Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France
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WORDS AND PHRASES
À bas…! Down with…!
à la in the style of
amazone a women’s masculine-cut riding habit, or a female soldier
ami/e friend
ancien règime the old regime (before the revolution)
baiser to kiss
bonnet rouge red Phrygian cap once worn by freed Roman slaves; revolutionary symbol of liberty
beau/belle handsome/beautiful
bon/bonne good
bourgeois/e member of the middle class, generally urban
cahier notebook
‘Ça Ira’ revolutionary anthem; the chorus translates as ‘It will go our way!’
caisse box; crate; fund
chemise de la reine a simple white dress; literally, the queen’s dress
cher/chère dear
ci-devant former
citoyen/ne citizen/citizeness
clubist/e a frequenter of clubs
cocarde rosette, cockade
comité committee
commissaire police officer, commissioner
Commune the popularly-elected Parisian government from 1789 until 1795
Conventionnel member of the National Convention
coup d’épée sword blow
cour court
cul noir rough pottery (literally, black-bottomed)
curè priest
dauphin heir to the French throne
décadi tenth day of the new revolutionary calendar, equivalent to a Sunday
Department one of the 83 administrative areas into which France was divided in 1790
deputy member of the National Assembly
droit right
émigré someone who fled revolutionary France, usually aristocratic
enragés/enragées a group of populist extremists prominent in the summer of 1793
épouse wife
Estates-General the French representative assembly, composed of three estates, or classes (clergy, nobility and commons); it was called by the king in 1788 (and met in May 1789) for the first time since 1614
étranger/étrangère foreigner, stranger
étrenne gift, money
faubourg suburb; traditionally, a working-class area like Saint-Antoine just outside Paris’s walls
faux false
fédérés National Guardsmen from all over the country who gathered in Paris in summer 1792 for the Fête de la Fédération in July, and were instrumental in the storming of the Tuileries in August
femme woman, wife
femme de chambre maid
femme publique prostitute; literally, public woman
fête champêtre a rural village festival
Feuillants club of constitutional monarchists, mostly aristocratic liberals, created in July 1791; met in the convent of the Feuillants on the rue Saint-Honoré; most of its members left Paris before or during the September massacres of 1792
fille de joie prostitute
fournée literally, batch; large groups of prisoners dispatched to the guillotine during the Terror
garde française an elite force, founded in 1563, stationed in Paris in 1789 and highly susceptible to the incendiary revolutionary idealism prevalent there; dissolved in September 1789, with most of its men joining the new National Guard
garde nationale a patriotic, voluntary National Guard formed in July 1789
gendarme policeman
gens people
Girondin deputy from the Gironde region around Bordeaux; the word came to be used for a group of progressive, federalist deputies opposed to Robespierre and to the dominance of Paris in revolutionary politics; also known, after one of their prominent members, as Brissotins
guerre war
guillotine machine used to behead convicted criminals swiftly and humanely; it took its name from the doctor and deputy to the National Assembly who recommended its use
haut monde high society
honnête honourable, honest
hôtel large town-house, either a private residence or an establishment renting out rooms and apartments
Hôtel de Ville town hall
infortuné/e unlucky; ill-fated
Jacobin member of the Jacobin Club, especially a follower of Maximilien Robespierre
jeunesse dorée gilded youth; a name given to the muscadins of 1794–5
joie/joyeuse joy/joyful
joli/e pretty
journèe day
lanterne lamppost; ‘à la lanterne!’ meant ‘string them up!’
lettres de cachet royal writs of pardon, imprisonment or exile; literally, stamped or sealed
letters; the king needed no authority to issue them, and they became a hated symbol of his arbitrary power
libérateur/libératrice rescuer
liberty trees trees planted by groups or individuals as symbols of liberty and decorated with tricolour ribbons and red bonnets; perhaps 60,000 were planted in 1792
Liégois/e person from Liège
Lyonnais/e person from Lyon
mairie town council or town hall
maisons de santé temporary revolutionary holding-houses or prisons
manège hall; a former indoor riding arena attached to the Tuileries palace, in which the National Assembly, the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred successively sat; destroyed in 1802
marais area of central Paris, literally meaning swamp; the name derives from the boggy land it was built on
marchand/e shopkeeper or stall-holder
mariée bride
‘Marseillaise’ the marching song of the Rhine army, composed in 1792 by Rouget de Lisle, which was declared the French national anthem in 1795
mère mother
merveilleuses literally, the wonderful ones; the women of Directory high society
mondain/e socialite
Montagnard the name given to the most extreme left-wing deputies to the National Assembly, generally Jacobin supporters of Robespierre, because of the high seats they took on the left-hand side of the manège
mouchard spy or informer
muscadin dandy
Notre Dame Our Lady, generally referring to the Virgin Mary
nourrice wet-nurse
observateur spy
oeil de vigilance literally, a vigilant eye
pain bread
patriote patriot, but carrying with it the implicit meaning of a supporter of the revolution
patrie the homeland
pauvre poor
peuple people
pierrot a short woman’s shift
pique pike; a simple weapon used by common people and thus a symbol of their independence and patriotism
poissard/e literally, rogue; also refers to the rough slang spoken by the market people of Paris
propriété nationale national property; the slogan daubed on to émigrés’ abandoned houses that had been confiscated by the revolutionary government
protecteur/protectrice protector
putain slut
quartier area of Paris
régicide a deputy who voted for Louis XVI’s execution
reine queen
représentants en mission envoys appointed by the National Convention to maintain order in the French provinces
rivière necklace; literally, river