29. Russell of Liverpool, Knights of Bushido, pp. 213–27.
30. Ibid.
31. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 37.
Chapter 15. The Segundo (SS 398)
1. Richard Binkley, interview by author.
2. John D. Alden, The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979), p. 3:79.
3. Ibid., p. 3:80.
4. Edward L. Beach, Run Silent, Run Deep (New York: Henry Holt, 1955), p. 116.
5. Alden, Fleet Submarine in U.S. Navy, p. 3:79.
6. Ibid., p. 3:78.
7. Clay Blair, Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 198.
8. Alden, Fleet Submarine in U.S. Navy, p. 3:84.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 3:105.
11. Department of the Navy, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (1976), pp. 6:429–30, entry for USS Segundo (SS-398), http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/submar/ss398.txt.
12. Beach, Run Silent, Run Deep, p. 90.
13. James D. Fulp, U.S. Navy, Officer Biography Sheet, August 10, 1949, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
14. James D. Fulp, U.S. Naval Academy, Certificate from Secondary School, June 12, 1928, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
15. Lt. Cmdr. D. E. Barbey to Col. J. D. Fulp, December 11, 1929, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
16. Rear Adm. S. S. Robison, Superintendent of U.S. Naval Academy, Special Order no. 2-30, January 3, 1930, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
17. James D. Fulp, U.S. Naval Academy, Report of Delinquency, December 24, 1929, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
18. U.S. Naval Academy, Lucky Bag Yearbook, Class of 1934, p. 222, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
19. Michael S. Sanders, The Yard: Building a Destroyer at the Bath Iron Works (New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 174.
20. Beach, Run Silent, Run Deep, p. 94.
21. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. USS Segundo (SS 398) Deck Log, July 5, 1944.
25. Johnson interview.
26. Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 724–27.
Chapter 16. Decline
1. W. J. Holmes, Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 349–50.
2. Ibid., p. 350.
3. Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 143; Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington, I-Boat Captain (Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), pp. 214–15.
4. Boyd and Yoshida, Japanese Submarine Force, p. 143.
5. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 214–15.
6. W. J. Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets (US Naval Institute Press, 1998), p. 172.
7. Ibid., p. 141.
8. Ibid., p. 147.
9. M. G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 265.
10. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 144.
11. Ibid., p. 148.
12. Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 156.
13. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 158.
14. Ibid., p. 165.
Chapter 17. Nambu and the I-401
1. Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” October 9, 1944, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-8.htm.
2. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 106.
3. Ibid., p. 68.
4. Ibid., p. 107.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 268.
7. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 165.
8. Ibid., p. 167.
9. Ibid., p. 168.
10. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, 3 parts (Japan: privately published, 1996).
11. R. Kissinger, Jr., I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, Description of Hull, General Arrangements, and Characteristics (U.S. Navy, 1946), p. 4.
12. Seiji Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki ‘I-400 Gata, I-13 Gata’ No Kouzou to Seinou [The Construction and Efficiency of the Unparalleled I-400 and I-13],” Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels, no. 13 (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 1977), p. 30.
13. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 4.
14. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 102.
15. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 7.
16. Thomas O. Paine, “The Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400: Tom Paine’s Journal: July 1945–January 1946,” February 1991, http://www.pacerfarm.org/i-400/. Other sources claim the drop may have been as much as thirty feet.
17. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
18. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
19. Takatsuka, Memories of I-400, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.
20. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 109.
21. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
22. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 103.
23. Ibid., p. 101.
24. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 4. The actual length was 102 feet, 3 inches.
25. Ibid. The actual diameter was 11 feet and 9½ inches. The hangar itself sat 15 inches to starboard of centerline.
26. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 202.
27. Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki,” p. 30.
28. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 6.
29. Robert C. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 12.
30. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, pp. 203, 192.
31. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, pp. 100, 101.
32. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 5.
33. Ibid.
34. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Series S: Ship and Related Target, Index no. S-01-1: Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels, Article I: Submarines (Washington, D.C.: Operational Archives, U.S. Navy History Division, 1946), p.10.
35. Ibid.
36. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 14.
37. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Submarines, p. 10.
38. The I-401’s layout is primarily based on the description provided in the Kissinger Report. See Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, pp. 1–20. Additionally, a rough layout of the sub based on U.S. Navy sources was also referred to. It appears in Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 115. Finally, Shizuo Fukui’s Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War, Administrative Division, Second Demobilization Bureau, April 25, 1947, was also used.
39. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
40. W. J. Holmes, Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in
the Pacific (Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday, 1966), pp. 11–14.
41. “Japanese Torpedoes,” Type 95, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/torps.htm.
42. Mochitsura Hashimoto, Sunk! (New York: Avon, 1954), p. 143.
43. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 17.
44. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400”; Lloyd R. Vasey, “The I-400 Class of Japanese Submarines,” Mustang News [National Order of Battlefield Commissions] 29, no. 3 (Fall 2008).
45. Vasey, “I-400 Class of Japanese Submarines.”
46. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, photo on p. 114.
47. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author; Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 2.
48. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
49. Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington, I-Boat Captain: How Japan’s Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific! (Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 46.
50. Atsushi Asamura, “I-401 Sensuikan to Seiran to Watashi to [The I-401 Submarine, Seiran and Me],” Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels, no. 13 (1977), pp. 42–43.
51. Kazuo Takatsu, interview by author.
52. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
53. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 66.
54. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, photo on p. 115.
55. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author; Paul Wittmer, interview by author.
56. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 245. The I-400 also had a doll in her wardroom. See Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), photo on p. 202.
57. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
58. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 143.
59. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 217.
60. Masanori Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy: A Japanese Account of the Rise and Fall of Japan’s Seapower (New York: Macfadden Books, 1965), p. 19.
61. Dr. Ellen Schattschneider, “The Mystery of Mascot Dolls,” Pacific Wrecks.com: http://www.pacificwrecks.com/history/doll/.
62. Sutejiro Shimazu, interview by author.
63. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 3, September 20, 1974.
64. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
65. Ibid.
66. M. G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 368.
67. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 143.
68. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 56.
69. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
70. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 6.
71. Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author.
72. Japanese Navy Submarine 1–400 Assembly Instruction Booklet, Tamiya, p. 19.
73. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 117.
74. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 5.
75. Ibid.
76. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 1, September 1, 1973.
77. Ibid.
78. Harry Arvidson, interview by author.
79. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
80. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 3, September 20, 1974; Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, p. 210.
81. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, p. 210.
82. Ibid., p. 250.
83. Masao Okui, interview by author.
84. Ibid.
85. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 142.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., p. 47.
88. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, p. 4.
89. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
90. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Ship and Related Targets: Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels: Submarines, p. 10.
91. Erminio Bagnasco, Submarines of World War II (London: Cassell, 2000), p. 194.
92. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, pp. 1, 10.
93. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Ship and Related Targets: Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels: Submarines, p. 14.
94. John E. Long, “Japan’s Undersea Carriers,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1950, p. 612.
95. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 206.
96. Charles A. Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson, Hellcats of the Sea (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), p. 67.
97. Vasey, I-400 Class of Japanese Submarines. One source claims there was at least one shower on each of the I-400 subs.
98. Shoici Matsutani, interview by author.
99. Kissinger, I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, pp. 3, 11.
100. Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400.”
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 167.
Chapter 18. The 631st
1. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 194.
2. Ibid., pp. 195–96.
3. Ibid., pp. 196–97.
4. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Series S: Ship and Related Targets, Index no. S-17, Japanese Submarine Operations (Washington, D.C.: Operational Archives, U.S. Navy History Division, 1946), chap. 2. December 30, 1944, has also been given as a squadron formation date.
5. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 123; Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … aims for U.S. fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan; Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 110; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 36.
6. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 123.
7. Ibid.; Jim Main and David Allen, Fallen: The Ultimate Heroes, Footballers Who Never Returned from the War (Victoria, Australia: BAS, 2002); Main and Allen, “The Ultimate Tiger Heroes” (2002), http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/2941/default.aspx.
8. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 124; Fukui, Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War, p. 36.
9. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 165.
10. Robert C. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 7.
11. Ibid.
12. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 138.
13. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran, pp. 9–10.
14. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha 2001), p. 161.
15. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 175.
16. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 191.
17. Ibid., p. 104.
18. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 23.
19. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 156, 157.
20. Ibid., pp. 158, 157.
21. Ibid., pp. 158, 159.
22. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 25.
23. Satoru Fukuoka, oral interview transcript, Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, March 12, 1998.
24. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 160.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 164.
27. Thomas S. Momiyama, “All and Nothing,” Air & Space, Smithsonian, October–November 2001, p. 25.
28. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran, p. 5.
29. M. G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), pp. 267–68.
&nbs
p; 30. Ibid.
31. Atsushi Asamura, interview, Rekishi Gunzou, Gakken, Issue no. 85, October 10, 2007, pp. 154–59.
32. Seventieth class.
33. Asamura interview, Rekishi Gunzou, pp. 154–59.
34. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 164.
35. Ikuhiko Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa [Historical Aviation Stories of World War II], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.
36. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 164.
37. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran, p. 7.
38. Ibid., p. 11.
39. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 138.
40. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 191, 166.
41. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 198.
42. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 42.
43. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 199.
44. Ibid., p. 198.
45. Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 183.
46. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 198.
47. Ibid.
48. Mochitsura Hashimoto, Sunk! (New York: Avon, 1954), p. 138.
49. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 138.
50. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran, p. 12.
51. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 168–69.
52. Ibid., p. 126.
53. Ibid., pp. 139, 169.
54. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 144, 169, 170.
55. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 201.
56. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 170–71, 173–75.
Chapter 19. Fulp on Patrol
1. James L. Mooney, “History of USS Segundo (SS-398),” Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (Washington, D.C.: Navy Department, Naval Historical Center, Ships’ History Branch, 1959–81); USS Segundo (SS 398), First War Patrol Report, September 13, 1944, 0802, at http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol1.pdf.
2. USS Segundo (SS 398), Deck Logs, October 6, 1944.
3. Harry W. McCartney, interview by author.
4. Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.
5. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
6. Clay Blair, Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), pp. 725, 202, 715.
Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II Page 42