31. Abbott, Family Affairs, p. 154; MO W633, Summer Directive – Work, 1983; MO S496, Summer Directive – Work, 1983.
32. Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 289; Harrison, Finding a Role?, pp. 228–9; Rowbotham, Century of Women, pp. 488–91; The Times, 8 December 1982.
33. Guardian, 18 June 1980; The Times, 26 November 1980, 27 November 1980, 8 December 1982; Alan Bleasdale, Boys from the Blackstuff (1982: 1985), p. 177.
34. Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘Housewifery’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow, 2001), p. 153; Daily Express, 21 May 1979; Daily Telegraph, 1 June 2016; Guardian, 2 June 2016.
35. Ibid., 18 July 2007; Observer, 20 April 1980.
36. MO C1191, Summer Directive – Well-Being, 1984.
37. ‘Speech on Women in a Changing World (1st Dame Margery Corbett-Ashby Memorial Lecture)’, 26 July 1982, TFW; and see Campbell, Iron Ladies, pp. 235–6; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 118–24.
38. ‘Interview for Living magazine’, 9 January 1984, TFW; Daily Express, 26 July 1982.
39. Campbell, Iron Ladies, p. 253; Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice!, p. 164; Harrison, Finding a Role?, p. 232; Guardian, 11 September 1984, 11 August 1988.
40. Observer, 28 September 1980 (see also Katharine Whitehorn’s Observer columns on 14 September 1980 and 3 February 1985); Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 26; Moore, Everything She Wants, p. 667; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 353.
41. Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1974–76 (1980), p. 309; Abbott, Family Affairs, p. 146; Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice!, p. 162; Daily Telegraph, 9 April 2013.
42. Michael Billington, State of the Nation: British Theatre since 1945 (2007), pp. 307–8; Rowbotham, Century of Women, p. 476; Campbell, Iron Ladies, p. 241; Daily Mail, 11 April 2013; Guardian, 19 September 2014; and see Caryl Churchill, Top Girls (1982).
43. Sir John Coles, ‘Appreciation of Margaret Thatcher’, c. 14 June 1984, TFW; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (1986), p. 138. On Mrs Thatcher as a woman, see also Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era (2009) p. 3; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. xvii, 41–2, 59, 60–65, 134; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 183–4, 222–3; Robert Saunders, ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’, English Historical Review, 132:556 (2017), p. 645.
44. Ibid., p. 647; Guardian, 21 March 1980. On Servalan, see http://blakes7.wikia.com/wiki/Servalan, as well as Jonathan Bignell and Andrew O’Day, Terry Nation (Manchester, 2004), p. 173.
45. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 307–8, 333; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 471, 473; Spectator, 11 May 1985; John Simpson, Strange Places, Questionable People (1998), p. 250.
46. Matthew Parris, Chance Witness: An Outsider’s Life in Politics (2002: 2013), p. 202; Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982 (2000), p. 238.
47. Ibid., p. 147; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 436; Kingsley Amis, Memoirs (1991), p. 316; Nott to Thatcher, 23 January 1983, TFW; Prior, Balance of Power, p. 139. For Christopher Collins’s thoughts, see his essay on her private papers for 1983 at https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1983cac1.asp.
48. Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 472; Marcus K. Harmes, ‘A Creature Not Quite of This World: Adaptations of Margaret Thatcher on 1980s British Television’, Journal of Popular Television 1:1 (2013), pp. 53, 63; Guardian, 19 June 2000; Moore, Everything She Wants, pp. 638–40; Clare Ramsaran, ‘So Who’s Next in the Firing Line?’, in Joan Scanlon (ed.), Surviving the Blues: Growing up in the Thatcher Decade (1990), p. 175.
Chapter 4. No Money, Margaret Thatcher!
1. The Times, 27 December 1979; Guardian, 28 November 1979; Daily Mirror, 7 January 1980.
2. Observer, 30 December 1979.
3. Henry Root, The Henry Root Letters (1980: 1981), pp. 116–17, 119.
4. ‘No. 10 Record of Telephone Conversation: MT-Clark’, 23 May 1979, TFW.
5. John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), p. 14; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), p. 427
6. Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 9, 11, 13; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (1986), pp. 112, 114, 118; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 11, 13; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 457; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), pp. 147, 169.
7. Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 8; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 300–301, 429; Louis Heren, Alas, Alas for England: What Went Wrong with Britain (1981), pp. 103, 154–5; and see Graham Stewart, Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s (2013), pp. 63–4.
8. Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982 (2000), pp. 138–9.
9. John Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities (1991), pp. 39, 45, 52, 55.
10. Ibid., p. 253; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 31; Julian Critchley, Some of Us: People Who Did Well under Thatcher (1992), pp. 130–31; and see Robert Harris, Good and Faithful Servant: The Unauthorized Biography of Bernard Ingham (1990).
11. Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People, p. 241; John Hoskyns, Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution (2000), pp. 3, 12, 93–4; ‘Speech to the Institute of Directors’, 24 February 1987, TFW; Tim Lankester, ‘The 1981 Budget: How Did It Come About?’, in Duncan Needham and Anthony Hotson (eds.), Expansionary Fiscal Contraction: The Thatcher Government’s 1981 Budget in Perspective (Cambridge, 2014), p. 14.
12. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 121; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), p. 16.
13. Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), pp. 141–2; Frank Johnson, Out of Order (1982), p. 171; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 352.
14. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 122; J. B. Unwin to Tim Lankester, ‘Overall Economic Outlook: Note by the Central Unit’, 4 May 1979, TFW.
15. Hunt to Thatcher, ‘Public Expenditure 1979–80: Cash Limits and Civil Service Manpower’, 16 May 1979, TFW; see also Guardian, 24 February 1979; David Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism (1987: 1991), p. 89; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 28; Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1996), p. 446; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 455.
16. The Times, 29 December 1979; Hoskyns, Just in Time, pp. 11, 8. On the broad economic inheritance in 1979, see also John Wells, ‘Miracles and Myths’, Marxism Today (May 1989), pp. 22–5.
17. Guardian, 8 March 1979, 2 August 1979; and see Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 114–15; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 408; Prior, Balance of Power, p. 120; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 459–60; Smith, Rise and Fall of Monetarism, pp. 86–7; Young, One of Us, p. 151; Christopher Johnson, The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–1990 (1991), p. 102.
18. Stewart, Bang!, pp. 186–7, 189–90; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 131; Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, vol. 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10 (2008), p. 167; and see Christopher Harvie, Fool’s Gold: The Story of North Sea Oil (1994).
19. Dell, The Chancellors, p. 458; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 7; Stewart, Bang!, p. 185; Richardson to Howe, 4 May 1979, TFW.
20. TNA T 337/432, ‘The Government’s Economic Strategy’, 1 August 1979.
21. ‘Speech to Conservative Central Council’, 15 March 1975, TFW; Hansard, 26 March 1980.
22. The Times, 29 September 1976; for a summary from a Thatcherite perspective, see Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 29.
23. Milton Friedman, ‘The Quantity Theory of Money: A Restatement’, in Milton Friedman (ed.), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money (Chicago, IL, 1956), pp. 3–21; Milton Friedman, ‘The Role of Monetary Policy’, American Economic Review, 58:1 (1968), pp. 1–17; Franco Modigliani, ‘The Monetarist Controversy, or, Should We Forsake Stabilization Policies?’, American Economic Review, 67:2 (1977), pp. 1–19; Alan S. Blinder, ‘The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics’, Economic Record, 64:4 (1988), p. 278; Smith, Rise and Fall of Monetarism, pp. 11–30. To get a sense of how its British advocates defined it at the time, see the summary by the monetarist Tim Congdon in The Ti
mes, 1 March 1980.
24. Guardian, 28 October 1977; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), pp. 18–19; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 162; Smith, Rise and Fall of Monetarism, p. 59; Bernard Donoughue, The Heat of the Kitchen: An Autobiography (2003), pp. 249–50; David Smith, From Boom to Bust: Trial and Error in British Economic Policy (rev. edn: 1993), pp. 39–40; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 419–20, 426, 457; and see Duncan Needham, UK Monetary Policy from Devaluation to Thatcher, 1967–82 (Basingstoke, 2014).
25. Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), pp. 382–3, 434; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 18; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 454; The Times, 18 January 1982.
26. Dell. The Chancellors, pp. 449, 451, 453–4; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 1042; Richard Ingrams and John Wells, The Other Half: Further Letters of Denis Thatcher (1981), p. 19. The Yes Minister episode ‘The Quality of Life’ first went out on 30 March 1981 on BBC2.
27. TNA T 337/432, Lawson to Howe, ‘Sir Keith Joseph’s Meeting on Public Attitudes to Pay’, 18 July 1979; TNA T 337/432, ‘The Government’s Economic Strategy’, 1 August 1979; Sunday Times, 1 May 1981.
28. Lawson to Thatcher, 19 July 1978, TFW; E. H. H. Green, Thatcher (2006), p. 66; TNA T 337/432, ‘The Government’s Economic Strategy’, 1 August 1979; Hoskyns to Thatcher, ‘Government Strategy: Paper No. 2’, 18 July 1979, TFW.
29. Hoskyns, Just in Time, p. 94; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 18; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 20; TNA T 337/432, Cropper to Howe, ‘The Government’s Economic Strategy’, 2 August 1979.
30. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 32.
31. Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, pp. 108, 110; Young, One of Us, p. 146; ‘Speech to Putney Conservatives’, 17 February 1978, TFW; ‘Conservative General Election Manifesto’, 11 April 1979, TFW; ‘General Election Press Conference’, 23 April 1979, TFW. On tax and spending under Labour, see, for example, Noel Thompson, ‘Economic Ideas and the Development of Opinion,’ in Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (1996), p. 77; Edward Pearce, Denis Healey: A Life in Our Times (2002), p. 510; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Economic Policy’, in Anthony Seldon and Kevin Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments, 1974–79 (2004), pp. 59, 64–5.
32. Hansard, 12 June 1979; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 128–9; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 36; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 460–61; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism, 1979–1981, and Its Political Consequences’, British Politics, 2:1 (2007), pp. 7–8.
33. Hoskyns, Just In Time, p. 32; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 35; ‘General Election Press Conference’, 23 April 1979, TFW; Howe, Conflict of Interest, p. 116; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 458–9.
34. ‘Note for the Record (MT-Treasury Ministers)’, 16 May 1979, TFW; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 53; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 464. On VAT and inflation, see also Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 22; Howe, Conflict of Interest, p. 131; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 32; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 460–61.
35. ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Howe)’, 22 May 1979, TFW.
36. Howe to Thatcher, 23 May 1979, TFW; Tim Lankester to Tony Battishill, ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Howe-Biffen)’, 24 May 1979, TFW; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 130–31.
37. Howe to Thatcher, 10 May 1979, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, 6 June 1979, TFW. For interest rates, see the Bank of England’s Statistical Interactive Database at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/iadb/Repo.asp.
38. Tim Lankester to Tony Battishill, ‘MT Meeting with Chancellor and Governor’, 6 June 1979, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, ‘MLR’, 11 June 1979, TFW; Lankester to Battishill, 11 June 1979, TFW; and see Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 461–2, which is very good on all this.
39. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 132, 134; Hansard, 12 June 1979.
40. Daily Mirror, 13 June 1979; Daily Express, 13 June 1979; Guardian, 13 June 1979; Observer, 17 June 1979; Keith Britto, ‘Public Opinion after the First Seven Months of the New Government’, 21 November 1979, TFW.
41. Prior, Balance of Power, pp. 119–20.
42. Young, One of Us, p. 155; Stephen Nickell, ‘The Budget of 1981 Was over the Top’, 13 March 2006, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/speech/2006/the-budget-of-1981-was-over-the-top; Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, p. 10; Guardian, 6 November 1979; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 36; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 52.
43. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 465, 467; Daily Express, 13 August 1979.
44. Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 41, 47; Hoskyns, Just in Time, pp. 121–2.
45. Thatcher to Howe, 24 June 1979, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, ‘Mortgage Rate’, 25 June 1979, TFW; Tim Lankester to Tony Battishill, ‘Record of Conversation’, 4 July 1979, TFW.
46. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 153; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 77
47. See Pepper to Thatcher, ‘Assessing the Budget’, 16 May 1979, TFW; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Gordon Pepper)’, 18 May 1979, TFW; Thatcher to Howe, 18 May 1979, TFW; David Laidler to Pepper, 5 November 1979, TFW; Green, Thatcher, pp. 78–9; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 524; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Thatcher, Monetarism and the Politics of Inflation’, in Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge, 2012), p. 74; Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 77, 79–81; Bank of England, ‘Pepper on the Monetary Base’, 5 July 1979, TFW; Tim Lankester, ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation: Note on the Monetary Policy Seminar’, 18 July 1979, TFW’.
48. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 77; Green, Thatcher, pp. 78–9; Tomlinson, ‘Thatcher, Monetarism and the Politics of Inflation’, p. 74; Sir Geoffrey Howe, ‘Public Expenditure: The Economic Background’, C (79) 27, 6 July 1979, TFW; and see Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 144–5, 153–4; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 471–2.
49. Hunt to Thatcher, ‘Public Expenditure to 1983–84’, 11 July 1979, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 472–5; CC (79) 9, 12 July 1979, TFW; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Prior)’, 16 July 1979, TFW; Sir Geoffrey Howe and John Biffen, ‘Public Expenditure: Proposals for the Years after 1980–81’, C (79) 35, 7 September 1979, TFW.
50. Lawson to Howe, ‘Economic and Financial Situation Report’, 28 August 1979, TFW.
51. ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 12 October 1979, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, ‘Economic Prospects’, 12 October 1979, TFW; Guardian, 31 October 1979; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Howe)’, 5 November 1979, TFW.
52. David Kynaston, The City of London, vol. 4: A Club No More, 1945–2000 (2001), pp. 561–2.
53. Ibid., p. 583; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 140–41; Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 38–9; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 478.
54. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 40; Tim Lankester to M. A. Hall, ‘Note for Record (MT Lunch with Treasury Ministers & Governor)’, 24 September 1979, TFW; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 142.
55. Ibid., p. 143; Hansard, 23 October 1979; Tony Benn, Conflicts of Interest: Diaries, 1977–80 (1990), p. 549; Observer, 26 October 1979; Guardian, 24 October 1979.
56. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 41; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 37; Kynaston, A Club No More, p. 600; Brian Harrison, Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), p. 9.
57. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 44; ‘Speech at Lord Mayor’s Banquet’, 12 November 1979, TFW. On Mitterrand and controls, see New York Times, 17 May 1981, 5 June 1983; Jeffrey Sachs and Charles Wyplosz, ‘The Economic Consequences of President Mitterrand’, Economic Policy, 1:2 (1986), pp. 271, 275.
58. For exchange controls and the money supply, see Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 37; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 463–4.
59. Howe to Thatcher, ‘Monetary Prospect’, 5 November 1979, TFW; ‘Note for the Record (Howe-MT Meeting), 5 November 1979, TFW; Tim Lankester to Tony Battishill, ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Howe)’, 7 November 1979, TFW.
60. ‘Note of a Meeting H
eld at 10 Downing Street’, 9 November 1979, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 480.
61. Daily Express, 16 November 1979; Daily Mirror, 16 November 1979; Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, p. 136; The Times, 22 November 1979, 23 November 1979.
62. Hoskyns, Just in Time, p. 142; The Times, 15 December 1979, 20 December 1979; Sir Geoffrey Howe, ‘The Economic Outlook and Public Expenditure’, C (79) 61, 10 December 1979, TFW.
63. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 23; Young, One of Us, p. 167.
64. ‘Press Office Bulletin: Prime Minister at Chequers – Christmas 1979’, 21 December 1979, TFW; Sun, 2 November 2012.
65. The Times, 29 December 1979; Observer, 30 December 1979; Daily Mirror, 31 December 1979.
66. Sunday Express, 30 December 1979.
67. Guardian, 31 December 1979; Sunday Express, 31 December 1979; and see Tony Hendra, Christopher Cerf and Peter Elbling, The 80s: A Look Back at the Tumultuous Decade, 1980–1989 (1979).
68. Daily Express, 2 January 1980.
69. Daily Mirror, 31 December 1979.
Chapter 5. The Word Is … Lymeswold!
1. Jonathan Aitken, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality (2013), p. 261; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), p. 421.
2. Daily Mirror, 3 February 1975; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 1: The Grocer’s Daughter (2000), pp. 296–7.
3. ‘Interview for Manchester Evening News’, 1 May 1975, TFW; Aitken, Margaret Thatcher, p. 187; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 328; ‘Interview for Barnet Press’, 9 September 1978, TFW.
4. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 431–2; ‘Interview for the Sun’, 28 February 1983, TFW; ‘Interview for Living magazine’, 9 January 1984, TFW.
5. Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (1987), p. 179.
6. MO C108, Special Report, ‘Royal Wedding’, 1981; MO N403, Summer Directive 1981.
Who Dares Wins Page 122