A Note on the Text
It is a sign of the enduring appeal of Roughing It in the Bush that, since it first appeared more than 150 years ago, the book has been published in several different editions, by several different publishers, in London, New York, and Toronto. However, each time a publisher decided it was time to reissue Moodie’s classic, a different version appeared. Some included everything in the original edition; some omitted particular sections and/or the poetry; some included new introductions by Moodie herself and others; and a couple boasted illustrations that would likely have surprised the author herself.
Roughing It in the Bush was originally published in two volumes in London, England, in 1852. The publisher was Richard Bentley, of 8, New Burlington Street, who had enjoyed royal patronage and was therefore entitled to describe himself as “Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.” The first English edition contained twenty-four chapters, several poems, and an introduction by Susanna Moodie, as well as four chapters and several poems by her husband, John Wedderburn Dunbar Moodie. The book also contained one poem by her brother Samuel Strickland. Richard Bentley republished this edition of Moodie’s book, with an additional chapter entitled “Canadian Sketches” by John Dunbar Moodie, twice: in late 1852 in a second two-volume impression, and in 1854 in a one-volume impression. Bentley then published a second edition in 1857 in “Bentley’s Popular Series”—a series of popular travel books.
The first American edition of Roughing It in the Bush also appeared in 1852, in two volumes; it did not include any of the poems. The publisher was George P. Putnam of 10, Park Place, New York. Some copies of Putnam’s edition also appeared as numbers XII and XIII in “Putnam’s Semi-monthly Library for Travellers and the Fireside.” Putnam reissued this edition in a single volume the following year, then sold the plates to another New York publisher, De Witt & Davenport, who brought out a cheaper version in 1854. Robert M. De Witt (who dissolved his partnership with Mr. Davenport) reissued this edition twice. In 1887, a two-volume set of Roughing It in the Bush appeared under the imprint of yet another New York–based publisher, John W. Lovell. Lovell had published many of Moodie’s articles in the Literary Garland when he lived in Montreal during the 1840s.
The first Canadian edition of Roughing It in the Bush was published in Toronto by Hunter, Rose & Co. in 1871. Moodie wrote a new introduction for this edition, “In Which Canada Of The Present Is Contrasted With Canada Of Forty Years Ago.”
In 1913, an illustrated edition of Roughing It in the Bush was published under different imprints in London, New York, and Toronto. (This edition, which originated in Britain with the publisher T.N. Foulis, was subsequently reproduced in 1974 and in 1980 in Toronto in the Coles Canadiana Collection.) The 1913 edition was republished by McClelland & Stewart Publishers in 1923, both with and without illustrations.
Two abridged versions of Roughing It in the Bush appeared in the mid-twentieth century. Dr. F.W. Tickner was the editor for an edition published by Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., first in 1932, in The Teaching of English Series, and then in 1938, as a Nelson’s Classic. A different edition, with an introduction by Carl F. Klinck, was published in Canada by McClelland & Stewart in 1962. In 1986 the London publisher Virago brought out an abridged photographic reprint of the 1852 original, with an introduction by Margaret Atwood, in the Virago Travellers Series.
Most recently, several new editions of Roughing It in the Bush have included all the material that appeared in Moodie’s original. The new editions include a scholarly version edited by Carl Ballstadt and published by Carleton University Press in 1988 as part of the Centre for Editing Early Canadian Texts Series. In 1989 McClelland & Stewart brought out an unabridged reprint of the “second edition with additions” of Roughing It in the Bush, published in London, England, by Richard Bentley in 1852, in its New Canadian Library series edited by David Staines. The edition included as an Appendix Moodie’s introduction to the 1871 Canadian edition.
This Penguin Classics edition of Roughing It in the Bush follows the text of Richard Bentley’s second edition, published in 1852.
Roughing It
in the Bush
I sketch from Nature, and the picture’s true;
Whate’er the subject, whether grave or gay,
Painful experience is a distant land
Made it mine own.
Advertisement
In justice to Mrs. Moodie, it is right to state that being still resident in the far-west of Canada, she has not been able to superintend this work whilst passing through the press. From this circumstance some verbal mistakes and oversights may have occurred, but the greatest care has been taken to avoid them.
Although well known as an authoress in Canada, and a member of a family which has enriched English literature with works of very high popularity, Mrs. Moodie is chiefly remembered in this country by a volume of Poems published in 1831, under her maiden name of Susanna Strickland. During the rebellion in Canada, her loyal lyrics, prompted by strong affection for her native country, were circulated and sung throughout the colony, and produced a great effect in rousing an enthusiastic feeling in favour of law and order. Another of her lyrical compositions, the charming Sleigh Song, printed in the present work, vol. i. p. 147, [Penguin Classics edition, p. 128] has been extremely popular in Canada. The warmth of feeling which beams through every line, and the touching truthfulness of its details, won for it a reception there as universal as it was favourable.
The glowing narrative of personal incident and suffering which she gives in the present work, will no doubt attract general attention. It would be difficult to point out delineations of fortitude under privation, more interesting or more pathetic than those contained in her second volume.
London,
January 22, 1852.
Introduction
[to the original edition]
In most instances, emigration is a matter of necessity, not of choice; and this is more especially true of the emigration of persons of respectable connections, or of any station or position in the world. Few educated persons, accustomed to the refinements and luxuries of European society, ever willingly relinquish those advantages, and place themselves beyond the protective influence of the wise and revered institutions of their native land, without the pressure of some urgent cause. Emigration may, indeed, generally be regarded as an act of severe duty, performed at the expense of personal enjoyment, and accompanied by the sacrifice of those local attachments which stamp the scenes amid which our childhood grew, in imperishable characters upon the heart. Nor is it until adversity has pressed sorely upon the proud and wounded spirit of the well-educated sons and daughters of old but impoverished families, that they gird up the loins of the mind, and arm themselves with fortitude to meet and dare the heart-breaking conflict.
The ordinary motives for the emigration of such persons may be summed up in a few brief words;—the emigrant’s hope of bettering his condition, and of escaping from the vulgar sarcasms too often hurled at the less wealthy by the purse-proud, common-place people of the world. But there is a higher motive still, which has its origin in that love of independence which springs up spontaneously in the breasts of the high-souled children of a glorious land. They cannot labour in a menial capacity in the country where they were born and educated to command. They can trace no difference between themselves and the more fortunate individuals of a race whose blood warms their veins, and whose name they bear. The want of wealth alone places an impassable barrier between them and the more favoured offspring of the same parent stock; and they go forth to make for themselves a new name and to find another country, to forget the past and to live in the future, to exult in the prospect of their children being free and the land of their adoption great.
The choice of the country to which they devote their talents and energies depends less upon their pecuniary means than upon the fancy of the emigrant or the popularity of a name. From the year 1826 to 1829, Australia and the Swan River were all the rage. No
other portions of the habitable globe were deemed worthy of notice. These were the El Dorados and lands of Goshen to which all respectable emigrants eagerly flocked. Disappointment, as a matter of course, followed their high-raised expectations. Many of the most sanguine of these adventurers returned to their shores in a worse condition than when they left them. In 1830, the great tide of emigration flowed westward. Canada became the great land-mark for the rich in hope and poor in purse. Public newspapers and private letters teemed with the unheard-of advantages to be derived from a settlement in this highly-favoured region.
Its salubrious climate, its fertile soil, commercial advantages, great water privileges, its proximity to the mother country, and last, not least, its almost total exemption from taxation—that bugbear which keeps honest John Bull in a state of constant ferment—were the theme of every tongue, and lauded beyond all praise. The general interest, once excited, was industriously kept alive by pamphlets, published by interested parties, which prominently set forth all the good to be derived from a settlement in the Backwoods of Canada; while they carefully concealed the toil and hardship to be endured in order to secure these advantages. They told of lands yielding forty bushels to the acre, but they said nothing of the years when these lands, with the most careful cultivation, would barely return fifteen; when rust and smut, engendered by the vicinity of damp overhanging woods, would blast the fruits of the poor emigrant’s labour, and almost deprive him of bread. They talked of log houses to be raised in a single day, by the generous exertions of friends and neighbours, but they never ventured upon a picture of the disgusting scenes of riot and low debauchery exhibited during the raising, or upon a description of the dwellings when raised—dens of dirt and misery, which would, in many instances, be shamed by an English pig-sty. The necessaries of life were described as inestimably cheap; but they forgot to add that in remote bush settlements, often twenty miles from a market town, and some of them even that distance from the nearest dwelling, the necessaries of life, which would be deemed indispensable to the European, could not be procured at all, or, if obtained, could only be so by sending a man and team through a blazed forest road,—a process far too expensive for frequent repetition.
Oh, ye dealers in wild lands—ye speculators in the folly and credulity of your fellow men—what a mass of misery, and of misrepresentation productive of that misery, have ye not to answer for! You had your acres to sell, and what to you were the worn-down frames and broken hearts of the infatuated purchasers? The public believed the plausible statements you made with such earnestness, and men of all grades rushed to hear your hired orators declaim upon the blessings to be obtained by the clearers of the wilderness.
Men who had been hopeless of supporting their families in comfort and independence at home, thought that they had only to come out to Canada to make their fortunes; almost even to realise the story told in the nursery, of the sheep and oxen that ran about the streets, ready roasted, and with knives and forks upon their backs. They were made to believe that if it did not actually rain gold, that precious metal could be obtained, as is now stated of California and Australia, by stooping to pick it up.
The infection became general. A Canada mania pervaded the middle ranks of British society; thousands and tens of thousands, for the space of three or four years landed upon these shores. A large majority of the higher class were officers of the army and navy, with their families—a class perfectly unfitted by their previous habits and education for contending with the stern realities of emigrant life. The hand that has long held the sword, and been accustomed to receive implicit obedience from those under its control, is seldom adapted to wield the spade and guide the plough, or try its strength against the stubborn trees of the forest. Nor will such persons submit cheerfully to the saucy familiarity of servants, who, republicans in spirit, think themselves as good as their employers. Too many of these brave and honourable men were easy dupes to the designing land-speculators. Not having counted the cost, but only looked upon the bright side of the picture held up to their admiring gaze, they fell easily into the snares of their artful seducers.
To prove their zeal as colonists, they were induced to purchase large tracts of wild land in remote and unfavourable situations. This, while it impoverished and often proved the ruin of the unfortunate immigrant, possessed a double advantage to the seller. He obtained an exorbitant price for the land which he actually sold, while the residence of a respectable settler upon the spot greatly enhanced the value and price of all other lands in the neighbourhood.
It is not by such instruments as those I have just mentioned, that Providence works when it would reclaim the waste places of the earth, and make them subservient to the wants and happiness of its creatures. The Great Father of the souls and bodies of men knows the arm which wholesome labour from infancy has made strong, the nerves which have become iron by patient endurance, by exposure to weather, coarse fare, and rude shelter; and he chooses such, to send forth into the forest to hew out the rough paths for the advance of civilisation. These men become wealthy and prosperous, and form the bones and sinews of a great and rising country. Their labour is wealth, not exhaustion; it produces independence and content, not home-sickness and despair. What the Backwoods of Canada are to the industrious and ever-to-be-honoured sons of honest poverty, and what they are to the refined and accomplished gentleman, these simple sketches will endeavour to portray. They are drawn principally from my own experience, during a sojourn of nineteen years in the colony.
In order to diversify my subject, and make it as amusing as possible, I have between the sketches introduced a few small poems, all written during my residence in Canada, and descriptive of the country.
In this pleasing task, I have been assisted by my husband, J.W. Dunbar Moodie, author of “Ten Years in South Africa.”
Belleville, Upper Canada.
Canada
Canada, the blest—the free!
With prophetic glance, I see
Visions of thy future glory,
Giving to the world’s great story
A page, with mighty meaning fraught,
That asks a wider range of thought.
Borne onward on the wings of Time,
I trace thy future course sublime;
And feel my anxious lot grow bright,
While musing on the glorious sight;—
Yea, my heart leaps up with glee
To hail thy noble destiny!
Even now thy sons inherit
All thy British mother’s spirit.
Ah! no child of bondage thou;
With her blessing on thy brow,
And her deathless, old renown
Circling thee with freedom’s crown,
And her love within thy heart,
Well may’st thou perform thy part,
And to coming years proclaim
Thou art worthy of her name.
Home of the homeless!—friend to all
Who suffer on this earthly ball!
On thy bosom sickly care
Quite forgets her squalid lair;
Gaunt famine, ghastly poverty
Before thy gracious aspect fly,
And hopes long crush’d, grow bright again.
And, smiling, point to hill and plain.
By thy winter’s stainless snow,
Starry heavens of purer glow,
Glorious summers, fervid, bright,
Basking in one blaze of light;
By thy fair, salubrious clime;
By thy scenery sublime;
By thy mountains, streams, and woods;
By thy everlasting floods;
If greatness dwells beneath the skies,
Thou to greatness shall arise!
Nations old, and empires vast,
From the earth had darkly pass’d
Ere rose the fair auspicious morn
When thou, the last, not least, was born.
Through the desert solitude
Of trackless wa
ters, forests rude,
Thy guardian angel sent a cry
All jubilant of victory!
“Joy,” she cried, “to th’ untill’d earth,
Let her joy in a mighty nation’s birth,—
Night from the land has pass’d away,
The desert basks in noon of day.
Joy, to the sullen wilderness,
I come, her gloomy shades to bless,
To bid the bear and wild-cat yield
Their savage haunts to town and field.
Joy, to stout hearts and willing hands,
That win a right to these broad lands,
And reap the fruit of honest toil,
Lords of the rich, abundant soil.
“Joy, to the sons of want, who groan
In lands that cannot feed their own;
And seek, in stern, determined mood,
Homes in the land of lake and wood,
And leave their hearts’ young hopes behind,
Friends in this distant world to find;
Led by that God, who from His throne
Regards the poor man’s stifled moan.
Like one awaken’d from the dead,
The peasant lifts his drooping head,
Nerves his strong heart and sun-burnt hand,
To win a portion of the land,
That glooms before him far and wide
In frowning woods and surging tide
No more oppress’d, no more a slave,
Here freedom dwells beyond the wave.
“Joy, to those hardy sires who bore
The day’s first heat—their toils are o’er;
Rude fathers of this rising land,
Theirs was a mission truly grand.
Brave peasants whom the Father, God,
Sent to reclaim the stubborn sod;
Well they perform’d their task, and won
Altar and hearth for the woodman’s son.
Joy, to Canada’s unborn heirs,
Roughing It In The Bush Page 2