12. Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 166, 237, 306; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), p. 64; Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (1998), pp. 309–10; Hansard, 6 December 1978; ‘Speech at Dinner for West German Chancellor’, 10 May 1979, TFW; ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 12 October 1979, TFW.
13. The Times, 2 October 1980; ‘Speech in Harrogate’, 26 May 1983, TFW.
14. John Stanley to Thatcher, 12 February 1979, TFW; Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 385; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 64, 302; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 306, 487–8; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 309, 307, 323; Percy Cradock, In Pursuit of British Interests: Reflections on Foreign Policy under Margaret Thatcher and John Major (1997), p. 125; Roy Jenkins, European Diary, 1977–1981 (1989), pp. 450, 511; and see Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 82; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 65, 301.
15. Alan Clark, Diaries: In Power, 1983–1992 (1993: 2001), p. 219; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 54, 56; Young, One of Us, p. 172; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 429, 452–3.
16. Young, One of Us, p. 185; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 56, 259; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), pp. 303, 394; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 487–8, 502; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), pp. 280–85.
17. Sir John Hunt to Thatcher, ‘European Issues’, 4 May 1979, TFW; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 312–13; Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (1991), p. 492.
18. Ibid., p. 493; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 59–60; ‘Speech at Dinner for West German Chancellor’, 10 May 1979, TFW.
19. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, pp. 287–8; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 313; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 61; Jenkins, European Diary, pp. 528–30.
20. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 312, 443–4; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 34, 70; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (1986), p. 144; Young, One of Us, p. 187.
21. Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 61–2; Young, One of Us, p. 188; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 494; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 63–4.
22. Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 62; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 445–6; ‘Winston Churchill Memorial Lecture’, 18 October 1979, TFW; and see Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 79.
23. Ibid., pp. 80–81; Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 62–3, 81; Jenkins, European Diary, pp. 519, 528–30; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 498–9; Young, One of Us, p. 187; Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 288; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 314.
24. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 499; ‘Press Conference after Dublin European Council’, 30 November 1979, TFW; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 317; John Simpson, Strange Places, Questionable People (1998), p. 250.
25. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 500; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 490–91; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 314; Daily Mirror, 1 December 1979; Hansard, 3 December 1979.
26. TNA PREM 19/223, ‘Note of Meeting between the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary’, 20 February 1979; TNA PREM 19/223, OD (E) 4, 14 February 1980; ‘Gow Notes’, 18 March 1980, TFW.
27. Young, One of Us, p. 189; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 318; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 504; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 493; TNA PREM 19/226, Carrington to Thatcher, 1 May 1980; ‘Treasury Note: EEC: Withholding’, 29 May 1980, TFW.
28. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, pp. 292–5; The Times, 31 May 1980; Sunday Express, 1 June 1980; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 494; Young, One of Us, pp. 189–90; TNA CAB 128/67, CC (80) 21, 2 June 1980.
29. Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 67–8; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 318; Young, One of Us, p. 384; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 81.
30. Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 68, 305–6; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 325; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 494; Howe to Thatcher, ‘EC Budget Refunds’, 12 September 1980, TFW; Walker to Thatcher, ‘The Common Fisheries Policy’, 24 May 1979, TFW.
31. ‘Message to the Conservative Group for Europe’, 16 January 1983, TFW; and see Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 324–6, 337–8.
32. ‘Speech at Conservative Party Conference’, 16 October 1981, TFW; ‘1951 General Election Address’, 8 October 1951, TFW; ‘Speech at “Youth for Europe” Rally’, 2 June 1979, TFW; and see Young, One of Us, p. 169.
33. ‘Speech at Kensington Town Hall’, 19 January 1976, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 310–11, 320, 333, 553, 558–9; ‘Speech to the National Press Club’, 19 September 1975, TFW.
34. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 370, 499; Young, One of Us, p. 121; ‘Speech to the Foreign Policy Association’, 18 December 1979, TFW; and see Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), p. 113; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 68–9; ‘Sir Nicholas Henderson Diary’, 23 December 1979, TFW. For ‘Margaret R. Thatcher’, see Christopher Collins’s essay at http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1981_PREM19.asp.
35. See Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (rev. edn: Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 1017–19, 1023–46; Aleksandr Antonovich Lyakhovskiy, ‘Inside the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the Seizure of Kabul, December 1979’, Cold War International History Project Working Paper No. 51 (January 2007), pp. 8–34, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/inside-the-soviet-invasion-afghanistan-and-the-seizure-kabul-december-1979.
36. Carter, Keeping Faith, pp. 471–2; ‘President Carter Phone Call to MT’, 28 December 1979, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 561; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 87–8.
37. Carter to Thatcher, 20 January 1980, TFW; Thatcher to Follows, 22 January 1980, TFW; and see Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 88; Kevin Jefferys, ‘Britain and the Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, Sport in History, 32:2 (2012), pp. 283–4; Paul Corthorn, ‘The Cold War and British Debates over the Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, Cold War History, 13:1 (2013), pp. 46–8.
38. Jefferys, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 282, 285; Corthorn, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 49, 51–2; The Times, 3 January 1980; Thatcher to Follows, 19 February 1980, TFW; Stephen J. Solarz, Journeys to War and Peace: A Congressional Memoir (Waltham, MA, 2011), p. 90.
39. Hansard, 17 March 1980; The Times, 12 March 1980, 8 January 1980; Church Times, 25 January 1980, 1 February 1980; and see Corthorn, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, p. 50.
40. The Times, 22 January 1980.
41. Ibid., 17 January 1980, 14 February 1980, 17 March 1980; Daily Mirror, 24 January 1980, 3 January 1980, 21 March 1980.
42. Sunday Express, 14 March 1980; Daily Express, 3 January 1980; Jefferys, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, p. 290; Corthorn, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 61–2; Daily Mail, 14 March 1980; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 59.
43. The Times, 29 January 1980; Observer, 16 March 1980; see also Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, p. 122.
44. Jefferys, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 286–8; Thatcher to Follows, 19 March 1980, TFW; Thatcher to Follows, 20 May 1980, TFW; The Times, 4 March 1980, 6 March 1980, 14 March 1980, 26 March 1980; Daily Express, 26 March 1980; and see Corthorn, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 53–4.
45. Jefferys, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, pp. 292, 294, 297; Pat Butcher, The Perfect Distance: Ovett and Coe: The Record-Breaking Rivalry (2004), pp. 156–7; Skip Rozin, Daley Thompson: The Subject Is Winning (1983: 1984), p. 141.
46. ‘UKE Moscow to FCO: The Olympics’, 16 July 1980, TFW.
47. The Times, 14 June 1980, 26 May 1980.
48. Rozin, Daley Thompson, p. 150; Guardian, 25 July 1980.
49. Sunday Express, 3 August 1980; Jefferys, ‘Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics’, p. 294; Daily Express, 11 August 1980; The Times, 4 August 1980.
50. ‘Radio Interview for IRN’, 31 December 1980, TFW; Guardian, 31 December 1980; Daily Mirror, 31 December 1980; Observer, 4 January 1981; Daily Express, 6 January 1981.
Chapter 8. Mrs Thatcher’s Final Solu
tion
1. ‘TV Interview for LWT Weekend World’, 6 January 1980, TFW.
2. Daily Mirror, 7 January 1980; Guardian, 7 January 1980, 11 January 1980.
3. The Times, 19 January 1980, 26 February 1980, 27 February 1980; John Hoskyns, Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution (2000), pp. 161–2; Adam Ridley to Douglas Wass, ‘The Monetary Situation and Related Matters’, 22 February 1980, TFW; Lankester to Thatcher, ‘Prescription Charges’, 31 January 1980, TFW. The Thatcher Foundation website attributes Ridley’s paper to Howe, but the signature at the foot of p. 2 suggests that Ridley wrote it.
4. Hoskyns, Just in Time, pp. 161–2, 164; The Times, 9 January 1980, 26 March 1980, 29 March 1980; Hayek to Thatcher, 24 April 1980, TFW; Hayek to Thatcher, 28 August 1979, TFW; Thatcher to Hayek, 13 May 1980, TFW; Thatcher to Hayek, 17 February 1982, TFW.
5. The Times, 12 February 1980; Gow to Gilmour, 14 February 1980, TFW. Gow’s note contains the text of Gilmour’s Cambridge speech. See also Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 200; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), p. 522.
6. Young, One of Us, p. 198
7. The Times, 26 February 1980, 31 January 1975; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 1: The Grocer’s Daughter (2000), p. 291; Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream: My Early Life and Other Mistakes (2008), p. 303; Matthew Parris, Chance Witness: An Outside’s Life in Politics (2002: 2013), pp. 190–91; Young, One of Us, p. 331.
8. Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 110; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), pp. 42–3; Young, One of Us, p. 199; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (2002), pp. 235–6; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (2008), p. 237.
9. Lord Carrington, Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Lord Carrington (1988), pp. 309–10; Young, One of Us, p. 204; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, p. 269.
10. Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), pp. 170, 207; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), p. 137; Young, One of Us, p. 204; and see Campbell, Iron Lady, pp. 111–12.
11. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, pp. 37, 40, 56.
12. The Times, 26 February 1980, 29 September 1976; and see Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1996), pp. 462, 468–9.
13. Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 111; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 476–7. On the alternatives, see David Wood’s series in The Times, 1–3 June 1981.
14. ‘Party Political Broadcast’, 12 March 1980, TFW.
15. Hansard, 26 March 1980, 27 March 1980; Daily Express, 27 March 1980; Daily Mirror, 27 March 1980; The Times, 28 March 1980.
16. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 175; Richard Ingrams and John Wells, Dear Bill: The Collected Letters of Denis Thatcher (1980), p. 74.
17. Hansard, 26 March 1980; Christopher Johnson, The Economy Under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–1990 (1991), pp. 37–8; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 68.
18. The Times, 14 September 1978. Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 67–9; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 465–6; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 504–5.
19. Tim Lankester to John Wiggins, ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation’, 7 March 1980, TFW; Biffen to Howe, ‘Medium Term Financial Strategy’, 4 March 1980, TFW; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 466; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, pp. 39–41; Observer, 6 July 1980; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism, 1979–1981, and Its Political Consequences’, British Politics, 2:1 (2007), pp. 8–9; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 468; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 163–4; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 505.
20. Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, pp. 38, 274; David Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism (1987:1991), pp. 93, 106; Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 27; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 72. Oddly, Johnson and Smith give slightly different figures for the monetary outcomes, even though they are using many of the same government sources.
21. David Smith, From Boom to Bust: Trial and Error in British Economic Policy (rev. edn: 1993), pp. 24–5, 29, 29, 40–41, 256; see also Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, p. 10; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, p. 39; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 524.
22. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 72; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, pp. 278, 281, 69, 73–4.
23. Jim Tomlinson, ‘Monetarism and the Politics of Inflation’, in Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 75, 76–7; Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 97; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 80; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 507; Young, One of Us, p. 201; ‘Speech at Press Association Annual Lunch’, 11 June 1980, TFW.
24. The Times, 5 May 1980.
25. Sunday Express, 4 May 1980; Daily Mirror, 1 May 1980.
26. The Times, 17 May 1980.
27. Ibid., 22 May 1980; Biffen to Howe, 16 June 1980, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 525.
28. Hoskyns, Just in Time, p. 190; The Times, 22 May 1980.
29. Ibid., 23 May 1980; Daily Mirror, 23 June 1980.
30. The Times, 25 June 1980; Hansard, 25 June 1980.
31. The Times, 18 June 1980, 28 June 1980, 9 July 1980.
32. Ibid., 30 June 1980, 23 July 1980.
Chapter 9. Your Boys Took a Hell of a Beating
1. ‘MT Engagement Diary’, 5 June 1980, TFW; ‘Record of Conversation with Argentinian Minister of the Economy’, 5 June 1980, TFW.
2. Daniel Ruiz, ‘Squad Rotation, Tear Gas and a Bucketload of Medals: How England Flopped at Euro 80’, 14 June 2016, http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/squad-rotation-tear-gas-and-bucketload-medals-how-england-flopped-euro-80.
3. ‘Remarks Visiting Liverpool Football Club’, 18 June 1976, TFW; Thatcher to Emlyn Hughes, 27 February 1978, TFW.
4. Daily Express, 6 June 1980; Ruiz, ‘Squad Rotation’; Guardian, 9 April 2013.
5. Daily Express, 12 June 1980. On Greenwood, see the profile in Jimmy Greaves with Norman Giller, Don’t Shoot the Manager: The Revealing Story of England’s Soccer Bosses (rev. edn: 1994), pp. 98–116.
6. Daily Mirror, 11 June 1980; Sunday Express, 8 June 1980.
7. The Times, 13 June 1980; Daily Mirror, 13 June 1980; Daily Express, 13 June 1980; Guardian, 13 June 1980.
8. Daily Express, 13 June 1980, 14 June 1980; Ruiz, ‘Squad Rotation’; Daily Mirror, 13 June 1980; Guardian, 14 June 1980.
9. ‘Press Conference after Venice European Council’, 13 June 1980, TFW; and see, for example, Daily Express, 14 June 1980; Guardian, 14 June 1980.
10. Observer, 15 June 1980; Daily Mirror, 17 June 1980; and see James Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain (Basingstoke, 1986), e.g. pp. 51, 63, 121.
11. ‘Commentator’s “Maggie Thatcher” Outburst Makes UNESCO List’, 8 February 2012, https://www.thelocal.no/20120208/football-commentators-maggie-thatcher-outburst-makes-unesco-list.
12. Daily Mirror, 1 June 1981; Sunday Express, 31 May 1981; Guardian, 1 June 1981.
13. Daily Mirror, 1 June 1981; Daily Express, 1 June 1981; Guardian, 28 November 1981; Nick Hornby, Fever Pitch (1992), pp. 201–2; Observer, 15 June 1980.
14. Guardian, 24 June 1982.
15. Observer, 20 June 1982.
16. Lincoln Allison, Condition of England: Essays and Impressions (1981), pp. 123, 125; and see Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain, pp. 1–14.
17. Allison, Condition of England, p. 125; Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain, pp. 6–7, 10–12. Stephen Dobson and John Goddard, The Economics of Football (2nd edn: Cambridge, 2011), pp. 151–2; Guardian, 11 April 1980, 27 August 1981.
18. For a powerful example of the tendency to romanticize the pre-Premier League era, see Adrian Tempany, And the Sun Shines Now: How Hillsborough and the Premier League Changed Britain (rev. edn: 2016). In one passage, Tempany, a Hillsborough survivor, criticizes unnamed ‘historians’ who insist on painting the 1970s as an age when Bri
tain was ‘paralysed by the unions, powered by candles and drowning in rubbish’ while ‘we were stuffing our mouths with Black Forest gateau’. I am naturally saddened that anybody would object to such a rich and sophisticated view of the 1970s.
19. The Times, 8 September 1980; Guardian, 8 September 1980; Daily Express, 9 September 1980.
20. The Times, 19 September 1980; Bonds is quoted in Roger Hillier, ‘Castilla Ghost Match’, http://theyflysohigh.co.uk/castilla-ghost-match/4577286094.
21. Hornby, Fever Pitch, pp. 97, 141; Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain, p. 51.
22. Guardian, 19 December 1979.
23. Daily Express, 1 June 1981; The Times, 11 September 1980; Guardian, 28 November 1981; Independent, 29 December 1992.
24. Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: An Historical and Sociological Study (1988), pp. 17, 155; Allison, Condition of England, p. 128.
25. Guardian, 22 December 1979; Observer, 7 February 1982.
26. Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (1983), pp. 220–21; Arthur Hopcraft, The Football Man: People and Passions in Soccer (1968: Harmondsworth, 1971), pp. 156–7; and see Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain, pp. 9–10, 12; Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford, 1989), pp. 334–5, 342–3; Dunning, Murphy and Williams, Roots of Football Hooliganism, p. 132.
27. Bill Buford, Among the Thugs (1991), pp. 13–14, 15.
28. Ibid., pp. 21, 29, 30–31; for earnings, see Guardian, 26 June 1984.
29. Buford, Among the Thugs, pp. 32, 118–20.
30. Ibid., pp. 88, 114, 116, 195, 219–20.
31. Ibid., pp. 263–4.
32. The Times, 16 February 1981; Observer, 12 July 1981; Matthew Worley, ‘Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk’, Twentieth Century British History, 24:4 (2013), pp. 606–36; and see Guardian, 18 March 2010.
33. Buford, Among the Thugs, pp. 38–9, 44, 47–8, 52, 54, 65, 68, 89.
34. Ibid., pp. 96–7, 136–7.
35. The Times, 16 February 1981; Daily Mirror, 8 September 1980; and see Walvin, Football and the Decline of Britain, pp. 70–80.
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