by John English
89. Roux later said that he was a member of Les Frères Chausseurs but left the secret organization because of parental opposition. A personal letter sent to Father Marie d’Anjou indicates that he intended to pursue cultural projects for the future state. The letter, with the heading Ville-Marie rather than Montreal, says he continues to share the goals. Delisle claims, with some supporting evidence, that the play Le Jeu de Dollard was organized by two Les Frères members. Trudeau appeared in numerous theatrical events during his university years, and his presence in this performance is not necessarily political. In the same sense, those who played in Brecht were often not Communists. Delisle, Essais sur 1’imprégnation fasciste au Québec, 63; Roux to François-J. Lessard, Nov. 5 [nd], Lessard Papers, privately held.
90. Radwanski, Trudeau, 60. Program in TP, vol. 5, file 10. La Presse reported the debate on January 16, 1943. Delisle has another account of the debate, claiming that it occurred in 1942. Lessard says that he participated, but the program does not confirm his presence there. Delisle, Essais sur 1’imprégnation fasciste au Québec, 60. See also the description in Nemni and Nemni, Trudeau, 344ff.
91. La Presse, June 25, 1943. File on results is found in TP, vol. 5, file 24. On the prizes and the medals, see ibid., file 25.
92. Suzette to Pierre, July 1, 1943, ibid.
93. Vastel, Trudeau, 56.
94. Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau, 1: 44–45.
CHAPTER THREE: IDENTITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. Trudeau to Corriveau, Sept. 24, 1940, Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 02, vol. 45, file 5, Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
2. Freud received seven mentions, one more than Aquinas and, interestingly, Emmanuel Mounier, but fewer than eleven other individuals. No Canadian other than Groulx (9) exceeded three mentions. Although Groulx ranked higher than Freud, he stood below two other Catholic philosophers, Teilhard de Chardin and Jacques Maritain (11), two writers, Georges Bernanos and Dostoevsky (11), and the French Catholic writer Charles Péguy (10), and he tied with the existentialist and novelist Albert Camus and the novelist Honoré de Balzac. The choices of Trudeau’s political colleagues Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand were typical of others of their generation: Pelletier—Pascal, Mounier, Bernanos, Malraux, and Claudel; Marchand—Pascal, Berdiaeff, Péguy, Dostoevsky, and his own contemporary and Trudeau speech writer Jean Le Moyne. The list and an excellent analysis are found in Germain Lesage, Notre éveil culturel (Montreal: Rayonnement, 1963), 135–48.
3. The original lists are found in “Qui avons-nous interrogés et qu’ont-ils répondu?” Le nouveau journal, April 7, 1962, III; but the lists and discussion in Lesage, Notre éveil culturel, are much more useful.
4. Louis Bouyer, Newman: His Life and Spirituality, trans. J. May (New York: Meridian, 1960), 226.
5. Lesage, Notre éveil culturel, 143–45.
6. E.-Martin Meunier and Jean-Philippe Warren, Sortir de la “Grande noirceur”: L’horizon “personnaliste” de la Révolution tranquille (Sillery, Que.: Les Éditions du Septentrion, 2002), 108.
7. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 40, 51–52.
8. Personal Journal 1939–40, Feb. 5, 1940, TP, vol. 39, file 9.
9. Trudeau to Corriveau, Sept. 24, 1940, ibid., file 5.
10. Trudeau to Corriveau, March 18, 1941, ibid., file 9.
11. Corriveau to Trudeau, March 21, 1941, ibid.
12. Personal Journal 1939–40, Feb. 5, 1940, ibid.
13. Hertel to Trudeau, Sept. 1941, TP, vol. 49, file 8.
14. Hertel to Trudeau, Oct. 1941, ibid. The letter appears to have been sent with the previous one.
15. Grace Trudeau to Trudeau, Feb. 4, 1940, ibid.
16. Gustave Beaudoin to Honourable Hector Perrier, provincial secretary, May 25, 1943, TP, vol. 7, file 3.
17. Trudeau to Pierre Dumas, May 18, 1943; Dumas to Trudeau, July 30, 1943, TP, vol. 41, file 4;Trudeau to Donald Watt, director of Experiment in International Living, May 8, 1943, TP, vol. 15, file 7; and Trudeau to Grace Trudeau, nd [Aug. 1943], TP, vol. 53, file 34.
18. Pierre Trudeau, “Pritt Zoum Bing,” Le Quartier Latin, March 10, 1944. See also Max and Monique Nemni, Trudeau: Fils du Québec, père du Canada, vol. 1: Les années de jeunesse, 1919—1944 (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Homme, 2006), 364–65.
19. For the lease and other documents, see TP, vol. 7, file 2.
20. For Marcil, who was Speaker in Laurier’s last government (1909–11), see www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/SP-BC/hoc-cdc/sp_hoc-e.asp?SP=2734.
21. The Bulletin d’Histoire Politique 3 (spring/summer 1995) devoted an entire issue to “La participation des Canadiens français à la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.” It remains the best account of the complex story of war participation. The essays by William Young, Robert Comeau, Béatrice Richard, and Jacques Michon are especially valuable.
22. The badge is found in TP, vol. 5, file 12. The file also has a press clipping from Le Devoir indicating that a speech by the pro-war Abbé Maheux had been disrupted by Bloc members. Trudeau underlined the part about the disruption, emphasis that may indicate his own participation.
23. “Inaugural Speech,” in Michael Behiels and Ramsay Cook, eds., The Essential Laurendeau, trans. Joanne L’Heureux and Richard Howard (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1968), 123.
24. Trudeau to Donald Watt, May 25, 1944, TP, vol. 15, file 7; and National Service Separation Notice, ibid., file 12.
25. This information is found in the Hertel Papers held at the Archives nationales du Québec (Montreal), file P42.
26. François-Marc Gagnon, Paul-Émile Borduas: Biographie critique et analyse de 1’oeuvre (Montreal: Les Éditions Fides, 1978), 108. Hertel’s review, “L’actualité: Anatole Laplante au vernissage,” is found in Le Devoir, May 19, 1941. Oddly, Gagnon identifies Trudeau as being present at only one Borduas exhibit—in October 1944. It is very unlikely he was there because he was then a student at Harvard. However, he did attend other openings, as the Borduas correspondence indicates. He also bought a Borduas painting.
27. Drafts of letters to Gabrielle Borduas, Sept. 1942, TP, vol. 43, file 31; and Gabrielle Borduas to Trudeau, Dec. 14, 1943, ibid. When I asked Senator Laurier LaPierre whether he knew Madame Borduas, he replied, unprompted, that he did and that she loved Pierre Trudeau.
28. Camille to Pierre, March 22, 1941, TP, vol. 45, file 6. Interview with Alexandre Trudeau.
29. Interview with Thérèse Gouin Décarie, June 2006.
30. Ibid.
31. George Radwanski, Trudeau (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978), 66.
32. Pierre Trudeau, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993), 38.
33. “Tip” to Pierre, April 18, 1945, TP, vol. 53, file 26.
34. Trudeau, Memoirs, 39.
35. He wrote to the vicar general, Monsignor Hickey, who replied that “in view of the circumstances, [the archbishop] grants you permission to read even on vacation” whatever books were required. Hickey to Trudeau, Nov. 20, 1944, TP, vol. 7, file 5.
36. Interview with John Kenneth Galbraith, Feb. 28, 2005. See his similar remarks in Nancy Southam, ed., Pierre (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2005), 208–9.
37. On Keynes, see TP, vol. 7, file 11; on Haberler, ibid.; on Schumpeter, ibid., file 13; on Galbraith, Southam, ed., Pierre, 208.
38. The comments are from Trudeau’s notes on their writings in TP, vol. 7, file 16.
39. See ibid., for the comments and the details.
40. Ibid., file 21.
41. Trudeau to Thérèse Gouin, May 1, 1945; Gouin to Trudeau, May 24, 1945; and Trudeau to Gouin, May 25, 1945, TP, vol. 48, file 13.
42. Radwanski, Trudeau, 62.
43. Trudeau, Memoirs, 37.
44. Conversation with Gerald Butts, close family friend, April 2006. Trudeau used the word “chaff.”
45. Friedrich was of German aristocratic background. He emigrated to the United States in the 1920s and became a leading authority
on constitutions and democracy. He was an adviser to the American military government of Germany. McIlwain was a specialist in intellectual history, notably medieval political thought. His publications also had a strongly constitutionalist and institutionalist focus.
46. TP, vol. 7, file 18.
47. Ibid., files 19 and 22.
48. Ibid., file 19.
49. Trudeau, “A Theory of Political Violence,” ibid., file 23.
50. Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson, Trudeau and Our Times, vol. 2: The Heroic Delusion (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994), 42–44.
51. Edith Iglauer, “Prime Ministre/Premier Ministre,” New Yorker, July 5, 1969, 41.
52. Andrée Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, July 18, 1946, TP, vol. 53, file 26.
53. Pierre Trudeau, “College-Jean de Brébeuf—Notes prises durant la semaine sociale 1937,” TP, vol. 4, file 6.
54. Trudeau to Gouin, April 19, 1945; Gouin to Trudeau, April 21, 1945, ibid., file 2.
55. Trudeau to Gouin, July 5, 1945, ibid., file 14.
56. Trudeau to Gouin, Sept. 26, 1945, ibid., file 15.
57. Ibid.
58. Trudeau to Gouin, Oct. 11, 1945, ibid.
59. Trudeau to Gouin, Oct. 17, 1945, ibid.
60. Trudeau to Gouin, Nov. 15, 1945, ibid.
61. Trudeau to Gouin, Nov. 19, 1945, file 3.
62. Charles Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, April 18, 1945; and Wedding Invitation, June 20, 1945, TP, vol. 53, file 26.
63. Trudeau to Gouin, Dec. 8, 1945, TP, vol. 48, file 16.
64. Iglauer, “Prime Minister,” 38. See also Radwanski, Trudeau, 48–49.
65. Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, 2: 36.
66. Gouin to Trudeau, Feb. 25, 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 10.
67. Trudeau to Gouin, Jan. 3, 1946, ibid., file 17.
68. Trudeau to Gouin, Jan. 23, 1946, ibid.
69. Trudeau to Gouin, March 15, 1946, ibid., file 18.
70. Trudeau to Gouin, April 1, 1946, ibid.
71. Trudeau to Gouin, April 29, 1946, ibid.
72. Trudeau to Gouin, April 25, 1946, ibid.
73. Trudeau to Gouin, May 22, 1946, ibid., file 19.
74. Conversation with Alexandre Trudeau, Feb. 2005.
75. Trudeau to Gouin, July 14, 1946, TP, vol. 48, file 8.
76. See TP, vol. 8, files 1 and 2.
77. Trudeau to Gouin, July 20, 1946, ibid., file 8.
78. Interview with Thérèse Gouin Décarie, June 2006.
79. Gouin to Trudeau, nd [July 1946], ibid., file 5.
80. Gouin to Trudeau, Sept. 29, 1946, ibid., file 8; and Agenda 1946, TP, vol. 39, file 1.
81. TP, vol. 8, file 11.
82. Trudeau to Gouin, Oct. 9, 1946, TP, vol. 48, file 20.
83. Trudeau, Memoirs, 42–43.
84. Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris: After the Liberation, 1944–1949, rev. ed. (London: Penguin, 2004), np.
85. Hertel, “La quinzaine à Paris,” Le Devoir, May 12, 1971. The hotel is currently the Esmeralda, a one-star hotel of considerable reputation which has attracted celebrities ranging from Serge Gainsbourg to Terence Stamp. The quotation is found in a review posted in the hotel window at 4 St-Julien-le-Pauvre.
86. Brébeuf, Oct. 7, 1946.
87. Linda Lapointe, Maison des étudiants canadiens: Cité internationale universitare de Paris. 75 ans d’histoire 1926–2001 (Saint-Lambert: Stromboli, 2001), 80–84; interview with Vianney Décarie, June 2006.
88. Found in TP, vol. 8, file 7. Viau wrote a review of the show “Reconnaissance de 1’espace” in Notre Temps, July 12, 1947.
89. Trudeau, Memoirs, 23.
90. The evidence is in his Agenda 1947, TP, vol. 39, file 1.
91. Trudeau to Gouin, TP, nd [1947] vol. 48, file 11.
92. Trudeau, Memoirs, 40.
93. For Index letter, see TP, vol. 8, file 6; Chartres, ibid., file 7; Renouvin and Siegfried, ibid., file 13.
94. Trudeau, Agenda 1947, TP, vol. 39, file 1.
95. Trudeau had seen the great film by Marcel Carné soon after he arrived in France. Trudeau to Gouin, Oct. 9, 1946, TP, vol. 48, file 20.
96. Trudeau, Memoirs, 44–45; Marcel Rioux, Un peuple dans le siècle (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1990), 49.
97. The letter is dated Sept. 16, 1946, and on Senate of Canada stationery. TP, vol. 8, file 6.
98. Trudeau to Gouin, Oct. 21, 1946, TP, vol. 48, file 20.
99. Ibid.
100. Trudeau to Gouin, Nov. 5, 1946, ibid., file 21.
101. Gouin to Trudeau, Nov. 14, 1946, ibid., file 9.
102. Trudeau to Gouin, Nov. 22, 1946, ibid., file 21.
103. Gouin to Trudeau, Nov. 24, 1946, ibid.
104. Trudeau to Gouin, Dec. 3, 1946, ibid.
105. Trudeau, Agenda 1946, TP, vol. 39, file 1; Gordon Elliott to Trudeau, Dec.16, 1946, TP, vol. 46, file 1.
106. Trudeau to Gouin, Dec. 12[?], 1946, TP, vol. 48, file 2.
107. Trudeau to Gouin, Dec. 29, 1946, ibid.
108. Interview with Thérèse Gouin Décarie, June 2006.
109. Gouin to Trudeau, Feb. 15, 1947, ibid., file 10; and Trudeau to Gouin, Feb. 22, 1947, ibid., file 22.
110. A brief biography can be found at www.aejcpp.free.fr/psychanalysefrancaise5.htm. It contains this reference.
111. Trudeau’s notes are found under the heading “Journal personnel thérapie, fév.–juin 1947,” TP, vol. 39, file 10.
112. Gouin to Trudeau, Feb. 25, 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 10.
113. Journal personnel thérapie, TP, vol., 39, file 10.
114. Ibid.
CHAPTER FOUR: COMING HOME
1. Gouin to Trudeau, March 3, 1947, Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 02, vol. 48, file 10, Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
2. The school had an impressive budget of $50,000 and would draw 150 students from the broken European countries. Professors from Harvard would participate. Trudeau to Gouin, March 19, 1947, ibid., file 22.
3. Trudeau to Gouin, March 6, 1947, ibid.
4. The schedule is found in Trudeau’s agenda. TP, vol. 39, file 1.
5. Gouin to Trudeau, nd [received in Paris apparently on May 1, 1947], TP, vol. 48, file 10.
6. Trudeau to Gouin, May 21, 1947, ibid., file 11.
7. Trudeau to Gouin, April 7, 1947, ibid.
8. He dreamed that Desautels, Rolland, and Hertel were at the table with him and he urinated. He was afraid that he had scandalized the others, but Desautels dismissed the thought, saying that she had already seen sailors in a similar predicament. TP, vol. 39, file 10.
9. Trudeau to Gouin, June 7, 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 23. Also, Journal personnel thérapie, fév.-juin 1947, ibid.
10. Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson, Trudeau and Our Times, vol. 2: The Heroic Delusion (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994), 45.
11. Michel Vastel, Trudeau: Le Québécois (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Homme, 2000), 47.
12. Trudeau to Lomer Gouin, July 10, 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 24.
13. Interview with the Décaries, June 2006.
14. In her acknowledgments to her Intelligence and Affectivity in Early Childhood: An Experimental Study of Jean Piaget’s Object Concept and Object Relations (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), Thérèse Gouin generously thanked Father Noël Mailloux, who, in her words, “made her love Freud” (xvi). As her analyst, he had appeared frequently in the Trudeau-Gouin letters.
15. Vastel, Trudeau, 46–47.
16. McCall and Clarkson, Trudeau and Our Times, 2: 88–89.
17. Gouin to Trudeau, nd [1969], TP, vol. 48, file 1.
18. An account of the trip is in TP, vol. 11, file 12, including photographs.
19. For the note on the Empress of Canada, see TP, vol. 7, file 17.
20. Trudeau, Agenda 1947, TP, vol. 1, file 39.
21. Lomer Gouin to Trudeau, nd [Nov. 1947], TP, vol. 48, file 1.
22. Quoted in Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, 2: 47–48.
23. Trudeau to Thér
èse Gouin, Good Friday 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 11; and Trudeau to Lessard, nd [April 1947], Lessard Papers, privately held.
24. On Notre Temps’s conservative and Catholic stance, see Jean Hamelin, Histoire du catholicisme québécois: Le XXe siècle, vol. 2: De 1940 à nos jours (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1984), 138. According to Hamelin, the journal was inspired by the French rightist publications. Conrad Black wrote in his biography of Maurice Duplessis: “Léopold Richer, former Bloc Populaire hothead, had rallied to become one of the more obsequious members of Duplessis’s journalistic clique. He became the editor of Notre Temps, which styled itself ‘the social and cultural weekly’ and was owned by Fides, the publishing house of the Pères de Ste. Croix in Montreal. Richer himself, a nationalist and hostile ab initio to the Liberals, once converted to Duplessism, did so with the passion of conversions.” He was not fully converted when he dealt with Trudeau in 1947. Conrad Black, Duplessis (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977), 566.
25. Notre Temps, Nov. 15, 1947; and H.P. Garceau, Notre Temps, to Trudeau, Dec. 27, 1945, TP, vol. 22, file 28, in which Garceau asks Trudeau to send some articles and tells him that they miss him in Montreal and that the promoters of economic liberalism will soon get their just retribution. He said he sees several of their “friends” who are trying to do their part, notably the nationalist historian Guy Frégault.
26. Emmanuel Mounier, “L’homme américain,” Esprit, Nov. 1946, 138–40; and John Hellman, Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930–1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), ch. 10.
27. Trudeau to Gouin, April 1947, TP, vol. 48, file 11.
28. Gérard Pelletier, Years of Impatience, 1950–60, trans. Alan Brown (1983; Toronto: Methuen, 1984), 19.
29. Ralph Miliband, “Harold Laski,” Clare Market Review (1950) on www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUlaski.htm; Pierre Trudeau, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993), 46.
30. TP, vol. 2, file 26.
31. Trudeau, Memoirs, 47.
32. Letter from Trudeau to John Reshetar, quoted in Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, 2: 46.