by Moore, Lucy
——, Corinne, or Italy London 1998
——, Delphine De Kalb Ill. 1995
——, Lettres à Narbonne ed. G. Solovieff Paris 1960
Talleyrand, C.-M., Memoirs London 1891
Tocqueville, A., The Old Regime and the Revolution Chicago Ill. 2001
Todd, J.M., A Wollstonecraft Anthology Bloomington Ind. 1977
Tourzel, L.-F.-J., Memoirs London 1886
Trotter, J.B., Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox London 1811
Vigée-Lebrun, É., Memoirs trans. S. Evans London 1989
Williams, H.M., Letters Written in France in the Summer of 1790 to a Friend in England London 1790
——, Letters from France London 1794
——, Letters Containing a Sketch of the Politics of France London 1796
——, Sketches of the State of Manners and Opinions in the French Republic London 1801
Wollstonecraft, M., Collected Letters ed. J.M. Todd London 2003
Yonge, C.M. (ed.), Life and Adventures of Count Beugnot 1871
SECONDARY SOURCES
Adams, W.H., The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson New Haven Conn. 1997
Agulhon, M., Marianne into Battle Cambridge 1981
Almeras, H., La Vie parisienne sous la révolution et le directoire Paris 1909
Applewhite, H., and D. Levy (eds), Women and Politics in the Age of Democratic Revolution Ann Arbour Mich. 1990
Arasse, D., The Guillotine and the Terror London 1989
Aulard, A., Histoire politique de la révolution française Paris 1900
Bearne, C.M., Heroines of French Society London 1906
Bertaut, J., Madame Tallien Paris 1946
Bienvenu, R., The Ninth of Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre Oxford 1968
Bizardel, Y., The First Expatriates: Americans in Paris during the French Revolution New York 1975
Blanc, O., Last Letters: Prisons and the Prisoners of the French Revolution New York 1987
Blanning, C.W., The French Revolution: Class War or Culture Clash? Basingstoke 1998
Boudet, M., Julie Talma Paris 1989
Bouloiseau, M., The Jacobin Republic Cambridge 1983
Bourdin, I., Les sociétés populaires à Paris pendant la révolution Paris 1937
Bourhis, K., The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire 1789–1815 New York 1989
Bourquin, M.-H., Monsieur et Madame Tallien Paris 1987
Brookner, A., Jacques-Louis David London 1980
Brooks, P., Body Work: Objects of Desire in Modern Narrative Cambridge Mass. 1993
Bruce, E., Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage London 1995
Brunel, F., Thermidor: la chute de Robespierre Paris 1989
Byrne, P., Perdita: The Life of Mary Robinson London 2004
Caro, E.-M., ‘Deux types de femmes de l’autre siècle’ Revue des deux mondes XCII 15 Mar. 1871
Censer, J.R., and J. Popkin, Press and Politics in Eighteenth-century France Berkeley Calif. 1987
Cerati, M., Le club des citoyennes révolutionnaires républicaines Paris 1966
Chimay, E., La Princesse de Chimères Paris 1993
Chimay, Princesse, Madame Tallien Paris 1936
Christiansen, R., Romantic Affinities: Portraits from an Age 1780–1830 London 1994
Clemenceau-Jacquemaire, M., The Life of Madame Roland London 1930
Cobb, R., The French and their Revolution London 1998
——, Death in Paris Oxford 1975
——, A Sense of Place London 1975
——, The Police and the People Oxford 1970
Cobban, A., A History of Modern France 1715–1799 London 1961
Conner, C.D., Jean-Paul Marat: Scientist and Revolutionary Atlantic Highlands NJ 1997
Cooper, D., Talleyrand London 1932
Dauban, C., Études sur Madame Roland et son temps Paris 1864
Davis, N.Z., Society and Culture in Early Modern France Stanford Calif. 1975
Dolan, B., Ladies of the Grand Tour London 2001
Dowd, D.L., Pageant-Master of the Republic: Jacques-Louis David and the French Revolution Lincoln Nebr. 1948
Duhet, P.-M., Les femmes et la révolution 1789–1794 Paris 1971
Dupuy, R., ‘Les femmes et la contre-révolution dans l’Ouest’ Bulletin d’Histoire Économique et Sociale de la Révolution Française Vol. 11 1979
Faderman, L., Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present London 1985
Fairweather, M., Madame de Staël London 2005
Ferrus, M., Madame Tallien à Bordeaux Bordeaux 1933
Furet, F., Interpreting the French Revolution Cambridge 1981
Furet, F., and D. Richet, The French Revolution London 1970
Gallet, M., Paris Domestic Architecture of the Eighteenth Century London 1972
Gastine, L., Madame Tallien, Notre Dame de Thermidor: From the Last Days of the French Revolution until her Death as Princesse de Chimay in 1835 London 1913
Gay, P., The Enlightenment: An Interpretation New York 1966
George, M., ‘The Républicaines-Révolutionnaires’ Science and Society 40 (1976–7)
Gershoy, L., Bertrand Barère: A Reluctant Terrorist Princeton NJ 1962
Gidney, L., L’Influence des États-Unis d’Amérique sur Brissot, Condorcet et Madame Roland Paris 1930
Gilles, C., Madame Tallien Biarritz 1999
Girod de l’Ain, G., Désirée Clary Paris 1959
Godineau, D., Citoyennes tricoteuses Aix-en-Provence 1988
Goncourt, E. and J., The Woman of the Eighteenth Century London 1928
Gottschalk, L.R., Jean-Paul Marat: A Study in Radicalism Chicago 1967
Gutwirth, M., The Twilight of the Goddesses: Women and Representation in the French Revolutionary Era New Brunswick NJ 1992
Hampson, N., A Cultural History of the French Revolution London 1963
Hardman, J., Robespierre Harlow, Essex 1999
Harris, J., ‘The red cap of liberty: a study of dress worn by French Revolutionary partisans 1789–94’ Eighteenth-century Studies 14 (1981)
Herold, J.C., Mistress to an Age London 1958
Herriot, E., Madame Récamier London 1906
Hibbert, C., Napoleon’s Women London 2003
Hill, B., The Republican Virago: The Life and Times of Catherine Macaulay, Historian Oxford 1992
Houssaye, A., Notre dame de Thermidor Paris 1867
Hufton, O., Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution Toronto 1992
Hunt, L., Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution Berkeley Calif. 1984
Isambert, G., La vie à Paris pendant une année de la révolution Paris 1896
Johnson, D. (ed.), French Society and the Revolution Cambridge 1976
Jumièges, J.-C., Madame Tallien Paris 1967
Kelly, L., Women of the French Revolution London 1987
Kennedy, M., The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The First Years Princeton NJ 1982
——, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Second Years Princeton NJ 1988
Lacour, L., Grand monde et salons politiques de Paris après la Terreur Paris 1861
Lairtullier, E., Les femmes célèbres de 1789 à 1795 et leur influence dans la rèvolution Paris 1840
Lajer-Burcharth, E., Necklines: The Art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror New Haven Conn. 1999
Landes, J.B., Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution Ithaca NY 1988
Lee, V., The Reign of Women London 1975
Levaillant, M., The Passionate Exiles: Madame de Staël and Madame Rècamier London 1958
Lizin, A.M., Théroigne de Méricourt Brussels 1989
Loomis, S. Paris in the Terror, June 1793–July 1794 New York 1964
Lyons, M., ‘The 9 Thermidor: motives and effects’ European Studies Review, 1975,
Marand-Fouquet, C., La femme au temps de la révolution Paris 1989
Marquiset, A., Une merveilleuse: Mme Hamelin Paris 1909
Mathiez, A., The Fall of Robespierre New York 1968
——, La Vie chère et le mouvement social sous la Terreur Paris 1927
May, G., Madame Roland and the Age of Revolution London 1970
Mayne, E.C., A Regency Chapter: Lady Bessborough and Her Friendships London 1939
McNair-Wilson, R., The Gypsy-Queen of Paris London 1934
Melzer, S.E., and L.W. Rabine, Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution Oxford 1992
Michelet, J., History of the French Revolution London 1967
——, Les femmes de la révolution Paris 1988
Moore, J.M., The Roots of French Republicanism New York 1962
Outram, D., The Body and the French Revolution New Haven Conn. 1989
Ozouf, M., Festivals and the French Revolution Cambridge Mass. 1988
Palmer, R.R., Twelve Who Ruled: The Committee of Public Safety during the Terror Oxford 1989
——, The Age of Democratic Revolution Princeton NJ 1969
Paulson, R., Representations of Revolution 1789–1820 New Haven Conn. 1983
Petrey, S. (ed.), The French Revolution 1789–1989 Lubbock Tex. 1989
Porter, R. (ed.), The Social History of Language Cambridge 1987
Ribeiro, A., Dress and Morality London 1986
——, The Art of the Dress London 1995
Rosa, A., Citoyennes: les femmes et la révolution française Paris 1988
Roudinesco, E., Théroigne de Méricourt London 1991
Rudé, G., The Crowd in the French Revolution Oxford 1959
——, Robespierre: A Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat London 1975
Sainte-Beuve, C.-A., Portraits des femmes Paris 1886
Savine, A., and F. Bournand, Le 9 Thermidor Paris 1907
Schama, S., Citizens London 1989
Sennett, R., Flesh and Stone. The Body and the City in Western Civilisation London 1994
——, The Fall of Public Man Cambridge 1977
Shulim, J.I., Liberty, Equality and Fraternity: Studies on the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon New York 1989
Soboul, A., The Parisian Sans-Culottes London 1964
——, ‘À ` propos de l’activité militante des femmes dans les sections parisiennes en l’an II’ Bulletin d’Histoire Économique et Sociale de la Rèvolution Française 1979
Squire, G., Dress, Art and Society 1560–1970 London 1974
Stevenson, V., The Rights of Woman London 1989
Stuart, A., Josephine: the Rose of Martinique London 2004
Sutherland, D.M.G., France 1789–1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution London 1985
Sydenham, M.J., Girondins London 1961
Tomalin, C., The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft London 1974
Tulard, J., J.-F. Fayard and A. Fierro, Histoire et dictionnaire de la révolution française Paris 1987
Turquan, J., La Citoyenne Tallien Paris 1898
Villiers, M., Histoire des clubs Paris 1910
Vivie, A., Histoire de la Terreur à Bordeaux Bordeaux 1877
Wagener, F., Madame Récamier Paris 1986
Woronoff, D., The Thermidorean Regime and the Directory 1794–1799 Cambridge 1984
Yalom, M., Blood Sisters: The French Revolution in Women’s Memory London 1995
WORDS AND PHRASES
À bas…! Down with…!
à la in the style of
amazone a women’s masculine-cut riding habit, or a female soldier
ami/e friend
ancien règime the old regime (before the revolution)
baiser to kiss
bonnet rouge red Phrygian cap once worn by freed Roman slaves; revolutionary symbol of liberty
beau/belle handsome/beautiful
bon/bonne good
bourgeois/e member of the middle class, generally urban
cahier notebook
‘Ça Ira’ revolutionary anthem; the chorus translates as ‘It will go our way!’
caisse box; crate; fund
chemise de la reine a simple white dress; literally, the queen’s dress
cher/chère dear
ci-devant former
citoyen/ne citizen/citizeness
clubist/e a frequenter of clubs
cocarde rosette, cockade
comité committee
commissaire police officer, commissioner
Commune the popularly-elected Parisian government from 1789 until 1795
Conventionnel member of the National Convention
coup d’épée sword blow
cour court
cul noir rough pottery (literally, black-bottomed)
curè priest
dauphin heir to the French throne
décadi tenth day of the new revolutionary calendar, equivalent to a Sunday
Department one of the 83 administrative areas into which France was divided in 1790
deputy member of the National Assembly
droit right
émigré someone who fled revolutionary France, usually aristocratic
enragés/enragées a group of populist extremists prominent in the summer of 1793
épouse wife
Estates-General the French representative assembly, composed of three estates, or classes (clergy, nobility and commons); it was called by the king in 1788 (and met in May 1789) for the first time since 1614
étranger/étrangère foreigner, stranger
étrenne gift, money
faubourg suburb; traditionally, a working-class area like Saint-Antoine just outside Paris’s walls
faux false
fédérés National Guardsmen from all over the country who gathered in Paris in summer 1792 for the Fête de la Fédération in July, and were instrumental in the storming of the Tuileries in August
femme woman, wife
femme de chambre maid
femme publique prostitute; literally, public woman
fête champêtre a rural village festival
Feuillants club of constitutional monarchists, mostly aristocratic liberals, created in July 1791; met in the convent of the Feuillants on the rue Saint-Honoré; most of its members left Paris before or during the September massacres of 1792
fille de joie prostitute
fournée literally, batch; large groups of prisoners dispatched to the guillotine during the Terror
garde française an elite force, founded in 1563, stationed in Paris in 1789 and highly susceptible to the incendiary revolutionary idealism prevalent there; dissolved in September 1789, with most of its men joining the new National Guard
garde nationale a patriotic, voluntary National Guard formed in July 1789
gendarme policeman
gens people
Girondin deputy from the Gironde region around Bordeaux; the word came to be used for a group of progressive, federalist deputies opposed to Robespierre and to the dominance of Paris in revolutionary politics; also known, after one of their prominent members, as Brissotins
guerre war
guillotine machine used to behead convicted criminals swiftly and humanely; it took its name from the doctor and deputy to the National Assembly who recommended its use
haut monde high society
honnête honourable, honest
hôtel large town-house, either a private residence or an establishment renting out rooms and apartments
Hôtel de Ville town hall
infortuné/e unlucky; ill-fated
Jacobin member of the Jacobin Club, especially a follower of Maximilien Robespierre
jeunesse dorée gilded youth; a name given to the muscadins of 1794–5
joie/joyeuse joy/joyful
joli/e pretty
journèe day
lanterne lamppost; ‘à la lanterne!’ meant ‘string them up!’
lettres de cachet royal writs of pardon, imprisonment or exile; literally, stamped or sealed
letters; the king needed no authority to issue them, and they became a hated symbol of his arbitrary power
libérateur/libératrice rescuer
liberty trees trees planted by groups or individuals as symbols of liberty and decorated with tricolour ribbons and red bonnets; perhaps 60,000 were planted in 1792
Liégois/e person from Liège
Lyonnais/e person from Lyon
mairie town council or town hall
maisons de santé temporary revolutionary holding-houses or prisons
manège hall; a former indoor riding arena attached to the Tuileries palace, in which the National Assembly, the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred successively sat; destroyed in 1802
marais area of central Paris, literally meaning swamp; the name derives from the boggy land it was built on
marchand/e shopkeeper or stall-holder
mariée bride
‘Marseillaise’ the marching song of the Rhine army, composed in 1792 by Rouget de Lisle, which was declared the French national anthem in 1795
mère mother
merveilleuses literally, the wonderful ones; the women of Directory high society
mondain/e socialite
Montagnard the name given to the most extreme left-wing deputies to the National Assembly, generally Jacobin supporters of Robespierre, because of the high seats they took on the left-hand side of the manège
mouchard spy or informer
muscadin dandy
Notre Dame Our Lady, generally referring to the Virgin Mary
nourrice wet-nurse
observateur spy
oeil de vigilance literally, a vigilant eye
pain bread
patriote patriot, but carrying with it the implicit meaning of a supporter of the revolution
patrie the homeland
pauvre poor
peuple people
pierrot a short woman’s shift
pique pike; a simple weapon used by common people and thus a symbol of their independence and patriotism
poissard/e literally, rogue; also refers to the rough slang spoken by the market people of Paris
propriété nationale national property; the slogan daubed on to émigrés’ abandoned houses that had been confiscated by the revolutionary government
protecteur/protectrice protector
putain slut
quartier area of Paris
régicide a deputy who voted for Louis XVI’s execution
reine queen
représentants en mission envoys appointed by the National Convention to maintain order in the French provinces
rivière necklace; literally, river