Robert Macfarlane
* * *
THE GIFTS OF READING
Contents
The Gifts of Reading
Follow Penguin
PENGUIN BOOKS
THE GIFTS OF READING
Robert Macfarlane is the author of a trilogy of books about landscape and the human heart: Mountains of the Mind, The Wild Places and The Old Ways. He is also the author of Landmarks, in which he explores the language of landscape and the landscape of language. His writing has won many prizes and has been widely adapted for television and radio. He is currently at work on Underland, a book about the worlds beneath our feet, and The Lost Words, an illustrated spellbook created in collaboration with acclaimed artist Jackie Morris. Robert is a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
To Don
This story, like so many stories, begins with a gift. The gift, like so many gifts, was a book – and the book was given to me by a man called Don, with whom I became friends in Beijing during the autumn and winter of 2000. Don and I were working as English literature teachers in a university on the west side of the city, third ring-road out. Our students were mostly the sons and daughters of high-cadre officials: if you mentioned Tibet or Taiwan, thirty faces dipped to their desks. We taught our syllabus from a fat crimson-jacketed anthology of English literature that reframed literary history, Chinese Communist Party style. Literature was functional – and its function was the advancement of the Maoist project. Wordsworth the revolutionary was included, but not Wordsworth the late-life conservative. Oscar Wilde starred as socialist but not as aesthete. Ezra Pound didn’t make the cut, for obvious reasons. Thomas Hood’s ‘The Song of the Shirt’ was the most important Victorian poem.
Teaching with The Big Red Book, as we nicknamed it, was hard work. It was easy to forget that literature might be there to thrill, perplex or amaze, rather than only to instruct. What kept me honest was Don. Don turned sixty that year. He was from San Francisco. He was tall, just starting to stoop. He dressed Kerouac-style: black jeans, black leather jackets, white T-shirts. Pebble glasses, short grey hair standing up in spikes. Small, sharp, wonky teeth, which you saw a lot of because Don talked so much and laughed so much. Fast, rat-a-tat questions-and-answers, or long think-pieces, but without ever making you feel like he was taking more than his fair share of airtime. I guess it was the speed he spoke at – he packed in several words a second.
Don was from a blue-collar background in California, and had met poetry at the City Lights Bookstore in his early twenties. It had changed his life. He’d heard Ginsberg read. He’d hung out with Ferlinghetti. He worked night school and then part-time at a state college to get a degree in literature as a mature student. But eventually he couldn’t afford to live in California and teach the texts he loved, so he’d switched to Beijing where accommodation came with the job, and the basics were cheap. I don’t think I’ve ever known anyone with a higher-voltage passion for books than Don. Literature wired him. When Don read, he crackled.
In the days, Don and I did our best with The Big Red Book and the cadre children. In the evenings, we drank beer laced with formaldehyde, and talked writing. Don introduced me to dozens of authors of whom I cannot now imagine being innocent, among them Ed Abbey, Annie Dillard and Gary Snyder. We shared a love of classical Chinese poetry (Li Bai, Tu Fu), especially in translations by Pound and by David Hinton. Although foreign books were difficult to come by in Beijing at that time, and expensive if you could find them, and although Don didn’t have much money, he pressed volume after volume on to me, including his copy of Ferlinghetti’s A Coney Island of the Mind, with its lit-up monochrome cover. ‘Have it,’ he told me, ‘you’ll love it, you need to read it, you keep it.’
One day Don didn’t show up for his classes. He’d been mugged the night before. He was found in an alley in a pool of blood with a half-brick next to him and his wallet gone. I cut class and went straight to see him. His head had been shaved and there was a linen bandage swaddling half his skull, stained with iodine. But he was smiling, and there was a book open by his bed, and he wanted me to read him Snyder’s poem ‘Riprap’ out loud:
Lay down these words
Before your mind like rocks.
placed solid, by hands …
I left Beijing after two semesters, and came back to Cambridge to start a PhD in Victorian literature. Don and I wrote often, sometimes by email, mostly by airmail. I missed his intensity – the seminar rooms of Cambridge felt prim and flat in comparison. We arranged that he’d come to England the next summer for a couple of weeks. I couldn’t wait to see him.
The visit didn’t go to plan. I was struggling with my doctorate, anxious, pressed for time. Don wanted to talk, walk and read all day. I needed to study. He wanted to explore the bookshops of Cambridge – G. David’s, the Haunted Bookshop, both tucked away on opposite sides of a medieval cemetery. So did I. But I also felt obliged to put in hours in the University Library, where I was tracking down obscure texts from the 1860s in the huge leather-backed folder that constituted the catalogue in that pre-digitized era. After five days I suggested that Don head up to Edinburgh for a trip on his own. It was an astonishing city, I said, unmissable, the Paris of the North, etc. I researched bus times for him. I knew I was trying to move him on. I didn’t know he knew I was trying to move him on.
On the seventh morning I heard Don get up early and walk around the house. The front door closed. I guessed he was heading to the market. I went to the kitchen to make coffee. There was a neatly wrapped present on the table, with a card. He’d gone to Edinburgh, hadn’t wanted to wake us before leaving. I felt a quick punch of guilt. He’d loved his stay with us, had left a few small tokens of thanks. The present on the table was a copy of Snyder’s Mountains and Rivers Without End. I walked into the other room. There was another present there, propped up against a lamp: a CD of West Coast jazz. And then in the room in which I worked, on my desk, was the third and last of his presents. It was a paperback copy of a book by Patrick Leigh Fermor that Don and I had talked about once in Beijing, drawn to it by our shared love of walking (which Don mostly did in cities, and I mostly did in mountains). Its title was A Time of Gifts.
*
If you have never read A Time of Gifts, may I urgently suggest that you buy a copy as soon as possible, or better still ask someone to give you one as a present? Together with the two books that follow it – Between the Woods and the Water (1986) and The Broken Road (2013) – it tells the story of Leigh Fermor’s legendary walk from the Hook of Holland to Constantinople in the early 1930s, started when he was just eighteen, and constituting what is fondly known by Leigh Fermor’s many modern admirers as ‘the longest gap year in history’.
Leigh Fermor came up with his plan at ‘about lamplighting time at the end of a wet November day’ in Mayfair in 1933. Fatigued by his London life and its boozy repetitions, he was suddenly seized by the idea of walking across an entire continent, from Christendom to Islam, passing as he did so through the cultures, tongues and countries of Europe. His aim on setting out was to live like a ‘pilgrim’ or ‘errant scholar’: to sleep in ditches and hay barns, and ‘only consort with peasants and tramps’. But being who he was – a handsome and charming young man with a few good connections to start him off – he ended up strolling from castle to castle, playing hopschloss across Germany, Hungary and the Carpathians, sipping Tokay from cut-glass goblets, and smoking yard-long pipes with archdukes and earls. For a year and a half, he was an aristocratic supertramp, enjoying hospitality along the way, making his rakish progress through the doomed world of Mitteleuropa, snatching scenes from a snow-globe – just before it was shattered by the worst war in history.
A Time of Gifts is fil
led with gifts and acts of giving – it is a book, we might say, that is rich with generosity. Among its gifts is the gift of time: Leigh Fermor did not publish it until 1977, forty-four years after beginning his walk, and a result of that long and thoughtful delay is a narrative voice which possesses both the joyful wonder of youth, and the wisdom and perspective of later age. And among those wisdoms is its reflection on the nature of gift: what it might mean to give without expectation of recompense, and what types of kindness might stand outside the reciprocal binds of the cash economy.
This fascination with gift expresses itself also in Leigh Fermor’s famously ornate style, profusely tendrilled as it is with trope and allusion. Almost everything in his prose leads to something else (path to path, culture to culture, word to word) and this abundance of connection is itself a kind of offering up or giving away. You feel, as a reader, passionately – perhaps even at times oppressively – hosted: Read this! Look here! Listen to that! Walk this way! His style is gratuitous in the best sense of that word: ‘given free of charge; undertaken without necessity or obligation’.
One of the first things Leigh Fermor is given in A Time of Gifts is a book: the first volume of the Loeb edition of Horace. His mother (‘she was an enormous reader’) bought it for him as a farewell present, and on its flyleaf she wrote the prose translation of an exquisite short poem by Petronius, which could hardly have been more appropriate as a valediction to her son:
Leave thy home, O youth, and seek out alien shores … Yield not to misfortune: the far-off Danube shall know thee, the cold North-wind and the untroubled kingdom of Canopus and the men who gaze on the new birth of Phoebus or upon his setting
*
The journey of A Time of Gifts is set going by the gift of a book – and it is a book that has in turn set going many journeys. The edition of A Time of Gifts that Don gave me that day in Cambridge had as its cover a beautiful painting by John Craxton, commissioned specially for the book, and clearly alluding to Petronius’s poem. It shows a young man standing on snowy high ground, looking eastwards to where the sun is rising orange over icy mountains, from which runs a mighty river. Black crows fly stark against white trees: there is a sense of huge possibility to the day ahead and to the land beyond.
When I first read A Time of Gifts I felt it in my feet. It spoke to my soles. It rang with what in German is called Sehnsucht: a yearning or wistful longing for the unknown and the mysterious. It made me want to stand up and march out – to walk into adventure. The book’s strong magic derives in part from the atmosphere of miracle that attends Leigh Fermor’s peregrinations. He strides with the seven-league boots of youth, fatigue barely registering as whole countries roll beneath his heel. The comforting rhythm of his journey – exertion, encounter, rest, food, sleep; exertion, encounter, rest, food, sleep – rocks its readers into feelings of happiness and invulnerability. I could do this, you think, I could just start walking and keep going for a day or two, or three, or four, or more.
Certainly, I have now walked hundreds of miles under Leigh Fermor’s influence, and have carried his books for many of those miles, to read at the day’s break or the day’s end. One walk in particular was made directly as a result of Don’s gift to me of A Time of Gifts. That walk happened in the December of 2007, a year when I was living and working back in Beijing. The city was a hard place to be that winter: the 2008 Olympics were imminent, and Beijing was convulsed by demolition and construction. Hutongs were being bulldozed by the hundred, compulsory purchase orders were being served on thousands of poorer homes, and dozens of new stadia and skyscrapers were being built. Migrant labourers toiled on the projects 24/7, in permanent halogen daylight, with massive speaker-banks blasting out Chinese radio to keep them entertained and educated as they did so.
I was stuck in the seventeenth-storey flat of an eighteen-storey building in a new development, from the windows of which I could count thirty-four cranes, each with a red PRC flag fluttering from its spire. My dawn chorus was the gong stroke of rivet on girder, the crump of the piston hammer, the high peal of hit steel. The notorious Beijing smog was choking, thickened by the cement dust raised by the construction. As soon as you stepped outside, you could feel the smog bite the throat and sting the eyes. When snow fell, it was grey. I read Leigh Fermor up in the flat, tried to look after my two young children adequately – and dreamed of getting out of the city and into clean air and white snow.
Then – as if Leigh Fermor himself had conjured it into being – an opportunity appeared: my friend Jon Miceler, a mountaineer and field conservationist, wrote inviting me to join him on a winter journey to the sacred 7,000-metre peak of Minya Konka, which rises between the Dadu and the Yalong rivers in Sichuan Province, south-west China.
I will never forget the days we subsequently spent up in the peaks of the Daxue range: the bright winter sun, the fearsome winter cold, the beaten-earth paths unfurling through oak-woods in the valleys, the high, snow-filled passes with their fluttering prayer flags and cairns of mani stones, and at last Minya Konka itself, a pyramidal mountain of exceptional beauty and danger, its flanks ribbed with huge snow flutes, its ridges running in fine lines up to its sharp summit …
I carried Leigh Fermor’s A Time of Gifts with me throughout, and I brought the book safely back to sea level, too, its corners knackered from weeks in the rucksack and pannier, sand grains from a river beach stuck in its gutters, and a dried leaf of Himalayan oak tucked away between back page and back cover. I would later write about that journey in a walking book of my own called The Old Ways, in a chapter that is, I now see, unmistakably Leigh Fermorian in tone. His prose had inspired that journey on foot, and it shaped my subsequent account of it also; he had been my companion on the path, and he was my companion on the page, too. And Don’s gift to me had continued to give, in ways neither of us could have foreseen.
*
Great art ‘offers us images by which to imagine our lives’, notes Lewis Hyde in his classic 1983 book, The Gift, ‘[and] once the imagination has been awakened it is procreative: through it we can give more than we were given, say more than we had to say’. This is a beautiful double-proposition: that art enlarges our repertoire for being, and that it further enables a giving onwards of that enriched utterance, that broadened perception.
I was given a copy of Hyde’s The Gift – and I don’t have that copy any longer, because I gave it to someone else, urging them to read it. Gifts give on, says Hyde, this is their logic. They are generous acts that incite generosity. He contrasts two kinds of ‘property’: the commodity and the gift. The commodity is acquired and then hoarded, or resold. But the gift is kept moving, given onwards in a new form. Whereas the commodity circulates according to the market economy (in which relations are largely impersonal and conducted with the aim of profiting the self), the gift circulates according to the gift economy (in which relations are largely personal and conducted with the aim of profiting the other). In the market economy, value accrues to the individual by means of hoarding or ‘saving’. In the gift economy, value accrues between individuals by means of giving and receiving. This, for Hyde, is why gifts possess ‘erotic life’ as property: when we give a gift, it is an erotic act in the sense of eros as meaning ‘attraction’, ‘union’, a ‘mutual involvement’.
Hyde is not to everyone’s taste. I know economists who find him intolerably fey. His vision of a gift economy is appealing in theory, but not necessarily available to those locked into hardscrabble lives, gripped vice-tight by the cash economy. It is also hard to scale up gift economies from small groups to whole societies (though the Internet has made that much more possible since Hyde first wrote). And it’s true that the evidence Hyde serves up in support of his gift thesis is a hell of a gumbo: superhero underwear, Scottish folk tales, Ezra Pound, Walt Whitman, the story of a couple who try to trade in their baby for a Corvette car … But to me at least, it mostly hangs together.
I am particularly moved by his deep interest in what he calls �
��the gift that, when it comes, speaks commandingly to the soul and irresistibly moves us’. The outcome of a gift is uncertain at the time of giving, but the fact that it has been given charges it with great potential to act upon the recipient for the good. Because of the gratitude we feel, and because the gift is by definition given freely, without obligation, we are encouraged to meet it with openness and with excitement. Unlike commodities, gifts – in Hyde’s account and my experience – possess an exceptional power to transform, to heal and to inspire.
That happened to me when Don gave me A Time of Gifts. It has happened to me numerous times, in fact – and it has almost always been the case that the gift which has spoken so ‘commandingly’ to my soul has been a printed book.
*
Not all books received as gifts are transformative, of course. Sometimes the only thing a book gives its reader is a paper cut. I can’t imagine having my soul spoken to by John Prescott’s biography, Prezza – though this may be an indictment of my inner cynic, rather than inarticulacy on the part of the Mouth of the Humber.
But having been given so many astonishing books over the years, I now in turn give away as many books as I can. Birthdays, Christmases – I give books, and pretty much only books, as presents (always hard copies; I have never given, or been given, an e-book). Once or twice a year, I invite my students to my room and let them take two or three books each from several dozen that I’ve piled on the floor: the pleasure they take in choosing, and their disbelief that the books are free, reminds me of how precious books were to me when I was a student. Four years ago, I was given 200 or so books from the working library of my friend Roger Deakin, the great writer and environmentalist (Waterlog, Wildwood, Notes from Walnut Tree Farm), following his too-early death in 2006. Now I try to give individual books from that library to writers whose work I know Roger would have loved and wanted to encourage: I gave Roger’s copy of Ted Hughes’s Wolfwatching, for instance, to Rob Cowen, whose Common Ground is a wonderful hymn to a Harrogate edgeland and its inhabitants, and Roger’s copy of Raymond Williams’s The Country and the City to Melissa Harrison, whose novels and nature notes so subtly break down the country/city opposition that Williams also strove to erode.
The Gifts of Reading Page 1