40. Raban, Coasting, pp. 274–5; MO W633, Summer Directive 1981.
41. The Times, 25 November 1971; ‘Party Political Broadcast’, 22 April 1977, TFW; Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), pp. 266–8.
42. Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era (2009), pp. 131–3; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), pp. 140–41.
43. The Times, 25 October 1982; Seabrook, Unemployment, p. 17.
44. Guardian, 18 May 1983.
45. Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), pp. 502, 534; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen through the Gallup Data (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 123; Campbell, Wigan Pier Revisited, p. 161; Beryl Bainbridge, English Journey, or, The Road to Milton Keynes (1984), pp. 36–7.
46. MO A883, Summer Directive – Work, 1983; MO H260, Summer Directive – Work, 1983; MO D156, Summer Directive – Work, 1983. On Labour, see The Times, 30 March 1983. On Mrs Thatcher and full employment, see, for example, ‘MT Notes for Conference Speech (Draft)’, 16 October 1981, TFW; ‘Interview for Sunday Times’, 22 February 1983, TFW; ‘TV Interview for BBC1 Panorama’, 31 May 1983, TFW; ‘Interview for The Times’, 3 May 1983, TFW.
47. MO R470, Summer Directive – Work, 1983.
Chapter 20. Potting the Reds
1. The BBC footage of the 1981 world snooker final is on YouTube; see also Steve Davis, Interesting: My Autobiography (2015), ch. 1.
2. The Times, 21 April 1981; Daily Mirror, 22 April 1981; Daily Express, 22 April 1981.
3. Guardian, 21 April 1981; The Times, 21 April 1981, 22 April 1981; Daily Express, 22 April 1981.
4. Joe Moran, Armchair Nation: An Intimate History of Britain in Front of the TV (2013), pp. 256–7; Clive Everton, Black Farce and Cue Ball Wizards: The Inside Story of the Snooker World (2007: Edinburgh, 2012), pp. 47, 50; Gordon Burn, Pocket Money: Bad-Boys, Business-Heads and Boom-Time Snooker (1986), pp. 73, 98.
5. Ibid., pp. 166–7; Moran, Armchair Nation, pp. 256–7; Martin Kelner, Sit down and Cheer: A History of Sport on TV (2012), p. 121; Guardian, 3 April 1981.
6. Ibid.; Everton, Black Farce, pp. 56, 62, 68; Moran, Armchair Nation, p. 257; Burn, Pocket Money, p. 140; Guardian, 29 April 1978.
7. Rob Cole, ‘Wales v England: The Remarkable Inside Story of the Most Explosive 13 Minutes in Rugby History’, 5 February 2015, http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/wales-v-england-remarkable-inside-8584476; Daily Mirror, 18 February 1980.
8. The Times, 1 May 1980, 1 September 1980, 17 September 1980, 4 December 1980; Martin Williamson, ‘Men Behaving Badly in the Lord’s Pavilion’, 28 August 2010, http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/474524.html.
9. Guardian, 3 April 1981; Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 29, 166; Listener, 28 April 1983; Daily Mail, 2 May 2011; Moran, Armchair Nation, pp. 258–9.
10. The Times, 29 April 1983; Moran, Armchair Nation, p. 259.
11. The Times, 29 January 1982; Everton, Black Farce, pp. 48–9, 51; Guardian, 3 April 1981; Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 120–21.
12. Daily Mirror, 17 May 1982, 18 May 1982; Guardian, 25 July 2010; Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 121–3; and see Bill Borrows, The Hurricane: The Turbulent Life and Times of Alex Higgins (2002).
13. The Times, 4 December 1980; Daily Express, 22 April 1981.
14. Everton, Black Farce, pp. 86–7, 365; Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 65, 68–9. For a different and more detailed version of Davis’s sex–snooker dilemma, see Daily Express, 24 September 1985.
15. Burn, Pocket Money, p. 64; The Times, 9 May 1984; Daily Express, 9 May 1984.
16. Guardian, 4 May 1985; Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 103, 111, 30, 4, 8, 36; The Times, 3 April 1981, 7 July 1982.
17. Ibid., 29 April 1983; and see Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 30, 109; Everton, Black Farce, pp. 109, 111.
18. Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 104, 110–11.
19. The Times, 27 November 1981; Daily Telegraph, 11 February 2001, 18 September 2011; Independent, 13 December 2009.
20. The Times, 29 April 1983.
21. Burn, Pocket Money, pp. 108, 14–15; Daily Express, 18 April 1984.
22. Burn, Pocket Money, p. 30; Everton, Black Farce, p. 111; Guardian, 12 June 1984; ‘Remarks on Council House Sales’, 11 August 1980, TFW; and see http://www.romford-snooker-club.co.uk/about-the-club.html.
23. The Times, 9 November 1982; Burn, Pocket Money, p. 65.
24. Ibid., p. 106; The Times, 6 June 1983; Guardian, 6 June 1983; ‘Speech to British Radio and Electronic Equipment Manufacturers Association’, 11 December 1985, TFW; and see Davis, Interesting, ch. 13.
25. ‘TV Interview for Thames TV CBTV’, 19 December 1983, TFW; ‘Interview for Sunday Mirror’, 1 October 1985, TFW.
26. The Times, 29 January 1982, 7 July 1982; Burn, Pocket Money, p. 31.
27. Daytona Beach Morning Journal, 14 July 1980; Guardian, 1 June 1981; Yorkshire Post, 2 April 2007. (The Daytona Beach paper contains a syndicated story from the New York Times, digitised by Google, in case anyone is wondering why Florida’s daily papers were so interested in the Wakefield working men’s club scene.)
28. Daily Express, 23 April 1981.
29. Burn, Pocket Money, p. 109; The Times, 7 July 1982; Guardian, 15 May 1982; The Journal (Newcastle-upon-Tyne), 15 November 2005.
30. Daily Express, 23 April 1981.
Chapter 21. To Think This Is England
1. Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain (1998), pp. 340–42; Guardian, 3 March 1981; see also the flyers and pictures at http://transpont.blogspot.com/2017/04/13-dead-and-nothing-said-new-cross-fire.html and http://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2017/03/photographs-uncover-1981-new-cross-march-for-racial-equality/.
2. The Times, 3 March 1981, 4 March 1981; Daily Express, 3 March 1981; Sun, 3 March 1981; Hansard, 5 March 1981; Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, 1972–1982 (2000), p. 209; and see Martin Kettle and Lucy Hodges, Uprising! The Police, the People and the Riots in Britain’s Cities (1982), p. 21.
3. The Times, 20 January 1981, 30 January 1981, 4 March 1981; Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, pp. 323, 339–40, 342, 344–5.
4. Evening Standard, 7 May 2004, 18 January 2011; The Times, 23 April 1981, 1 May 1981, 14 May 1981; Guardian, 14 May 1981, 4 April 1981, 14 April 1981. For the leaflets see http://transpont.blogspot.com/2017/04/13-dead-and-nothing-said-new-cross-fire.html.
5. The Times, 23 February 1983, 3 March 1982; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 135–6; Beryl Bainbridge, English Journey, or, The Road to Milton Keynes (1984), p. 65; Sathnam Sanghera, The Boy with the Topknot: A Memoir of Love, Secrets and Lies in Wolverhampton (2008), p. 5.
6. Daily Express, 19 April 1978.
7. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 136, 138–9; The Times, 11 September 1980.
8. Ibid., 18 July 1980; 3 March 1982, 11 September 1980; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 141–2.
9. The Times, 30 May 1980; Guardian, 23 August 2001.
10. Paul Theroux, The Kingdom by the Sea: A Journey around the Coast of Great Britain (1983), pp. 25, 115, 203, 318.
11. Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p. 583; The Times, 8 October 1981.
12. Ian Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain in the Brutal Years (rev. edn: 1997), p. 108, 114–15; Jeremy Seabrook, Unemployment (1982: 1983), pp. 91–2, 107.
13. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 69–71; The Times, 3 March 1982, 6 February 1981.
14. Ibid., 14 April 1981; Roger Graef, Talking Blues: The Police in Their Own Words (1989: 1990), p. 133, 137, 138, 140–41.
15. Brian Harrison, Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), p. 200; David J. Smith et al., Police and People in London, vol. 4: The Police in Action (1983), pp. 113, 116; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People (2001), p. 302; Graef, Talking Blues, pp, 124–5, 130–31; The Times, 24 Septe
mber 1981.
16. White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 296–7; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 87, 91–3; John Benyon, A Tale of Failure: Race and Policing (Coventry, 1986), p. 40; Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, p. 302.
17. New Statesman, 27 June 1980; The Times, 20 March 1980, 30 June 1980. On Babylon, see, for example, Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (1985), pp. 239, 242–4. On Linton Kwesi Johnson, see Guardian, 4 January 1979, 5 June 1979.
18. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 23–30; The Times, 4 April 1980, 5 April 1980; Guardian, 5 April 1980.
19. Daily Mirror, 3 April 1980; Daily Express, 3 April 1980; Hansard, 3 April 1980; The Times, 5 April 1980, 21 June 1980; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, p. 31; Sun, 5 April 1980; Sunday Express, 6 April 1980.
20. Observer, 19 April 1981.
21. Guardian, 13 April 1981; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 89, 101; The Times, 15 April 1981; Lord Scarman, The Scarman Report: The Brixton Disorders, 10–12 April 1981 (1981), p. 27–8.
22. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 89, 101–2; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 282; Scarman, Scarman Report, p. 11.
23. The Times, 10 April 1980, 23 July 1980; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 89, 94, 103; Guardian, 13 April 1981.
24. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 104–5, 98; ‘TV Interview for Granada World in Action’, 27 January 1978, TFW.
25. Guardian, 13 April 1981; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 98–9, 106–7.
26. Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, p. 359; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 107–9; Guardian, 13 April 1981.
27. Ibid.; The Times, 13 April 1981; Graeff, Talking Blues, p. 49; Observer, 12 April 1981; Daily Express, 13 April 1981.
28. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 100, 114; Graef, Talking Blues, p. 51; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 299; Observer, 19 April 1981; Guardian, 13 April 1981, 14 April 1981.
29. Guardian, 13 April 1981; Daily Express, 13 April 1981; Graef, Talking Blues, pp. 49, 52.
30. Observer, 12 April 1981; Guardian, 13 April 1981; Daily Express, 13 April 1981.
31. Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (2002), p. 258; Whitelaw to Thatcher, ‘Review of Potential for Civil Disturbance in 1981’, 27 April 1981, TFW; Daily Express, 13 April 1981; Daily Mirror, 13 April 1981.
32. Guardian, 24 January 1981; The Times, 6 July 1981; and see Jacqueline Nassy Brown, Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool (Princeton, NJ, 2005), pp. 102–9. For some contemporary descriptions of Toxteth, see Bainbridge, English Journey, pp. 91–2; Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, p. 93; Theroux, Kingdom by the Sea, p. 203.
33. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 158–60; The Times, 6 July 1981, 7 July 1981; Graef, Talking Blues, p. 54; Daily Express, 7 July 1981.
34. Graef, Talking Blues, pp. 53, 55, 58.
35. Observer, 5 July 1981; The Times, 6 July 1981.
36. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 164–5, 167; Observer, 12 July 1981; The Times, 13 July 1981; TNA PREM 14/484, HAC (81) 8, ‘Brief for a Debate on Recent Outbreaks of Civil Disorder in Great Britain’, c. 27 July 1981.
37. Daily Express, 7 July 1981.
38. Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 239; ‘Party Political Broadcast’, 8 July 1981, TFW; The Times, 11 July 1981; Observer, 12 July 1981; Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 635–6; Daily Express, 14 July 1981. See also ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Liverpool Community Leaders)’, 13 July 1981, TFW; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Liverpool and Merseyside Councillors)’, 13 July 1981, TFW.
39. Daily Express, 6 July 1981; The Times, 10 July 1981.
40. Ibid., 13 July 1981, 17 August 1981; Davies (ed.), Kenneth Williams Diaries, p. 582; Theroux, Kingdom by the Sea, p. 221.
41. News of the World, 12 April 1981; Daily Mirror, 14 April 1981, 6 July 1981, 11 July 1981; Daily Express, 7 July 1981, 11 July 1981; Sun, 6 July 1981.
42. The Times, 30 July 1980, 2 June 1981; Observer, 12 July 1981.
43. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 182–9; Hansard, 14 July 1981, 9 July 1981, 16 July 1981; The Times, 8 July 1981, 9 July 1981; Sunday Express, 6 April 1980.
44. The Times, 12 August 1981, 2 July 1981; Hansard, 16 July 1981; and see Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 192–7.
45. The Times, 8 July 1980; TNA PREM 14/484, C. J. Walters, ‘Note of a Visit: Liverpool: 7 July 1981’, 9 July 1981.
46. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, p. 123; The Times, 15 October 1981, 16 October 1981, 3 October 1981.
47. Ibid., 22 July 1981.
48. Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: Social History as Seen through the Gallup Data (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 125; New Standard, 11 May 1981, cited in Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, pp. 197–200; and see Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out, p. 105.
49. Observer, 12 July 1981.
50. Ibid.; Jack, Before the Oil Ran Out, p. 105.
51. Young, One of Us, p. 234; Scarman, Scarman Report, pp. 106, 209–10; Guardian, 26 November 1981; Daily Express, 26 November 1981; Daily Mirror, 26 November 1981.
52. Ibid.; Patrick Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain (1985: Oxford, 2009), pp. 227–9, 230, quoting Charles Moore, The Old People of Lambeth (1982). See also Paul Gilroy, ‘The Status of Difference: Multiculturalism and the Postcolonial City’, in Ghent Urban Studies Team, Post Ex Sub Dis: Urban Fragmentations and Constructions (Rotterdam, 2002), pp. 199–200.
53. Guardian, 10 April 1982, 11 June 1983; The Times, 2 August 1982; Observer, 12 June 1983, 9 September 1984.
54. Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-Punk, 1978–84 (2005), pp. 283–9, 297, 299; Sounds, 6 October 1979; NME, 27 September 1980.
55. Kettle and Hodges, Uprising!, p. 152; Observer, 12 July 1981.
56. Lincoln Allison, Condition of England: Essays and Impressions (1981), pp. 148, 189, 193; Daily Mirror, 29 April 1983.
57. Beryl Bainbridge, Forever England: North and South (1987), pp. 157, 159, 171–2.
Chapter 22. Showdown of the Century
1. Chris Mullin, A Very British Coup (1982: 2006), pp. 7–11.
2. Guardian, 7 March 2006, 10 August 2015; Chris Mullin, Hinterland: A Memoir (2016), pp. 100–101; and see David Kogan and Maurice Kogan, The Battle for the Labour Party (1982), pp. 65–6.
3. The Times, 20 August 1982; Guardian, 30 August 1982; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), p. 158.
4. The Times, 20 August 1982; Guardian, 2 September 1982.
5. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 44, 49–50, 53; The Times, 5 December 1980.
6. Michael Foot, Loyalists and Loners (1986), pp. 110, 117, 121–2; Kenneth O. Morgan, Michael Foot: A Life (2007), pp. 396–7; Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? Scenes from a Political Life (1995), p. 230.
7. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 62, 64, 66, 69–72, 132.
8. Ibid., pp. 110–12.
9. Ibid., pp. 83, 113–15; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p. 467.
10. Daily Mirror, 3 April 1981; Daily Express, 3 April 1981; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 115, 118–20; The Times, 4 April 1981, 5 April 1981.
11. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 116, 122.
12. The Times, 3 April 1981, 19 June 1981; Guardian, 13 September 1981.
13. Ibid., 27 September 1981, 13 September 1981.
14. Edward Pearce, Denis Healey: A Life in Our Times (2002), pp. 549, 551, 553; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), p. 481.
15. Guardian, 13 April 1981; The Times, 13 April 1981, 13 May 1981, 27 April 1981, 12 May 1981; Daily Mirror, 4 April 1981.
16. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 125–6, 130–31; The Times, 15 May 1981. See also the terrific coverage in Thames Television’s TV Eye documentary ‘Benn’s Bandwagon’ (28 May 1981), which is on YouTube.
17. Benn, End of an Era, p. 132; The Times, 3 June 1981.
18. Benn
, End of an Era, pp. 134–5; Jones, Michael Foot, p. 469; Guardian, 4 June 1981; The Times, 4 June 1981.
19. Benn, End of an Era, p. 136; Daily Express, 4 June 1981; Daily Mirror, 4 June 1981; The Times, 4 June 1981.
20. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 136–9.
21. Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), p. 213; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), pp. 92–3; The Times, 28 April 1981; Guardian, 25 June 1981.
22. The Times, 19 June 1981; Richard Ingrams and John Wells, The Other Half: Further Letters of Denis Thatcher (1981), p. 76.
23. Healey, Time of My Life, pp. 482–3; Guardian, 27 August 1981; The Times, 6 November 1981; Daily Mirror, 15 May 1981. On Labour’s inadequacy as a party of opposition, see also Ronald Butt in The Times, 31 July 1981.
24. The Times, 3 September 1981, 20 July 1981, 5 September 1981; Benn, End of an Era, p. 144; Guardian, 5 September 1981.
25. The Times, 1 September 1981.
26. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 144.
27. Robert Harris, The Making of Neil Kinnock (1984), pp. 161, 153, 156, 157; Morgan, Michael Foot, p. 399; The Times, 4 September 1981; Jones, Michael Foot, p. 471; Martin Westlake, Kinnock: The Biography (2001), pp. 175–6, 180; Guardian, 25 April 1981. For Kinnock as ‘incandescent’, see the interview with him in the second episode of BBC2’s documentary The Wilderness Years, ‘Comrades at War’ (10 December 1995).
28. Sun, 22 May 1981; Peter Chippindale and Chris Horrie, Stick It Up Your Punter! The Uncut Story of the Sun Newspaper (rev. edn: 2013), p. 154; Daily Express, 10 September 1981; Sunday Express, 30 August 1981; Guardian, 24 September 1981.
29. Sunday Times, 21 June 1981; The Times, 22 June 1981, 23 June 1981; Healey, Time of My Life, p. 482; Guardian, 25 September 1981, 23 June 1981.
30. The Times, 19 September 1981, 8 July 1981, 7 September 1981, 25 September 1981; Guardian, 23 September 1981; and see Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 114; Pearce, Denis Healey, pp. 559–60; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 148, 150.
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