12. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 134; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 246; Seiji Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki ‘I-400 Gata, I-13 Gata’ No Kouzou to Seinou [The Construction and Efficiency of the Unparalleled I-400 and I-13],” Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels, no. 13 (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 1977), p. 28.
13. Erminio Bagnasco, Submarines of World War II (London: Cassell, 2000), p. 194.
14. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 216.
15. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 196.
16. João Paulo Julião Matsuura, “Nakajima C6N Saiun (Painted Cloud),” CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/ijna/c6n.htm.
17. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 196.
18. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 216.
19. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 195.
20. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 216.
21. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 194, 212; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 216.
22. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 191–92.
23. Clay Blair, Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 868.
24. James D. Hornfischer, Ship of Ghosts (New York: Bantam Books, 2007), p. 393.
25. Ibid., pp. 392–93.
26. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 217.
27. Ibid.; Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 194.
28. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 161.
29. Ibid., p. 219. Sato, in Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo (p. 196), recalls the date as July 22, while Takahashi, in Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai (p. 198), says the subs arrived on July 21. Asamura recalls the date even earlier, saying it was July 13; see Atsushi Asamura, interview, Rekishi Gunzou, Issue no. 85, October 10, 2007, Gakken, pp. 154–59. As a result, it’s difficult to know with confidence which date is correct, but July 22 seems most likely.
30. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 198.
31. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 198.
32. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 198.
33. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 198.
34. Ibid., pp. 196–97. Eyewitness accounts suggest the I-400 Seiran may have been painted at Maizuru, while the I-401 planes were painted later at Ominato.
35. Heiji Kondo, interview by author; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 198.
36. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 198.
37. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 199.
38. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 219.
39. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
40. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 219.
41. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 202.
42. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
43. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 220.
Chapter 30. Under Way
1. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 202.
2. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 220.
3. Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington, I-Boat Captain: How Japan’s Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific! (Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 300; Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 199.
4. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 203; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 220.
5. Ibid., p. 199.
6. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996).
7. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 199.
8. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 200.
9. Ibid, p. 202.
10. Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta (I was a witness to the I-400 surrender],” Maru [magazine], September 1976, p. 82.
11. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 202, 204.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 203.
15. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 194, 212.
16. Correspondence with Carl Boyd.
Chapter 31. Crossed Wires
1. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 217.
2. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 193.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., p. 190.
6. Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta [I was a witness to the I-400 surrender],” Maru [magazine], September 1976, p. 81.
7. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 188, 189, 215.
8. Ibid., p. 190.
9. Ibid., p. 216.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 215.
12. Atsushi Asamura, interview by author.
13. Ibid.
14. Ikuhiko Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa [Historical Aviation Stories of World War II], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 222.
15. Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa, chap. 10.
16. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 222.
17. Ibid., p. 221.
18. Atsushi Asamura, “I-401 Sensuikan to Seiran to Watashi to [The I-401 Submarine, Seiran and Me],” Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels, no. 13, 1977, pp. 42–43.
19. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 222 quoting Atsushi Asamura; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 221.
20. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 221.
21. Asamura, “I-401 Sensuikan to Seiran to Watashi,” pp. 42–43; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 221.
22. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), pp. 200, 201.
23. Ibid., p. 116.
24. Ibid., p. 118.
25. Michael Wilson, A Submariner’s War: The Indian Ocean 1939–1945 (Gloucestershire, U.K.: Spellmount, 2008), p. 103.
26. M. G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), pp. 333–34.
27. Ibid., pp. 237–38.
28. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 200.
29. Shoichi Matsutani, interview by author; Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.
30. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.
31. Ibid.
32. Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta,” p. 82.
33. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 203.
38. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
39. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 220.
40. Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author.
41. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 202.
42. Ibid. Some accounts suggest this date was August 14.
43. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 223.
44. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 202.
45. Ibid.
Chapter 32. The Emperor’s Voice
1. W. J. Holmes, Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. 481.
2. Carlo M. Carlucci, interview by author.
3. Ibid.
4. USS Segundo (SS 398), Fifth War Patrol Report, Prologue, http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol5.pdf.
5. Ibid.
6. Victor S. Horgan, interview b
y author.
7. USS Segundo (SS 398) Deck Log, August 10, 1945.
8. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
9. Steve L. Johnson, Jr., interview by author.
10. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 226.
11. Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta [I was a witness to the I-400 surrender],” Maru [magazine], September 1976, p. 82.
12. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 202.
13. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 226.
14. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 192.
15. Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! IJN Submarine I-13, Tabular Record of Movement,” August 1, 1945, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-13.htm.
16. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 203, 200.
17. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 3, September 20, 1974.
18. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 201.
19. Ibid., p. 202.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid, p. 203.
22. Ibid.
23. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 231.
24. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 203.
25. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 231.
26. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 223; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 229, 223.
27. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, pp. 220, 225.
28. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 226.
29. Ibid., p. 223.
30. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 223.
31. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 226.
32. Ibid., p. 227.
33. Ibid.
34. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai p. 204; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 228.
35. Ibid., p. 204; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 228; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 227.
36. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 228; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 223.
Chapter 33. Anarchy
1. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 204
2. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), pp. 227–28; Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), pp. 228, 230.
3. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 207.
4. Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … Aims for U.S. Fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 271.
5. Masao Okui, interview by author.
6. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 204.
7. Ibid.; Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta [I was a witness to the I-400 surrender],” Maru [magazine], September 1976, p. 83.
8. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 204–205.
9. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 59
10. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 206.
11. Ibid., p. 205.
12. Ibid., p. 206.
13. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 3, September 20, 1974.
14. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 206.
15. Ibid., pp. 206–207.
16. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 231.
17. Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! IJN Submarine I-14, Tabular Record of Movement,” August 15, 1945, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-14.htm.
18. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 228–32.
19. Ibid., p. 249.
20. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 228, 231.
21. Ibid., p. 250.
22. Ibid., pp. 234, 250.
23. Ibid., p. 229.
24. Ibid., p. 230.
25. Ibid.
26. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 229; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 234–35.
27. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 229; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 234–35.
28. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 235.
29. Ibid., p. 236.
30. Ibid., pp. 238, 273.
31. Ibid., p. 238.
32. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
33. Ibid.
34. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 229.
35. Ibid., p. 230.
36. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 236.
37. Ibid., p. 229.
38. Muneo Bando, “Go Dai-yonhyakuichi (401) Sensuikan Kitou No Omoide [Memories of the I-401’s Return],” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan, p. 136.
39. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
40. Bando, “Memories of the I-401’s Return,” pp. 136–40; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 235, 237.
41. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
42. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 231.
43. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 239.
44. Ibid., pp. 230–31.
45. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
46. Imperial Rescript Granted the Ministers of War and Navy, August 17, 1945, reproduced in Psychological Warfare, pt. 2, supp. 2, CINCPAC-CINCPOA Bulletin, no. 164-45.
47. Namura, “Watashi wa I-400 Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin data,” p. 83.
48. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 235; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 241.
49. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, pp. 238–39.
50. Ibid., p. 242.
51. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 236.
52. Ibid., pp. 234, 236.
53. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 199; Haruo Sugiyama, interview by author.
54. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 236.
55. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
56. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
57. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
58. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 243; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 237.
59. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
60. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 206.
61. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 3, September 20, 1974.
62. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 3, September 20, 1974.
63. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 60.
64. Masao Okui, interview by author.
65. Kazuo Nishijima, interview by author.
Chapter 34. Escape
1. USS Segundo (SS 398) Deck Logs, August 15, 1945.
2. Thomas O. Paine, “The Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS I-400, Tom Paine’s Journal: July 1945–January 1946,” February 1991, http://www.pacerfarm.org/i-400/.
3. John E. Balson, interview by author.
4. USS Segundo (SS 398), Fifth War Patrol Report, August 19, 1945, 0725, http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol5.pdf.
5. USS Segundo (SS 398) Deck Logs, August 18–24, 1945.
6. Segundo, Fifth Patrol Report, August 24, 1945, 1504.
7. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 245.
8. John E. Balson, interview by author.
9. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beiki
doukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 233.
10. Ibid.
11. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
12. Ikuhiko Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa [Historical Aviation Stories of World War II], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.
13. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 256.
14. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 238.
15. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
16. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 257.
17. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 238.
18. Ibid.
Chapter 35. Interception
1. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
2. USS Segundo (SS 398), Fifth War Patrol Report, August 29, 1945, 0425, http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol5.pdf.
3. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
4. Atsushi Asamura, interview by author.
5. Alex Leitch, “The Chase, Capture and Boarding of a Japanese Submarine,” Polaris, December 1985.
6. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
7. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 239.
8. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
9. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 239.
10. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 258; Muneo Bando, “Memories of the I-401’s Return,” p. 141.
11. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
12. Heiji Kondo, interview by author.
13. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
14. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 223.
15. Mueno Bando, “Memories of the I-401’s Return,” p. 141.
16. Ibid., p. 142.
17. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
18. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 258.
19. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
20. Segundo, Fifth Patrol Report, August 29, 1945, 0505–0539.
21. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 258.
22. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II Page 45