo videt’ mir,” 416. For more on Voronsky’s theory of literature, see Robert E. Maguire, Red Virgin Soil: Soviet Literature in the 1920s (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), 188–259.
23. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii, 155, 137. Italics in the original. See also “Dneivnik D. A. Furmanova za 1924–1925 gg.,” Istochnik 1 (1998): 106–41, esp. 116, 121.
24. Aleksandr Isbakh, Na literaturnykh barrikadakh (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1964), 8–10.
25. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GIKhL, 1960), 7:532; Vospominaniia sovremennikov ob A.S. Serafimoviche (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1977), 103, 121.
26. Isbakh, Na literaturnykh barrikadakh, 14.
27. Ibid., 15 (“you’re sure to win” quotation); Vospominaniia sovremennikov ob A. S. Serafimoviche, 113 (“public discussions” quotation).
28. Andrei Artizov and Oleg Naumov, comps., Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia (Moscow: Demoktaiia, 1999), 53–57.
29. Voronskii, “Mister Britling,” 201.
30. Boris Pilniak, Povest’ nepogashennoi luny (Sofia: N.p., n.d.).
31. Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia, 66–67.
32. T. M. Goriaeva, ed., Iskliuchit’ vsiakie upominaniia … Ocherki istorii sovetskoi tsenzury (Minsk: Staryi svet-print, 1995), 71–72; A. Voronsky, “Pis’mo v redaktsiiu,” Novyi mir 6 (1926): 184.
33. Voronskii, “Mister Britling,” 203.
34. N. I. Bukharin, “Zlye zametki,” in N. I. Bukharin, Revoliutsiia i kul’tura (Moscow: Fond imeni N. I. Bukharina, 1993), 104–10.
35. A. Voronskii, “Ob industrializatsii i ob iskusstve,” in Voronskii, Iskusstvo videt’ mir (Moscow: Krug, 1928), 167–68.
36. P. Kerzhentsev, “Ob oshibke tt. Trotskogo, Voronskogo i dr.,” Oktiabr’ 1 (1925): 117; Bukharin, “Zlye zametki,” 110.
37. Maguire, Red Virgin Soil, 177–86; Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii, 175–78.
38. N. I. Bukharin, “Zheleznaia kogorta revoliutsii,” in Bukharin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia (Moscow: Politizdat, 1988), 35, 38; Nikolai Bukharin, Vremena (Moscow: Progress, 1994), 179.
39. A. A. Sol’ts, “O partetike,” in Partiinaia etika: Dokumenty i materialy diskussii 20-kh godov (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 277.
40. Igal Halfin, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 43–95; Charles Lloyd Cohen, God’s Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 137–61; Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, 222–23.
41. Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, 223. See also Philip S. Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 19–34; Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (New York: Schoken Books, 1967), 124–32, 225–49.
42. XIV s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi partii (b): Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926), 600–601.
43. “Prostupki protiv partiinoi etiki” and “O partetike: Proekt predlozhenii Prezidiuma TsKK II Plenumu TsKK RKP(b),” in Partiinaia etika, 395–463 and 155–70; Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia, 35–74.
44. Matt. 24:24.
45. “Zaiavlenie 46-ti v politbiuro TsK RKP(b), October 15, 1923,” in Izvestiia TsK KPSS 6 (1990): 189–94 (the laity quotation is on 190).
46. N. I. Bukharin, “O Novoi ekonomicheskoi politike i nashikh zadachakh,’ in Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 135–37; “Proekt platformy bol’shevikov-lenintsev (oppozitsii) k XV s’’ezdu VKP(b),” in Iu. Fel’shtinskii, ed., Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia v SSSR, 1923–1927 (Benson, VT: Chalidze Publications, 1988), 4:125.
47. Susan Gross Solomon, The Soviet Agrarian Debate: A Controversy in Social Science, 1923–1929 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977); Terry Cox, Peasants, Class, and Capitalism: The Rural Research of L. N. Kritsman and His School (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); A. V. Chayanov, Izbrannye trudy (Moscow: Kolos, 1993). The Kritsman quotation is from “Desiat’ let na agrarnom fronte proletarskoi revoliutsii,” in L. Kritsman, Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i derevnia (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1929), 8. For the argument that the Agrarian-Marxist findings on class differentiation do not necessarily support the opposition’s view at the Fifteenth Party Congress, see A. Gaister, Rassloenie derevni (dlia propagandistov) (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1928). For Lenin’s predictions, cf. The Development of Captalism in Russia (1899) and “On Cooperation” (1923); see Solomon, Soviet Agrarian Debate, 76–86.
48. Fel’shtinskii, Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia, 2:49–50.
49. XIV s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi partii (b), 401.
50. Pravda, January 13, 1924, 4–5.
51. XIV s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi partii (b), 165–66, 159. At the Fourth Party Congress in Stockholm, in 1906, the Mensheviks got the majority on the Central Committee.
52. Ibid., 152 (the Bukharin quotation); XV s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi partii (b): Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Partizdat, 1935), 1:171.
53. Bukharin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 351.
54. XV s’’ezd, 170 (Goloshchekin); Bukharin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 363–64.
55. XV s’’ezd, 248–53, 487.
56. Fel’shtinskii, Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia, 4:250–52; T. I. Smilga-Poluian, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
57. Fel’shtinskii, Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia, 4:258–60; T. I. Smilga-Poluian, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
58. Fel’shtinskii, Kommunisticheskaia oppozitsiia, 4:253, 258–60.
59. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 83; RGASPI, f. 329, op. 1, l. 45.
60. I. V. Stalin, “God velikogo pereloma,” in Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 12, Marxists Internet Archive Library, https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t12/t12_06.htm; I. V. Stalin, “Politicheskii otchet tsentral’nogo komiteta XVImu s’’ezdu VKP(b),” in Sochineniia, vol. 12. See also XVI s’’ezd Vsesoiuznoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b): Stenograficheskii otchet (Partizdat TsK VKP(b), 1935), 1:76–77. Cf. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (hereafter PSS) (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1967–70), vol. 45:78, Lenin: R
evoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=452:xi-sezd-rkpb-45&catid=84:tom-45&Itemid=53#XI_.D0.A1.D0.AA.D0.95.D0.97.D0.94_.D0.A0.D0.9A.D0.9F.28.D0.B1.2951.
61. Matt. 7:7; Vasilii Lebedev-Kumach, “Veselyi veter” (song from the 1937 film, Captain Grant’s Children): “kto khochet, tot dob’etsia, kto ishchet, tot vsegda naidet”; I. V. Stalin, “O zadachakh khoziaistvennikov,” in Sochineniia, vol. 13, Marxists Internet Archive Library, https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t13/t13_06.htm.
62. P. Kerzhentsev, Pamiatka bol’shevika (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1931), 111; Stalin, “O zadachakh khoziaistvennikov.”
63. N. I. Bukharin, “Vystuplenie na ob’’edinennom plenume TsK I TsKK VKP(b),” in Bukharin, Problemy teorii i praktiki sotsializma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 253–54 (italics in the original).
64. Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii, Razgovory s Bukharinym (New York: Teleks, 1993), 37–43; see also Lib.ru, http://lib.ru/HISTORY/FELSHTINSKY/buharin.txt.
65. Ibid., p. 14.
66. Cf., esp., Stalin, “God velikogo pereloma,” and N. I. Bukharin, “Politicheskoe zaveshchanie Lenina,” in Ibzrannye proizvedeniia, 437–48. The recantation was published in Pravda; quoted in Miklosh Kun, Bukharin, ego druz’ia i vragi (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), 295–96.
67. XVI s’’ezd, 1:203, 273; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 86.
68. XVI s’’ezd, 1:262, 266, 270.
69. Ibid., 1:286.
70. Lev Trotskii, Moia zhizn’: Opyt avtobiografii (Berlin: Granit, 1930), 2:300. The Osinsky-Stalin correspondence is reproduced in V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005), 10–12 (from APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 780, ll. 12–13, 14, 16).
71. XVI s’’ezd, 1:262, italics in the original.
72. “Protokol doprosa D. S. Azbelia,” in Dokumenty po “Kremlevskomu delu” (from APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 233, ll. 80–87), http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Kremlin_Affair.htm; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 67–69, 234–36.
73. T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Pravda, 13 July 1929.
74. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 90–97; Dinershtein, A. K. Voronsky, 270–82; Reginald E. Zelnik, “The Fate of a Russian Bebel: Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov, 1905–1940,” Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 1105 (August 1995): 7–9, 28–30.
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