by Akala
7. Gleijeses, Piero, Visions of Freedom p. 30
8. Apartheid Did Not Die is the title of a brilliant film by John Pilger exploring how the basic economic structures of apartheid remained in place.
9. Hallward, Peter, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment (London: Verso, 2007)
10. Miller, Phil, “The British Army’s Secret Plan to Keep South Africa’s Ruling Party in Power” Vice (16 May 2016). Retrieved from URL www.vice.com/en_us/article/kwke4n/exclusive-the-british-armys-secret-plan-to-prop-up-south-africas-ruling-party
11. Branson, Richard, “Visiting Cuba and Scientific Achievements” (14 November 2017). Retrieved from URL www.virgin.com/richard-branson/visiting-cuba-and-scientific-achievements
12. Walker, Chris, “From Cooperation to Capacitation: Cuban Medical Internationalism in the South Pacific” International Journal of Cuban Studies (Spring 2013, 5.1); Huish, Robert “Why does Cuba ‘Care’ so much? Understanding the Epistemology of Solidarity in Global Health Outreach” Public Health Ethics (Vol. 7 No 3, 2014) pp. 261–276
13. Kirk, John M. and Walker, Chris “Cuban Medical Internationalism: The Ebola Campaign of 2014–15” International Journal of Cuban Studies 8.1 (Spring 2016)
14. See: Curtis, Mark, Web of Deceit: Britain’s Real Role in the World (London: Vintage, 2003); Cobain, Ian, Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture (London: Portobello Books, 2012)
15. Colhoun, Jack, Gangsterismo: The United States, Cuba and the Mafia 1933–1966 (New York: Or Books, 2013)
16. For a look at how racist ideas evolved in step with real world power relations see Furedi, Frank, The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race (London: Pluto Press, 1988)
17. Prashad, Vijay, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: The New Press, 2007); Jansen, Jan C. and Osterhammel, Jurgen, Decolonisation: A Short History (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017)
CHAPTER 9 – The Ku Klux Klan Stopped Crime by Killing Black People
1. Department for Education and Skills, Priority Review: Exclusion of Black Pupils “Getting it. Getting it Right” (Spring 2006)
2. Strand, Dr Steve ‘‘Minority Ethnic Pupils in the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England: Extension Report on Performance in Public Examinations at Age 16’’ Research Report DCSF-RR029 (University of Warwick: Institute of Education, University of Warwick, 2007)
3. Wigmore, Tim “The lost boys: how the white working class got left behind” New Statesman (20 September 2016) Retrieved from URL www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2016/09/lost-boys-how-white-working-class-got- left-behind
4. Lott, Tim ‘‘It’s no surprise that working class white boys do badly at school’’ The Guardian (18 November 2016) Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/nov/18/its-no-surprise-that-white-working-class-boys-do-badly-at-school
5. Paton, Graeme “White Boys Let Down By Education System” Telegraph (22 June 2007). Retrieved from URL www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1555322/White-boys-let-down-by-education-system.html
6. “White Boys ‘Are Being Left Behind’ by Education System”Mail Online (22 June 2007). Retrieved from URL www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-463614/white-boys-left-education-system
7. Gillborn, David, Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy? White Success, Black Failure (London: Routledge, 2008)
CHAPTER 10 – Britain and America
1. Rothstein, Richard, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: Liveright, 2017)
2. Washington, Harriet A., Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Anchor Books, 2006)
3. In 1921 the prosperous black neighbourhood of Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma known locally as Black Wall Street was burned to the ground by jealous white supremacists; at least 300 people were killed. Many other black towns were sacked during this time such as East St Louis in 1917. In 1985 the back-to-nature black-led movement known as MOVE was bombed from the sky in Philadelphia.
4. For a discussion of the politics of hip hop see Rose, Tricia, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop – And Why It Matters (New York: Basic Books, 2008)
5. Ranesh, Randeep “More black people jailed in England and Wales proportionally than in US” The Guardian (11 October 2010). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/society/2010/oct/11/black-prison-population-increase-england
6. With regards to sentencing for non-violent drug offences see: Eastwood, Niamh, Shiner, Michael, and Bear, Daniel “The Numbers in Black and White: Ethnic Disparities in the Policing and Prosecution of Drug Offences in England and Wales” (London: Release Drugs, the Law and Human Rights, 2013). For racialised applications of joint enterprise law see: Williams, Patrick and Clarke, Becky, Dangerous Associations: Joint Enterprise, Gangs and Racism. An Analysis of the Processes of Criminalisation of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals (London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, 2016)
7. FactCheck Q&A: Are Indigenous Australians the most incarcerated people on Earth? (6 June 2017). Retrieved from URL https://theconversation.com/factcheck-qanda-are-indigenous-australians-the-most-incarcerated-people-on-earth-78528
8. “EXCLUSIVE: Skins actor Daniel Kaluuya sues Met over mistaken arrest on bus claiming they picked on him because of his race” Evening Standard online (10 October 2013). Retrieved from URL www.standard.co.uk/news/london/exclusive-skins-actor-daniel-kaluuya-sues-met-over-mistaken-arrest-on-bus-claiming-they-picked-on-8871075.html
9. Muir, Hugh “Maya Angelou: ‘Barack Obama has done a remarkable job’” The Guardian (15 February 2012). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/15/maya-angelou-barack-obama-remarkable-job
10. Jefferies, Stuart “Britain’s most racist election: the story of Smethwick 50 years on” The Guardian (15 October 2014). Retrieved from URL www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/15/britains-most-racist-election-smethwick-50-years-on
11. You can read an incredibly thorough breakdown of the history of white supremacist lynching’s in America at: “Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror” Equal Justice Initiative, Third Edition. Retrieved from URL https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report – but be warned, it is truly stomach curdling stuff.
12. Of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act, Home Secretary Rab Butler said that its ‘great merit’ was that it could be presented as non-discriminatory even though in practice ‘its restrictive effect is intended to, and would in fact, operate on coloured people almost exclusively.’ See: Paul, Kathleen, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997) p. 166. Paul’s book is probably the best systematic examination of just how much race and white supremacy guided Britain’s post-war policies on migration, but also see: Panayi, Panikos, An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism since 1800 (London: Routledge, 2010); Kushner, Tony, The Battle of Britishness: Migrant Journeys, 1685 to the Present (Manchester: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Tierney, John, Race Migration and Schooling (London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Ltd, 1982)
13. From the phrase housing schemes is derived the Scottish pejorative ‘schemie’ for people that live in the hood.
14. Liddle, Rod “Why don’t Black Lives Matter want to ban Notting Hill Carnival?” Spectator (3 September 2016). Retrieved from URL www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/why-dont-black-lives-matter-want-to-ban-the-notting-hill-carnival/
CHAPTER 11 – The Decline of Whiteness, the Decline of Race? (Or the End of Capitalism?)
1. Mbembe, Achille, Critique of Black Reason (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2017)
2. Mishra, Pankaj, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin Books, 2012)
3. See: Jacques, Martin, When China Rules the World (London: Penguin, 2012); Frank, Andre Gunder, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998). For a better understanding of how similar levels of (or at least experiments with) ‘development’ had been made across civilisations before the age of imperialism, and an understanding of Eurocentric distortions of history, see any of the following: Blaut, J. M., Eight Eurocentric Historians (New York: Guildford Press, 2000); Goody, Jack, Renaissances: The One or the Many? (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Goody, Jack, Capitalism and Modernity: The Great Debate (Cambridge: Polity, 2004); Abu-Lughod, Janet L., Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Amin, Samir, Eurocentrism: Modernity, Religion, and Democracy: A Critique of Eurocentrism and Culturalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2009)
4. For a look at how recently and fleetingly the West was constructed, see the essay ‘There Never Was a West’ by David Graeber in Possibilities: Essays on Hierarchy, Rebellion and Desire (Chicago: AK Press, 2007)
5. Horne, Gerald, Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire (New York and London: New York University Press, 2004) p. 18
6. Klinker, Philip A., and Smith, Rogers M., The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002)
7. Furedi, Frank, The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race (London: Pluto Press, 1988)
8. See Popkin, Jeremy D., Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007)
9. See Foner, Eric, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988) and Horne, Gerald, Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire (New York and London: New York University Press, 2004
10. See Furedi, Frank, The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race (London: Pluto Press, 1988)
11. Stewart, Dodai “Racist Hunger Games Fans Are Very Disappointed” Jezebel (26 March 2012). Retrieved from URL https://www.jezebel.com/5896408/racist-hunger-games-fans-dont-care-how-much-money-the-movie-made; Holmes, Anna, “White Until Proven Black: Imagining Race In Hunger Games” New Yorker (30 March 2012). Retrieved from URL www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/white-until-proven-black-imagining-race-in-hunger-games
12. Streeck, Wolfgang, How Will Capitalism End: Essays on a Failing System (London: Verso, 2017)
13. Coates, Ta-Nehisi, We Were Eight Years In Power: An American Tragedy (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2017)
14. See: Paul, Kathleen, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)
15. Lord Ashcroft “How the United Kingdom Voted on Thursday . . . and why” (24 June 2016). Retrieved from URL http://lordaschcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/
16. Virdee, Satnam and McGeever, Brendan, Racism, Crisis, Brexit: Ethnic and Racial Studies (21 August 2007). Retrieved from URL https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/144467/7/144467.pdf
17. Gonyea, Don, Majority of White Americans say they believe whites face discrimination (24 October 2017). Retrieved from URL www.npr.org/2017/10/24/559604836/majority-of-white-americans-think-they-are-discriminated-against;
18. Perez, Maria, “White Americans Feel They Are Victims Of Discrimination, A New Poll Shows” Newsweek (24 October 2017). Retrieved from URL www.newsweek.com/white-americans-feel-they-are-victims-discrimination-new-poll-shows-691753
19. IPR Blog, Things Fall Apart: From Empire to Brexit Britain (2 May 2017). Retrieved from URL http://blogs.bath.ac.uk/iprblog/2017/05/02/things-fall-apart-from-empire-to-brexit-britain/
20. See for example: Murray, Douglass, The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (London: Bloomsbury, 2017)
21. Hiro, Dilip, After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World (New York: Nation Books, 2010) p. 175
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but if there are any errors or omissions, John Murray Press will be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in any subsequent printings or editions.
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