by John English
49. Edward Sommer to Jacques Hébert, Feb. 15, 1961, TP, vol. 14, file 5. On the sunbathers and other files, see ibid., file 2. Trudeau appears to have had a friend who was an American nudist. On Laskin, Scott, and the relationship of federalism and civil liberties, see the excellent account in Philip Girard, Bora Laskin: Bringing Law to Life (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), 210–21. On Trudeau’s views, see his “Economic Rights,” McGill Law Journal 8 (June 1962): 121, 123, 125.
50. Letters of introduction by Scott in TP, vol. 13, file1. On the anti-Semitic and anti-Communist presence, see Sandra Djwa, The Politics of the Imagination: The Life of F.R. Scott (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1987), 173. On the effect of the 1930s, see Sean Mills, “When Democratic Socialists Discovered Democracy: The League for Social Reconstruction Confronts the ‘Quebec Problem,’” Canadian Historical Review 86 (March 2005).
51. The account is drawn from Djwa, The Politics of the Imagination, 322–27. F.R. Scott, “Fort Smith,” in The Collected Poems of F.R. Scott (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1981), 226.
52. Scott, “Fort Providence,” ibid., 230–31.
53. Interview with Tim Porteous, May 2006.
54. The clippings with these comments are found in TP, vol. 25, file 28.
55. The Drapeau-Trudeau debate is found in TP, vol. 28, file 9.
56. For the notes that indicate the close friendship, see TP, vol. 21, file 29. The copy of Le Social Démocrate is found in vol. 28, file 9. The description of Vadeboncoeur teaching Trudeau to write is in Trudeau, Memoirs, 20.
57. For Trudeau’s notebook describing the trip, see TP, vol. 13, file 5.
58. The Trudeau family profited from Belmont during the fifties, and Trudeau took the major responsibility for handling family investments. Ibid., file 6.
59. Ibid., file 6; and Grace Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, June 1 and Sept. 8, 1959, TP, vol. 46, file 26.
60. There is scarcely a reference to Trudeau in the newspapers I consulted that is not neatly clipped in his own papers. Pelletier also claims that Trudeau had to be “coaxed” into television. In fact, he sought out appearances, kept press clippings about them, and urged his mother to watch his performances. Pelletier explains that “it was understood between us that friendship had its limits.” In terms of personal feelings and ambitions, the limits were significant. Pelletier, Years of Impatience, 187–88; Grace to Pierre Trudeau, Nov. 24, 1958, TP, vol. 46, file 25; and The Canadian Intelligence Service (July 1959): 2.
61. Michel Vastel, Trudeau: Le Québécois (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Homme, 2000), 109. The list of addresses is found in TP, vol. 13, file 7.
62. TP, vol. 13, file 11. The stories on the trip are found in Miami Herald, May 2, 1960; and Key West Citizen, April 29 and May 2, 1960. There is a long story in the Canadian Star Weekly, Jan. 14, 1961, about Gagnon and the canoe technique.
63. Gobeil to Trudeau, May 18[?], 1960, TP, vol. 47, file 32.
CHAPTER EIGHT: A DIFFERENT TURN
1. Le Devoir, Jan. 29, 1960.
2. The account comes mainly from Paul-André Linteau, Histoire de Montréal depuis la Confédération (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 2000), ch. 16. Comment on the Metropolitan Opera and other cultural matters is in Paul-André Linteau, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert, and François Ricard, Quebec since 1930, trans. Robert Chodos and Ellen Garmaise (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1991), 304–5.
3. Some of the debates on the subject are in Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 02, vol. 22, file 16, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), including a strong denunciation of his television efforts on identity cards by Dr. J.S. Lynch which appeared in Le Devoir, Nov. 20, 1959.
4. Léon Dion, Québec, 1945–2000, vol. 2: Les intellectuels et le temps de Duplessis (Sainte-Foy, Que.: Les Presses de 1’Université Laval, 1993), 195ff.
5. On the Liberal victory in the political arena, see Pierre Godin, René Lévesque, vol. 1: Un enfant du siècle, 1922–60 (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1994), 403–5. The information is repeated in Dale Thomson, Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984), 85–86. Trudeau’s comments are from interviews with Ron Graham for his memoirs in TP, vol. 24, file 15. His statement on the need for men in the legislature is in Le Travail, Feb. 22, 1957.
6. Pierre Godin, René Lévesque, vol. 2: Héros malgré lui, 1960–1976 (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1997), 118.
7. Pierre-Elliott Trudeau, “L’élection du 22 juin 1960,” Cité libre, Aug.-Sept. 1960, 3. The article was written in July. Trudeau occasionally used a hyphen in his name at this time.
8. Ibid., 6. Georges-Émile Lapalme, Mémoires: Le vent de 1’oubli (Montreal: Éditions Leméac, 1971). On Duplessis, see Godin, Lévesque, 1: 290.
9. Dion, Québec, 1945–2000, 2: 195–96; Léon Dion, “Le nationalisme pessimiste: Sa source, sa signification, sa validité,” Cité libre, Nov. 1957, 3–18; Léon Dion, “L’esprit démocratique chez les Canadiens de langue française,” Cahiers, Nov. 1958, 34–43; and Pierre Laporte, “La démocratie et M. Trudeau,” L’Action nationale, Dec. 1954, 293–96.
10. Dion to Trudeau, Feb. 27, 1958, TP, vol. 21, file 12.
11. The case continues to find its place on lists of major injustices. Prominent Canadian criminal lawyer Eddie Greenspan has cited it as an argument for the abolition of capital punishment. See http://www.injusticebusters.com/2003/Coffin_Wilbert.htm.
12. Jacques Hébert and Pierre Trudeau, Two Innocents in Red China, trans. Ivon Owen (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1968), 71–72.
13. Ibid., 150.
14. Ibid., 150–52. The comment on Mao is on page 71.
15. On the launch, see TP, vol. 24, file 3. Also, Montreal Star, March 29, 1961, which has the photograph of Hébert with the priests.
16. Trudeau and Hébert, Two Innocents in Red China, 61, 152. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Knopf, 2005), 460.
17. Chang and Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story; and Naim Kattan in The Montrealer, June 1961, 4.
18. Interview between Pierre Trudeau and Ron Graham, May 12, 1992, TP, vol. 23, file 12.
19. Interview with Robert Ford, Oct. 15, 1987, Robert Bothwell Papers, University of Toronto Archives.
20. Pierre Trudeau, “De 1’inconvénient d’être catholique,” Cité libre, March 1961, 20–21; and Pierre Trudeau, “Note sur le parti cléricaliste,” Cité libre, June/July 1961, 23. The correspondence is in TP, vol. 21, file 35.
21. On the Soviets and the perception of strength, see Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: Edward Burlingame Books, 1991), ch. 2; Trudeau’s broadcast “China’s Economic Planning in Action” is found in TP, vol. 25, file 26; Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Trudeau, “De 1’inconvénient d’être catholique,” 20–21; and Michael Oliver to Trudeau, Oct. 29, 1959, TP, vol. 24, file 4.
22. Trudeau and Hébert, Two Innocents in Red China, 47.
23. Ibid., 111, 113.
24. Interview with Thérèse Gouin Décarie and Vianney Décarie, June 2006.
25. Gérard Pelletier, Years of Impatience, 1950–1960, trans. Alan Brown (1983; Toronto: Methuen, 1984), 120n12.
26. Desbiens and Untel are described in Dion, Quebec, 1945–2000, 2: 224–25.
27. Gérard Pelletier, “Feu 1’unanimité,” Cité libre, Oct. 1960, 8. The section on Groulx draws from a list of objections taken from various writings of the fifties and sixties found in Gérard Bouchard, Les deux chanoines: Contradiction et ambivalence dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 2003), 22–23. In a 1962 letter to Raymond Barbeau, Groulx strangely echoed Trudeau in suggesting that Quebec was not ready for democracy; quoted in Bouchard, Les deux chanoines, 222.
28. Trudeau, “De 1’inconvénient d’être catholique,” 20–21, in which he clearly asserted his Catholicism while criticizing its restrictive aspects.
29. Interview with Madeleine Gobeil, May 2006.
31. Ramsay Cook to Trudeau, April 1962, TP, vol. 21, file 3; Trudeau to Cook, April 19, 1962, Ramsay Cook Papers, privately held.
32. Marchand, quoted in George Radwanski, Trudeau (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978), 260.
33. Sandra Djwa, The Politics of the Imagination: A Life of F.R. Scott (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1987), 332–37. Scott told Djwa that he considered refuting the article in a 1980 letter.
34. The file dealing with A Social Purpose for Canada is found in TP, vol. 24.
35. A collection of attacks on Trudeau’s writings and actions was published in 1972. Among the authors are the erstwhile friends Marcel Rioux and Fernand Dumont. André Potvin, Michel Letourneux, and Robert Smith, L’anti-Trudeau: Choix de textes (Montreal: Éditions Parti pris, 1972).
36. “The Practice and Theory of Federalism” is republished in Pierre Trudeau, Federalism and the French Canadians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1968), 124–50.
37. Grace Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, Sept. 14, 1960, TP, vol. 46, file 26.
38. The book launch list in in TP, vol. 24, file 5.
39. On Gobeil, see La Presse, April 6, 1966.
40. TP, vol. 39, file 6. Sept. 21, 1961.
41. Trudeau to Guérin, Sept. 21, 1961, TP, vol. 39, file 6.
42. The travel file with ticket stubs and bills and a few letters is found in TP, vol. 13, file 13. Also, Grace Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, June 14, July 26, Sept. 5, and Sept. 26, 1961, vol. 46, file 26.
43. Radwanski, Trudeau, 83–84.
44. Trudeau, Federalism and the French Canadians, xxi.
45. Trudeau to Marie-Laure Falès, April 22, 1962, TP, vol. 53, file 39.
46. Peter Gzowski, “Portrait of an Intellectual in Action,” Maclean’s, Feb. 24, 1962, 23, 29–30; and “Un capitaliste socialist: Pierre-Elliott Trudeau,” Le Magazine Maclean, March 1962, 25, 52–55. Note the considerable difference in title.
47. Pierre Trudeau, “The New Treason of the Intellectuals,” in Trudeau, Federalism and the French Canadians, 151–81.
48. “Faut-il refaire la Confédération?” Le Magazine Maclean, June 1962, 19; Gzowski, “Portrait of an Intellectual in Action,” 30.
49. Godin, Lévesque, 2: 118; René Lévesque, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1986), 172–73; and Pelletier, Years of Choice, 128–30.
50. Paul-André Linteau, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert and François Ricard, Quebec since 1930, 340; Gérard Bergeron, Notre miroir à deux faces (Montreal: Québec/Amérique, 1985), 48–50, on the emergence of Lévesque in the public; Thomson, Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution, 117, for an account of the Cabinet meeting; and Lévesque, Memoirs, 172ff.
51. Lévesque, Memoirs, 173. In Memoirs, the footnote to this quotation states: “These quotations are not meant to be textually accurate but serve only to reconstitute the correct context.”
52. Trudeau in “Entrevue entre M. Trudeau et M. [Jean] Lépine, 27 avril 1992” [Lépine interview], Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 03, vol. 23, file 2, Library and Archives Canada. It is interesting that Trudeau omitted these comments in his memoirs. Also, Pierre Trudeau, “Economic Rights,” McGill Law Journal 12 (June 1962): 121–25.
53. Lépine interview, TP, vol. 23, file 2; Albert Breton, “The Economics of Nationalism,” Journal of Political Economy 72 (Aug. 1964): 376–86.
54. Stephen Clarkson and Christina McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, vol. 2: The Heroic Delusion (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994), 79–81; and Pelletier, Years of Choice, 137–38.
55. Trudeau, “Economic Rights,” 121–25; Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, 2: 79–81; Godin, Lévesque, 117–19; and Pierre Trudeau, “L’homme de gauche et les élections provinciales,” Cité libre, Nov. 1962, 3–5.
56. Flynn’s comments are quoted in Michael Stein, The Dynamics of Right-Wing Protest: A Political Analysis of Social Credit in Quebec (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 87n33.
57. The account of Diefenbaker’s dining-room revolt and the nuclear weapon issue is found in Denis Smith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John Diefenbaker (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1995), ch. 12. Trudeau’s views are found in Lépine interview, TP, vol. 23, file 2. Pelletier later claimed that Lévesque and Lesage blocked Marchand when an organizer’s report indicated that his candidacy would result in Créditiste votes being lost in rural areas to the Union nationale. It was a reasonable assessment. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 138–39.
58. John Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1963 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964), 31; and Pierre Trudeau, “Pearson ou 1’abdication de 1’esprit,” Cité libre, April 1963, 7–12.
59. Trudeau, “Pearson ou 1’abdication de 1’esprit”; Smith, Rogue Tory, ch. 12; and Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker’s World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989).
60. Interview with Laurin is found in TP, vol. 24, file 13. Le Devoir, Nov. 28, 1961, offers the Freudian analysis. Interview with Graham Fraser, April 2005.
61. Pierre Vadeboncoeur, “Les qui-perd-gagne,” in his To be or not to be: That is the question! (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Hexagone, 1980), 101.
62. Ibid., 102; and Pierre Vadeboncoeur, La dernière heure et la première (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Hexagone, 1970), 53. See also Pierre Vadeboncoeur, “L’héritage Trudeau: La fracture,” L’Action nationale, Nov. 2000 (http://www.action-nationale.qc.ca/00–11/dossier.html).
63. The essay is found in Rythmes et Couleurs, Feb.-March 1964, 1–13. Trudeau’s comments are in TP, vol. 38, file 30. The remarks about Laurendeau are made in “Un extraordinaire document de François Hertel,” Le Quartier Latin, April 9, 1964. Trudeau’s comments are in “Les Séparatistes: Des contre-révolutionnaires,” Cité libre, May 1964, 3–4.
64. Hertel’s comment on Trudeau is found in Le Devoir, Sept. 18, 1966. The article is entitled “Le bilinguisme est un crime.” Grace Trudeau to Pierre Trudeau, Sept. 13, 1961, TP, vol. 46, file 26; and Jean Tréteau, Hertel, 1’homme et 1’oeuvre (Montreal: Pierre Tisseyre, 1986), 131–32, 211, 223, 232, 258, 320. Tréteau indexes Trudeau under “Elliott Trudeau.”
65. The correspondence with the Ontario friend is found in RG 32, file 4, Archives of Ontario.
66. Gobeil and Breton are quoted in Gzowski, “What Young French Canadians Have on Their Mind,” Maclean’s, April 6, 1963, 21–23, 39–40; “Pour une politique fonctionelle,” Cité libre, May 1964, 11–17; “An appeal for Realism in Politics,” The Canadian Forum, May 1964, 29–33.
CHAPTER NINE: POLITICAL MAN
1. The accounts are from Gérard Pelletier, Years of Choice, 1960–1968, trans. Alan Brown (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 130–33; Patricia Smart, ed., The Diary of André Laurendeau (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1991), 21; and Trudeau’s discussion with Pelletier, June 9, 1992, Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 02, vol. 23, file 16, Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
2. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 136–38. Lévesque’s statements are taken from the account of his changing attitude in Pierre Godin, René Lévesque, vol.2: Héros malgré lui, 1960–1976 (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1997), 290–92.
3. Laurendeau, Sept. 1961, quoted by Pierre de Bellefeuille, “André Laurendeau face au séparatisme des années 60,” in Robert Comeau and Lucille Beaudry, eds., André Laurendeau: Un intellectuel d’ici (Sillery, Que.: Les Presses de 1’Université du Québec, 1990), 159; Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 24; and J.L. Granatstein, Canada 1957–1967: The Years of Uncertainty and Innovation (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1986), ch. 10. The so-called language issue, which is at the core of the changes, is described in Paul-André Linteau, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert, and François Ricard, Quebec since 1930 trans. Robert Chodos and Ellen Garmaise (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1991), ch. 41.
4. Members are described in Smart
, ed., Laurendeau, 13–17. The founding and development of the commission are described well in Granatstein, Canada 1957–1967, ch. 10. Well-chosen excerpts of testimony and commentary are available on http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1–73–655/politics_economy/bilingualism/.
5. The commission of Trudeau’s study is described in the Royal Commission files in Fonds Laurendeau, June 18, 1964, document 324E, Fondation Lionel Groulx, Montreal. There is no apparent evidence in Trudeau’s own papers that he worked on the study.
6. Interviews with Donald Johnston, May 2004, and Sophie Trudeau, Feb. 2006.
7. Interview with Jacques Hébert, Feb. 2006.
8. Pierre Vallières, “Cité libre et ma génération,” Cité libre, Aug.-Sept. 1963, 15–22.
9. Pierre Vallières, “Sommes-nous en révolution?” Cité libre, Feb. 1964, 7–11; and Gérard Pelletier, “Parti pris ou la grande illusion,” Cité libre, April 1964, 3–8. On Parti pris, see Pierrette Bouchard-Saint-Amant, “L’idéologie de la revue Parti-pris: Le nationalisme socialiste,” in Fernand Dumont, Jean Hamelin, and Jean-Paul Montminy, eds., Idéologies au Canada français, 1940–1976 (Quebec: Les Presses de 1’Université Laval, 1981), 315–53.
10. This text of “Separatist Counter-Revolutionaries” is taken from Pierre Trudeau, Federalism and the French Canadians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1968), 204–12. It was originally published as “Les séparatistes: Des contrerévolutionnaires” in Cité libre, May 1964, 2–6. The translation here is from the Montreal Star, which, along with other English-language outlets, published it in the late spring of 1964.
11. Pierre Vallières’s account is found in his Les Négres blancs d’Amérique: Autobiographie précoce d’un terroriste québécois (Montreal: Éditions Parti pris, nd [1968]), 291–96.
12. Ramsay Cook, The Maple Leaf Forever (Toronto: Macmillan, 1971), 36.