The Serpent and the Rainbow

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The Serpent and the Rainbow Page 35

by Wade Davis

Kaempfer, Engelbert, 120

  Karnice-Karnicki, Count, 131–32, 134, 135

  Kline, Nathan S., 22, 23–32, 34–35, 39, 40, 44, 58, 60, 99, 101, 107, 109–12, 117, 126, 129, 148, 157, 179, 180, 188, 216, 217

  Knab, Timothy, 115

  knucklebones, 136

  LaBonté, 149, 151, 152, 168, 169, 186

  Laguerre, Michel, 211–13, 215, 250

  lakous, 72, 139, 234

  land disputes, 28, 158, 253–54

  Leclerc, Charles, 66, 68, 205, 206

  Legba, 172, 176, 179, 228

  Lehman, Heinz, 23–32, 34–35, 39, 117, 129, 180, 216

  Leidenfrost point, 51

  lemons, 162

  Leophin, Jean-Jacques, 250–55, 256, 259, 264

  lepers, 160

  Levé, 164

  Liberia, 70

  Limbé, Haiti, 189, 190, 202

  limes, 101

  Linnaeus, Carolus, 37

  “living dead,” zombis as, 26–27, 29, 58–59, 131–42

  lizards, 95, 108, 116

  loas:

  as expressions of God, 171–72

  possession by, 47, 48, 50, 56, 98, 152, 169, 171–72, 177–79, 180–181, 182, 183, 201–2, 265, 266

  worship of, 180–81

  see also individual loas

  Loco, 172

  Lonchocarpus capassa, 40

  London Echo, 132

  Louisiana Purchase, 65

  loup garou (werewolf), 79, 224

  LSD, 59

  Luisena Indians, 39

  Lytton, Edward, 133

  Macandal, François, 189–90, 196–200, 201, 247

  Macaya, 201

  McGill University, 58, 59, 61

  madoulè, 262

  maikua, 39

  Makala nations, 251

  maman, 48

  maman guêpes, 163

  mambos, 47, 48, 49, 50, 147, 148–49, 176

  Mandelslo, Johann Albert de, 38

  Mandingue tribe, 196

  mandrakes, 38

  marcehaussée, 193

  Marie, 92

  Maroons:

  as forerunners of secret societies, 190–206, 212, 213, 250

  poison used by, 196–201

  Martineau, Harriet, 133

  Mary, Virgin, 170–71

  mashasha, 163

  Mass of the Invalides, 160

  Matilde, 92, 93

  Mayan iconography, 114

  Maze, Dr., 133

  medicine:

  Chinese, 113–14, 118–19

  Egyptian, 118

  herbal, 17, 21, 127

  tribal, 35–37

  Vedic, 22

  see also drugs

  medicine men, 136

  Medor, 201

  mental illness, drug treatment for, 22, 59, 63

  Merrick, David, 216, 217

  metabolic rate, lowering of, 29, 108, 116, 129, 140, 187

  Métraux, Alfred, 214

  millipeds, 162

  mind/body interaction, 179

  Mucuna, 95

  mulattos, 71, 156, 203–4, 206

  Murray, Gerry, 234

  muscle relaxants, 21, 113

  Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard), 108

  mushrooms, hallucinogenic, 130

  n’âme, 181, 186

  nangarri, 136

  Napoléon, 166–67

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 65–66, 67, 205

  Napoleonic code, 28, 71

  Narcisse, Angelina, 28, 82–83, 85

  Narcisse, Clairvius:

  “death” of, 27–28, 30, 60, 121, 139–42

  death certificate of, 26

  grave of, 81

  illness of, 44, 57, 60–61, 108, 111, 121–22, 126, 140

  interviews with, 62, 80

  medical dossier of, 60–61

  physical appearance of, 62

  psychological state of, 130, 137–42

  “resurrection” of, 39, 99, 121

  tribunal for, 81, 82, 83, 85, 253

  unpopularity of, 188, 253–54

  as zombi, 26–27, 28–29, 33, 73, 79–85, 157–58, 213, 223, 254

  Narcisse, Magrim, 82

  Narcisse, Marie Claire, 28, 29

  NASA, 31

  nausea, 108, 122, 123, 165

  NDE (near-death experience), 140–42

  Nég Guinée, 244

  neurotoxins, 117, 118

  New York State Psychiatric Institute, 126–27

  ngmoo, 165

  Nicephorus Glycas, 132

  nicotine, 166

  Obin, 150, 152, 154, 155, 168, 186

  obong, 41, 42

  O’Connell, Daniel, 133

  Ogoun, 160–61, 172, 201–2, 241, 266

  Old Calabar, 111

  “Order and Respect of the Night,” 227, 228, 236

  Oris, 76–77, 78, 79

  ouabain, 113

  oxygen deprivation, 29

  Padrejean, 200

  Pan-American Highway, 19, 20–21

  paralysis, 117, 118, 122, 123, 165

  paresthesia, 108, 116

  “participant observation,” 208

  passports, 210, 211

  passwords, 194–96, 209, 211

  peasantry, 68–70

  Pedro, 247

  Pentsao Chin, 118

  Pentsao Kang Mu, 113, 118–19

  Petit Albert, Le, 251

  Petrarch, 25

  Petro, 49

  physostigmine, 40, 42, 110

  phytochemical plants, 87–88

  Pierre, Marcel, 145–48, 162, 163, 217, 218, 238, 240–41, 250

  zombi poison prepared by, 44, 52, 53–56, 60, 87–101, 112

  pierre tonnerre, 94, 147

  Plaine du Nord, Haiti, 266–67

  plantations, 67, 68, 69, 190, 201, 205

  Pliny the Elder, 25

  “pointing of the bone,” 137, 168

  pois gratter, 95, 110, 163

  poison, see zombi poison

  poison ivy, 163

  poison ordeal, 195–96

  polychaete worms, 95, 112, 116

  pomme cajou, 163

  Poro society, 195

  Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 45

  Postilion, 119, 125

  poteau mitan, 47, 49, 180, 220, 226, 229, 230, 245, 248

  potions, magic, 55, 83–84

  Price-Mars, Jean, 178

  Prix Dusgate, 133

  prostitution, 38, 98–99

  “psychic driving” experiments, 59

  psychopharmacology, 22

  psychotic delirium, 166

  puffer fish, 95, 116–26, 130, 163–64, 167

  pulmonary edema, 60–61, 108, 111, 116, 122, 123

  putrefaction, 133

  pwin, 260

  “queens,” 155, 236

  Rada, 49

  rage, sham, 116

  Raiders of the Lost Ark, 224

  Rainbow (Ayida Wedo), 176–77

  Rara, 102–3, 258

  rat experiments, 128

  reine dirageur, 236

  René, 76–77

  research, on secret societies, 206–15

  reserpine, 22

  respiration, absence of, 25–26, 134

  respiratory problems, 56, 60–61, 108, 111, 116, 121, 122, 123, 125

  Retiré Bon Ange, 164

  rhesus monkeys, experiments with, 30, 128

  rigor mortis, 134

  Rochambeau, 66

  Roizin, Leon, 126–29

  Romaine La Prophétesse, 201, 202, 247

  sabbat, 38

  Saint Anne, festival of, 159–61, 162

  St. Constantine, 51

  Saint Domingue, see Haiti, French colonization of

  St. John, Spenser, 208

  Saint-Mery, Moreau de, 196

  Saint Michel de l’Attalaye Hospital, 27–28, 80

  Salisbury, Richard, 161

  San Poel, 211

  San Salvador, 44–45

  São Paulo, Brazil, 51

  Saponins, 111

  sashimi, 120

&
nbsp; Saut d’Eau, Haiti, 170–71, 180, 266

  Savanne Carée, 79

  schizophrenia, 59, 61, 135

  Schultes, Richard Evans, 16–17, 21–22, 24, 38, 40, 109, 110, 115, 117, 129

  Schwartz, Reverend, 132

  Albert Schweitzer Hospital, 28, 60, 140

  scopolamine, 166

  séances, 230, 254, 263

  sea toad, 84, 95, 112–16, 117, 162, 163, 164, 167

  sea worms, 95, 108

  seconde, 48

  secret societies:

  beliefs of, 240–63

  ceremonies of, 216–39, 242–50

  examples of, 206–7

  function of, 41–43, 85, 101–4, 147, 211–12, 213

  geographic location of, 169

  initiation to, 194, 240–63

  as malevolent organizations, 208–211, 220–21, 223, 235

  Maroons as forerunners of, 190–206, 212, 213, 250

  as “masters of the land,” 213, 223

  officers of, 229, 231

  origins of, 190–206

  paramilitary, 101–4

  political influence of, 101–4, 206, 233–39, 254–57

  role of women in, 155, 226, 228, 236

  secrecy of, 247, 248–49, 264–66

  “selling someone to,” 223, 237–39, 252–53

  songs of, 222, 229, 230–32, 249

  studies of, 206–15

  in West Africa, 41–43, 195–96, 207, 212, 213, 223

  zombi poison used by, 154, 188, 195–96, 213, 214, 215, 223

  sections rurales, 233–35

  Sect Rouge, 210

  sekey madoulè, 211

  Senegalese, 40–41

  sentinelle, 236, 245

  Serpent (Damballah), 177, 183, 266

  shamans, 178–79

  Shango, 94

  Shanpwel, see secret societies

  sharecroppers, 67

  sharo contest, 40

  Sheffield case, 25

  shellfish poisoning, 165

  shock, 137

  Shuar Indians, 39

  Shun Nung, 118

  Sierra Leone, 40, 41

  Simbi, 152

  Simon, Hélène, 78, 156, 218–19

  Simon, Herard, 155, 157–59, 162, 164, 165, 167–69, 180, 185, 215, 218–21, 224–28, 237, 253, 257, 264–65

  sisal whips, 74, 244–45

  Slave Coast, 41

  slaves:

  abuse of, 190–91

  emancipation of, 204–5, 210

  freed, 196, 206, 212

  revolts of, 40–43, 65–67, 69–70, 189–206, 247–48, 250

  runaway, 190

  trade of, 196

  zombis as, 28, 62, 80, 139

  snakeroot, 22

  snakes, 162

  Snow, Sebastian, 17–20

  Sobo, 94, 228

  songs, of secret societies, 222, 229, 230–32, 249

  sorcerers, 139, 185, 187, 195, 196, 251

  spells, magic, 100, 137, 138, 139

  Sphoeroides lobatus, 125

  spirits, see loas

  “star of destiny,” 181

  Strophantus kombe, 113

  Sui Dynasty, 118

  suspended animation, 26, 134

  sympathetic adrenal system, 137

  taboos, social, 136–38

  talc, colored, 152

  tali, 196

  Tani, I., 125

  tarantulas, 162, 163

  tcha-tcha, 95, 111, 163, 164

  Tell My Horse (Hurston), 214

  tetrodotoxin, 117, 118, 122–26, 130, 140, 164, 165–66, 167, 187

  thunderstone, 94, 147

  ti bon ange, 181–83, 184, 185–86, 187, 223, 237

  Ti Femme:

  “death” of, 77

  personality of, 76, 78, 79, 156, 188

  as zombi, 27, 61, 62–63, 73, 75–79, 84, 213

  ti guinin, 72

  tingling sensations, 165

  toads, 59, 84, 95, 108, 112–16 see also sea toad

  toadstools, 112

  Togo, 40

  Tombé Levé, 164

  tonnelle, 225–26

  Ton Ton Macoute, 87, 157, 255–56, 257

  Toussaint L’Ouverture, 67–68, 75, 204, 205, 206

  Townsend, Colonel, 134

  toxins, 112–16

  trance, 134, 135

  tranquilizers, 22, 129

  trauma, 137

  tree datura, 57

  tree frogs, 163, 167

  “tree of the evil eagle,” 37

  tremblador, 163

  truth serums, 111

  Tsimshian Indians, 88

  tuberculosis, 149

  Tué, 164

  uremia, 61, 108, 122

  Vedic medicine, 22

  venom, 113–14

  vermifuge, 111

  vévé, 47

  Ville Bonheur, Haiti, 170–71, 176

  Vinbrindingue, 210, 211

  vision quest, 97–98

  vision vine, 17

  vodoun:

  as basis of Haitian society, 12, 72–73, 110, 183–84, 212

  Catholicism vs., 72–73, 85, 170–171, 205, 256

  ceremonies of, 47–51, 182, 201, 228–29

  chants of, 151, 152

  as cult, 26, 72

  as democratic faith, 73

  initiation to, 98

  orthography of, 11–12

  pantheon of, 48

  pilgrimage sites of, 170–71, 180, 266

  psychological interpretation of, 177–80

  scientific thinking vs., 173–75

  sensationalist accounts of, 208–9

  as system of belief, 170–88

  “voodoo” vs., 11–12

  see also secret societies

  Volunteers for the National Security (VNS), 87, 157, 255–56, 257

  “voodoo death,” 136–42, 168, 180

  Wasp’s Gate, 54

  weight loss, 61, 108, 122

  Weil, Andrew, 88–89

  Wété Mo Nan Dlo, 182

  whips, sisal, 74, 244–45

  white frog, 153

  witch doctors, 40, 136

  witches, 38

  wysoccan, 39

  Yaqui Indians, 38, 88–89

  yellow fever, 66

  Zangbeto, 206

  z’étoile, 186

  Zobop, 211

  zombi astral, 159, 167, 186

  zombi cadavre, 168–69, 186, 187

  zombification:

  as criminal activity, 60, 62, 187–188, 212–13

  fugu poisoning vs., 120–24, 125, 126

  method of, 15–104, 211

  as passage rite, 39

  as social process, 61–62, 212–13

  symptoms of, 62, 63, 110–11, 121–24

  tetrodotoxication vs., 117, 118, 122–26, 130, 140, 164, 165–66, 167, 187

  zombi poison:

  antidote for, 32, 40, 99–101, 129–130, 148, 154, 162, 164–65

  application of, 35, 59–60, 83, 84, 126, 148, 153–54, 167, 180, 187, 232, 237–39

  “carbonization” by, 154

  datura as, 35–43

  dosages of, 125

  effect of, 146–47

  existence of, 58, 80, 82–83, 84, 265

  “explosive,” 164, 168

  fake, 54–56, 64, 87–88, 90–91, 155

  as illegal, 60

  ingredients for, 31, 46–47, 59, 61, 108, 129, 162–67

  magical act vs., 80, 84, 101, 148, 154, 167–68, 169

  medical applications of, 30

  Pierre’s formula for, 44, 52, 53–56, 60, 87–101, 112

  preparation of, 32, 87–88, 91–96, 124–26, 152–55, 162–63

  samples of, 32, 44, 52, 158–59

  as topically active, 126, 163

  “traps” for, 83, 148, 153–54, 167, 232, 237–39

  types of, 164, 166–67

  as used by secret societies, 154, 188, 195–96, 213, 214, 215, 223

  zombis:

  “baptism” of, 187

  existence of,
26–29, 32, 43, 55, 129, 213–14

  judgment of, 147–48, 188, 213, 223, 252–53

  as “living dead,” 26–27, 29, 58–59, 131–42

  masters of, 28, 80

  medical verification of, 27–28

  press reports about, 27, 28–29, 30, 31, 44, 52, 60, 87, 97, 101, 217

  psychiatric view of, 61–62

  “resurrection” of, 39, 99, 121, 142, 168, 179–80, 185–87, 216–17, 265

  return to homes by, 27

  as slaves, 28, 62, 80, 139

  as social outcasts, 29, 46, 76, 78, 79, 156, 188, 253–54

  symptoms displayed by, 44, 57, 60–61, 108, 111, 121–22, 126, 140

  types of, 159, 167, 168–69, 186–87

  will absent from, 84, 139

  see also Narcisse, Clairvius; Ti Femme

  zombi’s cucumber, 35–43, 56, 57, 59–60, 61, 104, 112, 164–65

  Zuni Indians, 39

  About the Author

  Wade Davis holds degrees from Harvard University in Anthropology and Biology, and recently received his Ph.D. in Ethnobotany. Mostly through the Harvard Botanical Museum, he has worked in the field as a plant explorer, ethnobotanist, and photographer, investigating fifteen tribal groups in eight Latin American nations, before undertaking the assignment to Haiti that led to his writing The Serpent and the Rainbow. A native of British Columbia, Mr. Davis has worked as a logger, surveyor, hunting guide, and park ranger. He has published numerous scientific papers and lectured extensively.

 

 

 


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