Braddock and, 105–6, 107
Forbes and, 157
at Fort Pitt, 177
Fort Pitt council and, 173
French and, 113–14, 116
Logstown Treaty and, 60, 61
peace and, 175–76
Post and, 154
raids by, 116, 123
Stuart and, 118
Tanaghrisson and, 90
Tanaghrisson’s council and, 97
Teedyuscung and, 153
Treaty of Logstown and, 60
wampum and, 72
Washington and, 7, 68, 71, 93, 123
Shingas’s Town (Sawcunk) (Beaver Town), 160
Shirley, William, 127
Shirley’s son (“Poor Shirley”), 110, 112–13
Shreve, Israel, 449, 478
sieur de La Salle. See Cavelier, René-Robert
sieur de Marin. See Malgue, Pierre Paul de la (sieur de Marin)
Silver, Peter, 544n9
Silver Heels (Aroas) (Seneca), 7, 87, 108, 113, 127, 128, 165, 175, 262
Simcoe, John Graves, 380, 410, 411, 418–19, 420–21
Simpson, Gilbert, 295
Sipe, C. Hale, 512n26, 525n29
Six Nations. See Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy
Skenandoah (John Skenandon) (Oneida), 235, 241, 406
“Sketch of the Creek Country” (Hawkins), 471
Skiagusta. See Ostenaco (Cherokee)
Skowonidous (Jerry), 108, 512n26
slavery. See enslaved African Americans; enslaved Indians
Sleeper-Smith, Susan, 387
Slover, John, 276, 277
smallpox and other diseases blankets and, 176–77
Cherokee population and, 42, 164
Fort Pitt and, 176
Indian land and, 282
Indian populations and, 19, 27, 158
Newcastle and, 144, 512n26
Onondaga and, 242
path of, 27
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 2, 415
Scarouady and, 152
Southeast and, 164
vaccinations and, 461
Virginia’s Indian country and, 24
Washington and, 11, 40
westward expansion and, 281–82
Smith, Daniel, 428–29
Smith, James, 87–88, 120, 149, 156, 216
Smith, John, 23
Smith, William, 371
Solomon (Iroquois), 565n36
Somerset v. Stewart (1772), 201
South Carolina, 42–43, 72, 85, 92, 117, 127, 163–64, 166, 233, 336, 429. See also Catawbas; Glen, James; Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86); Treaty of Long Island of Holston (1777); Yazoo Companies
southern colonies, 182
southern Indians, 99, 164, 306–7, 346–47, 349m, 350, 353, 422–23, 432–33, 474. See also Cherokees, Creeks and other southern Indians; Georgia and other southern states; Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86) and other treaties
Southwest Territory, 339, 474
sovereignty. See Indian sovereignty; US sovereignty
Spain and the Spanish. See also Chickasaws; Creeks; Florida; law of nations; McGillivray, Alexander (Creek); Treaty of Mobile (1784); Treaty of New York (1790); Treaty of Pensacola (1784); Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795) boundaries and, 338
Britain and, 365
Jay Treaty and, 445
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 397
Peace of Paris (1783) and, 348
Potomac River gateway and, 298
settlers and, 324
southern Indians and, 3, 306–7, 346, 422, 425–27, 426–27, 428, 429, 431–32, 446
treaties and, 285
Treaty of New York and, 374–75
Treaty of Paris (1763) and, 174
Washington and, 3, 246, 375–76, 429, 431
Wilkinson and, 434
speculators. See also elites; Indiana Grant; Ohio Company of Virginia and other land companies; Washington’s Indian land acquisitions; individual speculators boundaries and, 193, 324
Braddock’s road and, 151
Cherokees and, 425
“civilization” and, 475–76
Creeks and, 350, 356–57
federal authority and, 442
Federal Indian policies and, 339, 340
financial crisis and, 201
forts and, 80
Indian ownership and, 5
Iroquois and, 404
McGillivray and, 364, 373
national unity and, 291–92
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 385–86, 393, 396
Ohio country and, 45, 48–49
profits of, 477–78
promissory notes and, 336
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 183, 184, 185–88, 187m
Schuyler and, 217
Senecas and, 402
settlers and, 37, 172, 202, 212, 309, 427
states versus federal authority and, 324, 334
surveying and, 36–38
tobacco agriculture and, 202
Treaty of Fort Pitt and, 268
Treaty of Lancaster and, 34
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 209
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 297
westward expansion and, 173, 308
spirits, 30, 41, 111, 469
spiritual power, 44, 507n4
Spotswood, Alexander, 28, 30–31
squatters. See settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters)
“squaw campaign,” 266
Stalking Turkey. See Cunne Shote (Cherokee)
Stamp Act, 180
standing armies, 6, 291
Standing Bear, Luther (Lakota), 41
Stark, John, 245
statehood, 293, 297, 308–9, 315, 324
states. See also federal authority versus states’ power (national unity); Virginia and other states
St. Clair, Arthur. See also Fort Recovery background of, 316–17
British and, 383
Cherokees and, 144
Indian allies of, 425–26
Indian victory over, 379m, 405–6, 409, 411, 423–24, 434, 435, 439, 446, 459
Iroquois and, 404
Northwestern Confederacy victory over, 379m, 387–96
Northwest Territory and, 327–28
Ohio Company of Associates and, 313
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 1, 418
portrait of, pl 9
on strategy, 216
war versus negotiation and, 382
Washington and, 378, 386, 389, 392, 393, 394, 395
St. Clair, John, 103, 111–12, 141, 144
Steedman, William, 412
Stephen, Adam, 85, 115, 123, 124, 149, 165, 172, 174, 176, 178, 210, 261, 299, 323
Steward, Henry, 67
Stewart, Robert, 162, 164, 172
Stiles, Ezra, 286–87
St. Lawrence Indians, 107, 222–23, 242
St. Lawrence River, 139
St. Leger, Barry, 242
Stobo, Robert, 96, 199
Stockbridges, 219–21, 251, 406, 413, 442, 458, 533n36. See also Hendricks, Solomon and other Stockbridges; Mahicans; Treaty of Canandaigua (1794)
Stone, William, 248
“Stranger Indians,” 27
Strickland, William, 475
Stuart, Charles, 105–6, 118
Stuart, Gilbert, 461, pl 5
Stuart, John, 182, 185, 189, 213. See also Treaty of Hard Labor
“Suffering Traders,” 194
Sugden, John, 459
Sullivan, John Albany conference and, 238
Brodhead and, 271, 272
campaign of, 247–59
Indian land and, 259
map, 252m
Onondagas and, 248–49
Washington and, 247–48, 254–55, 257, 271, 272
surveyors and surveying, 5, 36–38, 37–41, 38–39, 39m, 41, 45, 48, 286, 334. See also Gist, Christopher and other surveyors; Northwest Ordinance (1785) and (1787)
Susquehannah Delawares, 143–44
Susquehannah towns and tribes, 113, 131
Susquehannah Valley, 22, 26, 43, 51, 99, 257
Susquehannocks, 22, 24, 25, 43, 69
Swashan (Abenaki), 223, 226
Swiss, the, 29. See also Bouquet, Henry; Vattel, Emer de
T
Taboca (Choctaw), 306–7
Tachanoontia (Onondaga), 34
Tachnechdorus. See Logan, John (Mingo)
Taken Out of the Water. See Tekakiska (Cherokee)
Tallassee King. See Hoboithle or Hopoithle or Opothle Mico (Creek)
Tall King (Creek), 363
Tamaqua (Beaver) (Delaware), 57, 60–61, 153, 154–55, 157, 159, 160, 173, 176, 177, 188, 506n53
Tame King. See Hoboithle or Hopoithle or Opothle Mico (Creek)
Tanaghrisson (Tanachrisson) (Thanayieson) (Johonerissa) (Deanaghrison) (the Half King) (Seneca), 72. See also Tanaghrisson’s war Anglo-French rivalry and, 62–65, 67, 68–72, 93, 105
background of, 53
death of, 99–100
described, 68
Dinwiddie and, 70, 90, 92
English and, 90–91, 58, 99
Forks of the Ohio fort and, 84, 85
French and, 90–91, 510n49
Gist and, 507n22
Logstown negotiation and, 54, 57, 60
Logstown Treaty and, 58–59
on Montour, 55
Pennsylvania council of, 97–98
Saint-Pierre and, 76–77
Shingas and, 61
Six Nations and, 64–65, 91–92
Venango meeting and, 75
Washington and, 6, 67, 68–71, 72–78, 85–86, 87–89, 92, 93, 97–98, 100–101
Tanaghrisson’s war, 81–101. See also Battle of Fort Necessity British and, 92
Contrecoeur and, 87
Great Meadows ambush and, 88–91
Jumonville death and, 88, 89–90
Washington and, 85–87, 87–88, 91–92, 93–94
Tarhe (the Crane) (Wyandot), 443
Tassel. See Corn Tassel (Cherokee)
Tawalooth (Mohawk), 416
taxes, 6, 180, 293. See also whiskey tax and rebellion
Taylor, Alan, 327, 400
Teedyuscung (Gideon) (eastern Delaware), 8, 117, 143–44, 153, 156
Teesteke (Toostaka) (Common Disturber) (the Waker) (Cherokee), 423
Tekakiska (Tekakisskee) (Taken Out of the Water) (Cherokee), 430
Telfair, Edward, 354
Tennessee, 27, 233, 285, 338, 339, 428. See also Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795); Treaty of Tellico (1798); Yazoo Companies; Yazoo Company
Tennessee River, 21m, 189, 246, 305, 430
Tewea. See Captain Jacobs (Delaware)
Texas, 281
Thanayieson. See Tanaghrisson (Seneca)
Thaosagwat, Hanyerry (Hanyost) (Oneida), 251, 254
Thatcher, George, 329
Thawekila division of Shawnees, 51
Thayendanegea. See Brant, Joseph (Mohawk)
Thomas, George, 52
Thomson, Charles, 8, 144, 153, 156, 418
Three Fires, 381. See also Northwestern Confederacy war
Ticonderoga, 152, 317
Tidewater region (Virginia), 20, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33
Timberlake, Henry, 128, 166
Tioga Point meeting (1790), 398–99, 402
Tiononderoga (Lower Mohawk Castle), 256
tobacco Atlantic exchange system and, 32–33, 177–78
boom-and-bust cycles and, 172, 177–78, 201
as diplomatic gift, 68, 80, 370, 390
enslaved African Americans and, 32, 33
financial crisis and, 201
single-crop agriculture and, 31–32
slavery and, 26, 473
speculators and, 202
Washington and, 177–78, 184
West Indies trade and, 557n98
westward expansion and, 202
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 485
Tohashwughtonionty. See Belt of Wampum (Seneca)
Tomah, Pierre (Maliseet), 228, 231
Toostaka. See Teesteke (Cherokee)
Tootematubbe. See Colbert, George (Chickasaw)
Town Destroyer (Conotocarious) (Devourer of Villages) (J. and G. Washington), 7, 13, 25, 69–70, 86, 125, 256–57, 401
trade. See also Anglo-French rivalry; Atlantic exchange system; Logstown (Ohio country); Lydius, Henry and other traders; Ohio Company of Virginia; Ohio country; “Suffering Traders”; tobacco; Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795) Braddock’s road and, 151
British, 445
Cherokees and, 42
Creeks and, 470
Creek-West Indies, 368, 557n98
Declaration of Independence and, 284
deerskin, 25, 26, 27, 42, 306, 462, 470, 557n98, 577n73
East against West and, 337
federal authority and, 442
Federal Indian policy and, 324
global, 10
Indian land and, 327
Logstown Treaty and, 59
McGillivray/Spain and, 364–65, 371
Niagara and, 161
Ohio country and, 49, 61, 160–61
Revolutionary War in the West and, 255–56
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 181
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188–89
southeastern, 350
Treaty of Easton (1758) and, 157
Treaty of Lancaster and, 54
Treaty of Pensacola and, 351–52
Treaty of Westminster and, 125
Virginia’s Indian country and, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 33
war versus, 226
Washington on, 160–61, 452–54, 479
West Indies and, 557n98
westward expansion and, 36
Trade and Intercourse Act (1790), 339–40, 341, 399, 403
trading posts, 452–53, 461
Transylvania Company, 213
treaties. See also boundaries; diplomacy; Federal Indian policies; Treaty of New York (1790) and other treaties; war versus negotiation Confederation Congress and, 327
federal authority and, 284–85
Federal Indian policies and, 331
Iroquois and, 30
Jefferson and, 418
land and, 307
law of nations and, 325
national unity and, 314
Oneida land and, 303–4
Thomson on, 8
US Constitution and, 323
Virginia and, 213
Washington and, 7, 324, 325, 333, 357–60, 442–43, 465–66, 483, 492
Treaty, Jay (1794), 444–45
Treaty of Albany (1701), 52, 157
Treaty of Albany (1722), 33, 52
Treaty of Albany (Albany Congress) (1754), 98–99, 107, 118, 157, 321
Treaty of Augusta (1783), 352, 355, 356, 358, 360, 368
Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774), 210, 261
Treaty of Canandaigua (1794), 441–42, 456
Treaty of Colerain (1796), 432–33
Treaty of Easton (1758), 152–53, 155, 156–58, 160, 173
Treaty of Fort Finney (1786), 310–11, 314
Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789), 327–28, 400, 403
Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), 107
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785), 310, 313, 314
Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778), 264, 267–69, 271, 277, 278
Treaty of Fort Schuyler (1788), 304
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) boundaries and, 189–90, 193–95, 213
Dunmore and, 201, 207, 211
Shawnees’ lands and, 21, 198, 207
speculators and, 189, 191–92, 194, 207
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 191–92, 194
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), 301–3, 314, 400, 401–2, 403
Treaty of French Lick (1784), 306
Treaty of Galphinton (1785), 353–55, 356, 358, 360, 368, 372
Treaty of Greenville (1795), 443–44, 447, 459–60
Treaty of Hard Labor (1768), 189, 192–93, 213
Treaty of Herkimer (1785), 252m, 303
Treaty of Holston (1791), 423–25, 430, 462, 465–66
Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86), 304–5, 306, 307, 337–39, 339–40, 372, 423, 430, 507n4
Treaty of Lancaster (1744) Dinwiddie on, 58
Logstown Treaty and, 59
Ohio Company and, 48, 49
Ohio country and, 34, 45–46, 47, 54
Six Nations and, 52
Tanaghrisson and, 59
terms of, 33–34
Treaty of Lochaber (1770), 186m, 193
Treaty of Logstown (1752), 46m, 54, 57, 58–61, 69, 80, 118
Treaty of Long Island of Holston (1777), 186m, 232–33
Treaty of Mobile (1784), 306, 307
Treaty of Montreal (1701), 52
Treaty of New York (1790), 366–77, 393, 432, 433, 469–70 secret articles of, 369–70, 371, 374, 375
Treaty of New York (1796), 490–91
Treaty of Nogales (1793), 427, 429
Treaty of Paris (1763), 174, 178
Treaty of Paris (1783), 280–81, 283, 348, 437
Treaty of Pensacola (1784), 351–52, 353, 373
Treaty of Sandusky, 436
Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795), 445–46
Treaty of Shoulderbone Creek (1786), 355, 356, 358, 360, 368, 372
Treaty of 1646 (Anglo-Powhatan), 24
Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (1775), 213
Treaty of Tellico (1798), 466
Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse (1794), 349m, 430
Treaty of Vincennes (1792), 415–16, 437
Treaty of Watertown (1776), 229–30
Treaty of Westminster (1730), 125
Trent, William, 62, 65, 81, 85, 176–77
“tribal map,” 43
tributary Indians (Virginia), 20, 30
Trueman, Alexander, 412
Truman, Thomas, 25
Trumbull, John, 352f, 368, 408, pl 3,4,8
Tsu-la. See Chutloh (Cherokee)
Tuckabatchee, 349m, 352, 355, 363
Turtle Clan (Delawares), xiii
Turtle Clan (Senecas), 263, 398, 400
Turtle Heart (Delaware), 176–77
Tuscaroras, 21m, 33, 43–44, 124, 129–30, 243, 244–45, 252m, 258, 303, 442, 533n53. See also Treaty of Canandaigua (1794)
Tutelos, 156–57
Twightwees, 62. See also Miamis
U
Ucahula (Cherokee), 142–43
Ugulayacabe (Wolf’s Friend) (Chickasaw), 306, 426–27, 431
Uhhaunauwaunmut. See Hendricks, Solomon (Stockbridge)
uniforms, traditional, 83, 114, 148–49, 370, 426, 427, pl 1. See also Indian ways of fighting/dress
union, colonial, 99–100
United States, 9. See also American Revolution; national debt; Revolutionary War in the West; individual Americans
US Army. See also Wayne, Anthony and other leaders “civilization” and, 475
The Indian World of George Washington Page 90