66
For a letter from Peter de Maulay to Hubert de Burgh, justiciar, that recommends to him ‘Roger of Acaster, master of Richard, brother of the lord king’, see Royal Letters, i, pp. 179–80 no. CLVI. See also Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 241–2; Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, p. 24.
67
Carpenter, The Minority, p. 241; Vincent, Peter des Roches, p. 154.
68
French was the language spoken in court circles: M. T. Clanchy (1993), From Memory to Written Record, England 1066–1307 (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell, p. 161.
69
Ibid., p. 161; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, p. 60.
70
Howell, Eleanor of Provence, pp. 83, 87–92. On the patronage of literary works in the vernacular by royal women, see P. Ranft (2002), Women in Western Intellectual Culture, 600–1500. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 89. On Henry III’s devotion to Edward the Confessor and his encouragement of his wife’s devotion to this saint, see D. A. Carpenter (2007), ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: The Origins of the Cult’, EHR, 122 (498), 865–91.
71
See, for example, J. C. Ward (2002), Women in Medieval Europe, 1200–1500. Harlow: Pearson Education, pp. 16–19; K. M. Phillips (2003), Medieval Maidens: Young Women and Gender in England, 1270–1540. Manchester: Manchester University Press, ch. 2.
72
Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters’, pp. 71–5; L. L. Huneycutt (1996), ‘Public Lives, Private Ties: Royal Mothers in England and Scotland, 1070–1204’, in Parsons and Wheeler (eds), Medieval Mothering, pp. 295–311.
73
The Writings of Agnes of Harcourt: The Life of Isabelle of France and the Letter on Louis IX and Longchamp, ed. S. L. Field (2003). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 52–9. Like Blanche, Eleanor was a granddaughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine.
74
Ibid., pp. 52–5.
75
Ibid., pp. 54–5.
76
Ibid., pp. 54–5, 58–61. In these respects, Isabella’s upbringing accorded well with the advice contained in the work of Vincent of Beauvais, whose treatise De eruditione filiorum nobilium was commissioned by Isabella’s sister-in-law, Margaret of Provence, in c. 1247–9. Vincent, who was heavily influenced by the writings of Jerome, recommended that noble girls should be educated in reading and writing to help inculcate Christian devotion, values and virtues, and in textile work and how to be a good wife: Vincent of Beauvais, De eruditione filiorum nobilium, ed. A. Steiner (1938). Menasha, WI: Medieval Academy of America, pp. 172–219, chs xlii–li.
77
Writings of Agnes of Harcourt, pp. 60–61.
78
Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, pp. 17–18.
79
Wendover, iii, p. 108; Wilkinson, ‘Isabella of England’, p. 28.
80
Chronica majora, iii, p. 471.
81
Margaret’s grandfather was probably Manasser Biset, Henry II’s steward: Parsons, ‘ “Que nos in infancia lactauit” ’, p. 307.
82
Chronica majora, iii, pp. 497–8; Historia anglorum, ii, p. 468; Wilkinson, ‘The Imperial Marriage’, p. 28; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, pp. 22–3.
83
Chronica majora, v, p. 235.
84
Ibid. Cecily died in 1251 and was buried before the altar of St Andrew in St Albans Abbey. For William de Gorham and his son, see Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, Vol. VIII, eds F. Madden, B. Bandinel and J. G. Nichols (1843). London: Society of Antiquaries, p. 93. For the grief of Cecily’s brother, Nicholas, at her demise, see Chronica majora, v, p. 236.
85
Chronica majora, v, p. 235.
86
Ibid.
87
J. Röhrkasten (2004), The Mendicant Houses of Medieval London, 1221–1539. Münster: Lit Verlag Münster, part I, chs 1–3; A. G. Little (1892), The Grey Friars in Oxford. Oxford: The Oxford Historical Society, part I, chs 1–2. See also the various essays in N. Rogers (ed.), The Friars in Medieval Britain: Proceedings of the 2007 Harlaxton Symposium. Donington: Shaun Tyas.
88
On female patronage of the Franciscans, see: L. L. Gees (2002), Women, Art and Patronage from Henry III to Edward III: 1216–1377. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, pp. 123–4.
89
For Marsh’s letters to Eleanor, see The Letters of Adam Marsh, ed. C. H. Lawrence (2006, 2010). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2 vols, ii, pp. 377–91 nos 155–62.
90
Ibid., ii, pp. 378–83 no. 157, 386–7 no. 160.
91
Ibid., ii, pp. 378–83 no. 157, esp. pp. 378–9.
92
Ibid., ii, pp. 378–83 no. 157, esp. pp. 380–1.
93
Ibid.
94
Ibid., ii, pp. 386–7 no. 160.
95
Ibid.
96
See, for example, ibid., ii, pp. 376–7 no. 155, 382–5 no. 158, 388–9 no. 161, 388–91 no. 162.
97
Ibid., ii, pp. 388–9 no. 161.
98
On female book ownership and on aristocratic mothers who taught their daughters to read, see S. G. Bell (1988), ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of Culture’, in M. Erler and M. Kowaleski (eds), Women and Power in the Middle Ages. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, pp. 149–87.
99
Manners, p. 9.
100
Ibid., p. 24.
101
C. de Hamel (1986), A History of Illuminated Manuscripts. London: Guild, pp. 192–6.
102
Vincent, Peter des Roches, p. 280.
103
Letters of Medieval Women (2002), ed. A. Crawford. Stroud: Sutton, p. 51.
104
Ibid., pp. 52–3; Royal Letters, i, pp. 219–20 no. CXCV; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, pp. 68–70.
105
Historia anglorum, ii, p. 405; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, pp. 69–70.
106
‘The Chronicle of Melrose’, in The Church Historians of England, Vol. IV, Pt I, ed. J. Stevenson (1856). London: Seeleys, p. 181; Nelson, ‘Scottish Queenship’, p. 70.
107
‘The Chronicle of Melrose’, in Church Historians, p. 181.
108
Maddicott, Simon de Montfort, p. 39.
Notes on Chapter 2
1
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, at p. 245. See also Diplomatic Documents, i, no. 140.
2
D. Crouch (2002), William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 (2nd edn). London: Pearson Education, pp. 12–24.
3
For Isabella see M. T. Flanagan (2004), ‘Clare, Isabel de, suo jure Countess of Pembroke (1171x6–1220)’, ODNB, available online at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47208, accessed on 14 March 2010.
4
Warren, King John, p. 255; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 14; Crouch, William Marshal, p. 124.
5
Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 35–44.
6
Crouch, William Marshal, pp. 139–41.
7
Ibid., p. 139.
8
Chronica majora, ii, pp. 604–5. See also M. Strickland (2005), ‘Enforcers of Magna Carta (act. 1215–16)’,ODNB, available online at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93691, accessed on 16 March 2010. Although William junior’s decision to support the opposing side to his father might seem, at first glance, like the actions of a dissatisfied and resentful son, his actions might well have been part of a family strategy to preserve the Marshal family’s estates no matter which side secured victory: S. Painter (1982 reprint), William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron and Regent of England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 185–6; Crouch, William Marshal, pp. 121–2. William junior and his father were in contact with one another during the war. See, for example, RLP, i.i, p. 175; ‘Annales
prioratus de Wigornia’, p. 406.
9
Carpenter, The Minority, p. 39. William junior’s return to the king’s grace was apparently prompted, on the one hand, by competition with Adam de Beaumont, another of Louis’s supporters, over the office of marshal and, on the other, by Louis’s decision to award Robert, Count of Dreux, custody of Marlborough Castle, a stronghold once held by William junior’s grandfather, John. Robert was the Duke of Brittany’s brother. For Louis’s anger at William junior’s decision to desert him, see: De antiquis legibus liber. Cronica maiorum et vicecomitum Londoniarum, ed. T. Stapleton (1846). London: Camden Society, p. 205. William junior’s actions receive fuller discussion in Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 29–30; Crouch, William Marshal, p. 123.
10
See K. J. Stringer (1985), Earl David of Huntingdon: A Study in Anglo-Scottish History. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 52–3.
11
Ibid., p. 53; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 148. For the complaints of Earl David’s widow against William Marshal junior and his efforts to refute these, see Royal Letters, i, pp. 47–8 nos XL–XLI.
12
For background, see Royal Letters, i, pp. 141–4 nos CXXIII–CXXIV. For William’s letter to Hubert de Burgh, informing him of Llywelyn’s actions in Pembrokeshire and the peace terms which the Welsh prince forced upon William junior’s knights and other men there, see ibid., i, pp. 144–5 no. CXXV. See also R. F. Walker (1972), ‘Hubert de Burgh and Wales’, EHR, 87, 465–94, at p. 472.
13
RLCl, i, p. 429b; Royal Letters, i, p. 150 no. CXXIX.
14
Royal Letters, i, p. 150 no. CXXIX.
15
Alexander II had secured the custody of the honour of Huntingdon during the minority of Earl David’s heir: Stringer, Earl David, p. 53; G. W. S. Barrow (1989 reprint), Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 150.
16
M. Brown (2004), The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 24; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 196.
17
RLCl, i, p. 429; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 219. The young Marshal managed to delay finally handing over the castle until late November 1220: PR, 1216–25, p. 272; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 220.
18
Ibid., p. 196.
19
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 246.
20
Carpenter, The Minority, p. 245.
21
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 244.
22
Ibid., i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI (pp. 244–5); Powicke, Henry III, i. pp. 157–8; Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 244–5.
23
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245.
24
Henry’s eldest daughter, Marie, married Otto in May 1214. For the marriage and the battle, see: Chronique des ducs de Brabant, Tome II, ed. E. de Dynter (1854). Bruxelles: L’Académie Royale de Belgique, pp. 349–50. See also G. Smets (1908), Henri I, duc de Brabant, 1190–1235. Bruxelles: Lamertin.
25
Genealogia ducum Brabantiae heredum Franciae, ed. I. Heller (1853), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS 25, p. 390 (ch. 7). According to the Dunstable annalist, the duke had returned his wife to her father when he entered into a confederacy with King John and the counts of Flanders and Boulogne: ‘Annales prioratus de Dunstaplia’, in Ann. mon., iii, pp. 39–40 (recorded under 1212, rather than 1213).
26
His eldest daughter, Marie, now the widow of Emperor Otto IV, had recently married in July 1220 as her second husband William (I), Count of Holland. Another daughter, Margaret, was the wife of Gerhard (III), Count of Guelders. Her sister, Adelaide, was the widow of Arnoul (III), Count of Loos and Graf of Rieneck, and another sister, Mathilde, the wife of Floris, the son and heir of Count William (I), of Holland by William’s first wife, Adelaide of Guelders: Smets, Henri I, duc de Brabant, p. 165; Genealogia Ducum Brabantiæ Heredum Franciæ, p. 390 (ch. 7); Oude Kronik van Brabant (1855), Codex Diplomaticus Neerlandicus, Utrecht, Second Series, deerde deel, part i, p. 62.
27
For Arnoul’s death in 1221, see Biographie nationale, volume 1 (1866). Bruxelles: L’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, p. 451.
28
For the financial predicament of the crown, see Carpenter, The Minority, p. 248.
29
That the Marshal had, indeed, considered taking other brides is confirmed by a papal mandate issued on 16 June 1222: ‘Regesta 11: 1220–1222’ in Calendar of Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1, 1198–1304, ed. W. H. Bliss (1893). London: HMSO, p. 88, available online at http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=96004, accessed on 14 March 2010.
30
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 244; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 245.
31
Carpenter, The Minority, p. 245.
32
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 244; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 247.
33
Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 247–8.
34
‘Annales prioratus de Dunstaplia’, p. 68; Carpenter, The Minority, p. 247.
35
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245.
36
‘Regesta 11: 1220–1222’, in Calendar of Papal Registers, Volume 1: 1198–1304, p. 88. The process of securing the consent of a number of leading figures, including the king’s uncle, the Earl of Salisbury, might well have been facilitated by a series of generous royal grants from the summer of 1220 onwards: Carpenter, The Minority, p. 246.
37
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245; Powicke, Henry III, i, p. 158.
38
Carpenter, The Minority, pp. 271–2; Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245.
39
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 245; Powicke, Henry III, p. 157.
40
Holt, Magna Carta, p. 453 (appendix 6).
41
At the time of this marriage, de Burgh had not yet attained the rank of earl; he was granted the earldom of Kent in 1227: F. J. West (2004), ‘Burgh, Hubert de, Earl of Kent (c.1170–1243)’,ODNB, available online at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3991, accessed on 15 April 2010; W. W. Scott (2004), ‘Margaret, Countess of Kent (1187x95–1259)’,ODNB, available online at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49377, accessed on 15 April 2010.
42
Upon his return to England in 1226, Salisbury complained directly to the king that the justiciar had sent ‘a man of low birth … to contract an adulterous marriage with her [his wife] by force’: Wendover, ii, pp. 294–5, 297–8.
43
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6, no. CCXI, esp. p. 246.
44
Wendover, ii, p. 270; ‘Annales de Dunstaplia’, pp. 82–3; Walker, ‘Hubert de Burgh and Wales’, 474.
45
PR, 1216–25, pp. 413–14; Walker, ‘Hubert de Burgh and Wales’, 475.
46
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 246. Philip’s daughter, Marie, had married Philip, Marquis of Namur, and his sister, Alice, had married the Count of Ponthieu: Catalogue des actes de Philippe-Auguste, ed. L. Delisle (1856). Paris: Auguste Durand, p. 230 nos 1001, 1002 (marriage of Marie); D. Power (2004), The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 168 n. 127 (marriage of Alice).
47
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 246. In 1223, Agnes of Beaujeu, the eldest daughter of Guichard of Beaujeu by Sibyl of Hainaut, the sister of Isabella (the first wife of Philip Augustus), and therefore a cousin of Louis VIII, married Count Thibaut (IV) of Champagne: T. Evergates (1999), ‘Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne’, in idem (ed.), Aristocratic Women in Medieval Fra
nce. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 74–110, at p. 80; C. B. Bouchard (1987), Sword, Miter and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p. 294 (Appendix A: Family Trees).
48
Royal Letters, i, pp. 244–6 no. CCXI, esp. p. 246.
49
L’histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ed. P. Meyer (1891–1901). Paris: La sociéte de l’histoire de France, 3 vols, iii, pp. ii-xix; Crouch, William Marshal, pp. 1–2. For the most recent edition of this text, see History of William Marshal, ed. A. J. Holden (2002–6), trans. S. Gregory, with historical notes by D. Crouch. London: Anglo-Norman Text Society, 3 vols.
50
On the date of composition of the text, see History of William Marshal, iii, pp. 23–6; D. Crouch (2006), ‘Writing a Biography in the Thirteenth Century: The Construction and Composition of the “History of William Marshal” ’, in D. Bates, J. Crick and S. Hamilton (eds), Writing Medieval Biography, 750–1250. Woodbridge: Boydell, pp. 221–35, at p. 223. For discussion of the ‘chivalry’ of William senior, see Crouch, William Marshal, ch. 7. See also L. Ashe (2008), ‘William Marshal, Lancelot and Arthur: Chivalry and Kingship’, in C. P. Lewis (ed.), Anglo-Norman Studies XXX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2007. Woodbridge: Boydell, pp. 19–40.
51
History of William Marshal, iii, p. 4.
52
Ibid., iii, p. 40.
53
Ibid., iii, p. 24.
54
Ibid.; Crouch, ‘Writing a Biography’, pp. 223, 225.
55
See p. 26.
56
History of William Marshal, ii, pp. 244–5, ll. 14873–82.
57
See pp. 34–5.
58
There might just possibly have been another copy in the possession of the Beauchamp earls of Warwick: History of William Marshal, iii, pp. 10–11; Crouch, William Marshal, pp. 2–3.
59
‘Regesta 11: 1220–1222’, in Calendar of Papal Registers, Volume 1: 1198–1304, p. 88.
60
Carpenter, The Minority, ch. 8.
61
Ibid., pp. 306–7, 316–17, 345–6.
62
Ibid., p. 343.
63
PR, 1216–1225, p. 426.
64
The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, ed. W. Stubbs (1879–80). London: Longman, Rolls Series, ii, p. 113 (‘Gesta Regum Continuata’). See also: ‘Annales prioratus de Wigornia’, pp. 415–6 (under 1224); ‘Annales de Oseneia’, in Ann. Mon., iv, p. 64 (under 1224); ‘Annales prioratus de Dunstaplia’, p. 91 (under 1225); ‘Annales de Waverleia’, p. 299 (under 1224).
Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England Page 21