17. HRL Elson interview, 1965, TIA.
18. March of Time script, March 27, 1931, TIA; Tucker, “A Critical Evaluation of the March of Time,” pp. 27–28; Larsen to Richard Krolik, March 10, 1970, Larsen Mss., TIA; Raymond Fielding, The March of Time, 1935–1951 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 16–18; Eric Barnouw, Documentary (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 1310; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 177–80.
19. Larsen to HRL, June 20, 1932, Larsen Mss., TIA; Fielding, The March of Time, p. 19.
20. HRL memo, “The Opportunity,” August 1934, TIA; Christian Science Monitor Weekly Magazine, October 30, 1935, p. 15; HRL to JSB, August 24, 1934, JSB Mss.; Forsyth Hardy, Grierson on Documentary (London: Faber & Faber, 1966), pp. 201–2; James L. Baughman, Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (Boston: Twayne, 1987), pp. 77–79; Fielding, The March of Time, pp. 31–32.
21. HRL, “The Opportunity,” August 1934, TIA; William P. Montague, “Public Opinion and the Newsreels,” Public Opinion Quarterly 2 (January 1938): 51; Richard Mersan Barasm, “‘This Is America’: Documentaries for Theaters, 1942–1951,” Cinema Journal 12 (Spring 1973): 22–23; Four Hours a Year (New York: Time Inc., 1936), pp. 3, 21; Fielding, The March of Time, pp. 22–45; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 227–40.
22. HRL to Ingersoll, n.d., 1938, HRL to Thomas J. White, January 31, 1935, TIA; David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), pp. 506–7.
23. HRL to Hearst, January 31, 1935, Hearst to HRL, February 1, 8, 1935, TIA; “Hearst,” Fortune, October 1935; Ingersoll to Thomas J. White, May 13, 1936, Daniel Longwell to HRL, March 8, 1935, TIA; Four Hours a Year, p. 19; Nasaw, The Chief, pp. 507–8.
24. Dick Duncan to Bob Parker, memo, March 5, 1967, TIA; JSBD, March 15, 1935.
25. Four Hours a Year, pp. 44–47; Fielding, The March of Time, p. 6; “Summer Theaters,” “Wild Ducks,” “Dogs for Sale,” “Pests in 1937,” March of Time, 1935–1937.
26. “Lake Tana, Africa!,” “East of the Suez!,” “War in China,” March of Time, 1936–1937; “Japan—Master of the Orient,” March of Time, 1939.
27. “Inside Nazi Germany,” March of Time, 1938; Fielding, The March of Time, pp. 187–95.
28. Otis Ferguson, “Time Steals a March,” New Republic, February 9, 1938, p. 19; George Dangerfield, “Time Muddles On,” New Republic, August 19, 1936, pp. 43–45; Irving Lerner (using the pseudonym “Peter Ellis”), New Masses, July 9, 1935, p. 30, May 11, 1937, p. 29; Ralph Steiner and Leo T. Hurwitz, “A New Approach to Film Making,” New Theater, September 1935, pp. 22–23; William Alexander, “The March of Time and the World Today,” American Quarterly 29 (Summer 1977): 184–85, 188–92.
29. Raymond Fielding, “Mirror of Discontent: The March of Time and Its Politically Controversial Film Issues,” Western Political Quarterly 12 (March 1959): 145–52; Fielding, The March of Time, p. 201.
30. Raymond Fielding, “Time Flickers Out: Notes on the Passing of the March of Time,” Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television II (Summer 1957): 354–61.
31. JSBD, November 12, 1931; Lila Luce Tyng interview; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; HRL Elson interview, 1966, TIA.
32. Sylvia Morris, Rage for Fame: The Ascent of Clare Boothe Luce (New York: Random House, 1997), p. 30; CBL memoir, n.d., CBL Mss.; Alan Brinkley, “Clare Boothe Luce,” Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary—Completing the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 399–400; Ralph Martin, Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1991), pp. 27–39, 50–52.
33. Martin, Henry and Clare, pp. 52–56, 69–83; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 74–160.
34. Helen Lawrenson, Stranger at the Party: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1975), pp. 102–5; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 161–238.
35. Lila to ERL, Emmavail, and Leslie Severinghaus, August 2, 1932, LT; Laura Z. Hobson, Laura Z: A Life (New York: Arbor House, 1983), pp. 136–38; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 240–41.
36. Lawrenson, Stranger at the Party, pp. 114–16; Roy Hoopes, Ralph Ingersoll: A Biography (New York: Atheneum, 1985), pp. 119–121; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 240–44.
37. HRL to CBL, December 23, 1934, CBL to HRL, August 15, 1935, CBL Mss.; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 242–48; Hoopes, Ralph Ingersoll, pp. 118–21; Martin, Henry and Clare, pp. 140–41.
38. HRL to CBL, January 3, 11, March 5, May 11, 13, July 21, n.d., 1935, November 22, 1937, CBL Mss. HRL to LH, February 7, March 26, 30, n.d., 1935, LT; HRL to Peter Paul Luce, n.d., 1935, LT; HRL to CBL, May 1, 12, 1935, CBL Mss.; HWL to LH, July 17, 1935, Mary Bradley to LH, n.d., 1935, LT Mss.; JSBD, November 9, 11, 23, 1935; Lila Luce Tyng interview; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
39. CBL to HRL, August 15, 1935, HRL to CBL, March 7, 1935, CBL Mss.; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 251–53.
40. JSBD, November 25, 1935; HRL to LH, n.d., 1935, TIA; Lawrenson, Stranger at the Party, pp. 117–18; Time, November 25, 1935; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 276–80.
41. JSBD, May 22, 1936.
42. HRL Elson interview, 1966, Preface to Fortune, August 1929, Larsen oral history, p. 23, TIA; Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics (New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1977), pp. 405–6; The New Yorker, September 26, 1926, pp. 13, 19; David Laskin, Partisan: Marriage, Politics, and Betrayal Among the New York Intellectuals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 193–94; Michael Augspurger, An Economy of Abundant Beauty: Fortune Magazine & Depression America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 2004), pp. 55–62; Jacques Barzun, The House of Intellect (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), pp. 42–45.
43. Elson HRL interview, 1966, TIA; James Thurber, The Years with Ross (New York: Little, Brown, 1957), p. 16; Hoopes, Ralph Ingersoll, p. 76.
44. Ingersoll to Katherine Sergeant White, November 9, 1933, TIA; Ingersoll, “Answers to Time Inc. Questions,” March 28, 1956, Ingersoll Mss.; Fortune, August 1934.
45. “Time … Fortune … Life … Luce,” The New Yorker, November 28, 1936, pp. 20–25; Bernard DeVoto, “Distempers of the Press,” Harper’s, March 1937, p. 447.
46. HRL Elson interview, 1966, Harold Ross to HRL, November 23, 1936, HRL to Harold Ross, November 24, 1936, TIA; JSBD, November 19, 1937.
VIII “LIFE BEGINS”
1. Clare Boothe Brokaw to Condé Nast, May 7, December 9, 1931; HRL to Edna Chase, January 25, 1954, Condé Nast to HRL, October 17, 1938, TIA; John R. Whiting and George R. Clark, “The Picture Magazines,” Harper’s, June 18, 1943, pp. 159–60.
2. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Sylvia Morris, Rage for Fame: The Ascent of Clare Boothe Luce (New York: Random House, 1997), pp. 281–84; Laura Z. Hobson, Laura Z: A Life (New York: Arbor House, 1983), pp. 184–85; Helen Lawrenson, Stranger at the Party: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1975), pp. 65–66.
3. JSBD, August 24, 1936; Andrew Heiskell interview.
4. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Roy Hoopes, Ralph Ingersoll: A Biography (New York: Atheneum, 1985), pp. 146–48; Morris, Rage for Fame, p. 287; Wilfred Sheed, Clare Boothe Luce (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1982), pp. 78–79; Ralph G. Martin, Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1991), pp. 156–60.
5. Clare Boothe Luce, The Women (1937; repr., New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1966), pp. 89–90 and passim.
6. Andrew Heiskell interview; JSBD, September 6, December 29, 1939, October 18, 1941.
7. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Henry Luce III interview; Peter Luce interview; HRL to CBL, n.d., 1936, HRL to CBL, December 8, 9, 11, 18, 19, 1936, CBL Mss.
8. HRL to CBL, January 1, 1937, n.d., 1939, CBL Mss.; HRL to Peter Paul Luce, n.d., 1935, LT Mss.; Charles E. Clapp, Jr., to HRL, May, n.d., 1936, Corinne Thrasher to HRL, May 6, 1936, TIA; Architectural Forum, June 1937; Corinne Thrasher to Town of Stamford, February 16, 1939, Allen Grover to HRL, August 3, 1939, Alex Groner to Andrew Heiskell, November 3, 1961, Edward Durrell Stone to HRL, December 19, 1939, HRL to Stone, December 23, 1939, �
�The Henry R. Luce Estates’ Disaster in the Swamps,” research memo for Time cover story on Stone, TIA; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 286, 296–305; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
9. HRL to CBL, May 17, 18, November 22, n.d., 1937, June 13, 1939, CBL to HRL, June 1, 3, 1939, CBL Mss.
10. John Cowles to HRL, March 26, 1932, TIA; Isaiah Wilner, The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), pp. 4, 223; Four Hours a Year (New York: Time Inc., 1936); HRL to Fayette Dow, August 10, 1936, TIA; interview with Daniel Longwell, January 31, 1956, COHP.
11. Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, February 13, March 21, April 17, 1935; Illustrated London News, April 26, 1930, August 8, 1931, March 11, 1933, April 27, 1935; Vu, January, April 1935, March 1936; Dwight Macdonald to Henri Cartier-Bresson, December 27, 1933, January 22, 1934, TIA; Beaumont Newhall, The History of Photography (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 180–86; HRL, “Organization of Editorial Staff of the Picture Magazine,” n.d., 1936, TIA.
12. Martin Heidegger, “The Age of the World Picture,” in William Lovitt, trans. and ed., The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays (New York: Harper& Row, 1977), p. 133; Hanno Hardt, “Pictures for the Masses: Photography and the Rise of Popular Magazines in Weimar Germany,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 13 (1989): 7–30; Dwight Macdonald, “Kulturbolshevismus Is Here,” Partisan Review, November 1941, pp. 449–50; Bernard Rosenberg, “Attitudes to Mass Culture,” Dissent, Winter 1956, pp. 25–28; John P. Sis, “The Things That Pass,” Commonweal, September 16, 1955, pp. 593–95.
13. HRL Elson interview, 1966, HRL to the Editorial Staffs of Time and Fortune, December 1, 1933, HRL to Collins, November, n.d., 1933, John S. Martin to W. A. Dwiggins, February 28, March 2, 9, 13, 30, 1934, Dwight Macdonald to David Hulburd, March, n.d., 1934, Dwight Macdonald to Jack Sussman, January 23, 1934, C. D. Jackson to HRL, April 9, 1934, Ralph Ingersoll to HRL, April 11, 1934, Roy Larsen to HRL, April 7, 1934, HRL, “Apology: To be read After reading Dummy No. 3,” April, n.d., 1934, HRL, “Important Notice,” June 12, 1934, TIA.
14. HRL Elson interview, 1966, TIA; Longwell to HRL, June 12, 1935, Longwell Mss.; Kurt Korff, “Essential Outline for a New Illustrated Magazine,” n.d., 1936, Kurt Korff to HRL, July 31, 1936, TIA; HRL Elson interview, 1966, TIA; Robert T. Elson, Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (New York: Atheneum, 1968), pp. 269–70; Ingersoll to Korff, April 14, 1936, Ingersoll to the Staff of TIME Inc., n.d., 1936, Ingersoll to Stillman et al., June 8, 1936, MacLeish to Ingersoll, June, n.d., 12, 1936, Ingersoll, “Notes on a Picture Magazine,” May 15, 1936, MacLeish to HRL, June 17, 1936, Ingersoll to HRL, “The Earnings Capacity of Time: The Weekly Newsmagazine,” October 28, 1938, TIA; Ingersoll, “Memorandum,” January 27, 1969, Ingersoll Mss.
15. P. I. Prentice to H. P. Zimmerman, April 29, 1936, H. P. Zimmerman to Charles Stillman, July 21, 1944, TIA; Ingersoll to HRL, November 15, 1936, TIA; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 283–84.
16. P. I. Prentice to HRL, February 24, 25, 27, March 2, 1936, “Operating Figures of The New Magazine,” n.d., 1936, TIA; Ingersoll to Longwell, May 6, 1936, TIA; Elson, Time Inc., p. 283.
17. “Prospectus for a New Weekly Magazine,” n.d., 1936, “Preface to a New Magazine,” n.d., 1936, HRL to Staff, June, n.d., 1936, HRL to H. P. Zimmerman, February 25, 1936, Longwell to Ingersoll, March 26, 1936, Ingersoll to Staff, June 8, 1936, HRL to Sheldon Luce, July 15, 1936, HRL to Dorothy Thompson, August 6, 1936, Dorothy Thompson to HRL, July 15, 1936, HRL, “Recording of a Decision of Major Importance,” August 18, 1936, HRL to Harry Davison, August 12, 1936, HRL to William Griffin, August 19, 1936, “March of Time: The Weekly Picture Magazine,” August, n.d., 1936, HRL to Archibald MacLeish, June 29, 1936, Howard Black to “All Life Representatives,” April 13, 1937, HRL to Rooney Finkenstaedt, January 17, 1938, TIA; McGeorge Bundy, “These Picture Magazines,” Yale Daily News, February 9, 1938, HRL to Bundy, February 28, 1938, Bundy to HRL, March 1, 1938, HRL to Hunt, June 20, 1963, TIA.
18. “Prospectus for a New Weekly Magazine,” n.d., 1935, JSB Mss.; Ingersoll, “Notes on Picture Magazine,” May 15, 1936, Ingersoll to Staff, “Prospectus No. 1,” June 8, 1936, Archibald MacLeish to HRL, June 27, 1936, HRL to MacLeish, June 29, 1936, TIA; HRL, “A Prospectus for a New Magazine,” n.d., 1936, JSB Mss.
19. Laura Hobson to Ingersoll, June 3, 1936, Hobson to HRL, October 19, 1936, Richard de Rochemont to C. D. Jackson, July 28, 1936, HRL to Allan Billingsley, February 25, 1936, Prentice to Ingersoll, May 12, 1936, “Possible Names for Picture Magazine,” n.d., 1936, “Prospectus for a New Weekly Newsmagazine,” n.d., 1936, Larsen to Prentice, August 22, 1936, Ingersoll to Prentice, August 22, 1936, Larsen, “March of Time: The Weekly Picture Magazine,” August 20, 1936, TIA; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 278, 290–91.
20. James A. Linen to HRL, August 7, 1936, HRL to Linen, August 19, 1936, Larsen to subscribers, November 18, 1936, Ingersoll to T. Harry Thompson, October 12, 1936, TIA; Time, October 19, 1936; News-Week, November 28, 1936; New York Herald Tribune, October 8, 1936.
21. “Dummy,” n.d., 1935, TIA; Loudon Wainwright, The Great American Magazine: An Inside History of Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), pp. 35–37; “Dummy,” n.d., 1936, Robert Chambers to HRL, August 19, 1936, HRL to Harry Davison, August 12, 1936, William Griffin to HRL, August 18, 1936, Paul Hollister to HRL, August 9, 1936, HRL to Hollister, August 12, 1936, Hollister to HRL, August 25, 1936, TIA; Andrew Heiskell interview.
22. “Rehearsal,” September 24, 1936, Ingersoll to Sadler, Longwell, HRL, September 19, 1936, Ingersoll to P. I. Prentice, October 3, 1936, Ingersoll to Laura Hobson, October 5, 1936, HRL to Ingersoll, November 2, 1935, Dorothy Thompson to HRL, October 7, 1936, HRL to Dorothy Thompson, November 19, 1936, Longwell to Kay Mills, October 5, 1936, Longwell to Egmont Arens, October 21, 1936, TIA; Wainwright, The Great American Magazine, pp. 37–40; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 284–87.
23. HRL, “Organization of Editorial Staff of the Picture Magazine,” n.d., 1936, JSB Mss.; HRL to John S. Martin, October 23, 26, 1936, HRL, untitled announcement, October 28, 1936, TIA.
24. JSBD, October 23, 1936; “Billings,” in-house memo, June 30, 1939, TIA; Andrew Heiskell interview.
25. HRL, “To All ‘Life’ Writers,” October 30, 1936, JSB, untitled notes on instructions from HRL, October, n.d., 1936, HRL to Larsen et al., October 19, 1936, HRL, “Editorial Responsibility and Initiative,” November, n.d., 1936, TIA; “Life’s editorial organization,” November, n.d., 1936, JSB Mss.; Longwell, “The Getting of Pictures,” November 16, 1936, TIA.
26. Life, November 23, 30, 1936; Wainwright, The Great American Magazine, pp. 69–79; Terry Smith, “Life-Style Modernity: Making Modern America,” in Erika Doss, ed., Looking at Life Magazine (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), pp. 33–35.
27. HRL letter to Time subscribers, n.d., 1936, P. I. Prentice to J. J. Crowley, November 20, 1936, Roy E. Larsen to subscribers, November 18, 1936, TIA; Wainwright, The Great American Magazine, pp. 62–63; “From the Publishers; Prospectus for the New Life,” December 1936, TIA.
28. P. I. Prentice to Ingersoll et al., November 21, 1936, Misc. photos and photocopies, November–December 1936, Prentice to “All Employees,” December 8, 1936, Information Bulletin, Time Inc., November 1936, American News Company Circular, December 28, 1936, TIA.
29. Prentice to J. J. Crowley, November 20, 1936, Prentice to “All Employees,” December 8, 1936, Prentice to “Newsstand Men,” December 20, 1936, John H. Amadon to editors, December 10, 1936, Prentice to Amadon, December 14, 1936, HRL Elson interview, 1966, TIA; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 277, 297–303.
30. JSBD, February 2, March 22, 1937; Heiskell interview; HRL untitled memo, March 15, 1937, Larsen, “Review of Life as of July 28, 1937,” JSB Mss.; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 300–9.
31. “Report on Production,” n.d., 1937, TIA; JSBD, January 16, 1937; Larsen, “Review of Life as of July 28, 1937,” TIA; “The Current Fad for Picture Mags,” L
iterary Digest, January 30, 1937; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 301–9.
32. Elson, Time Inc., p. 309.
33. HRL, “Redefinition of Life—Part I,” July 6, 1938, JSB Mss.; Larsen, “Review of Life as of July 28, 1937,” TIA; Larsen, “Life—August 1938,” August 17, 1938, JSB Mss.; Elson, Time Inc., pp. 340–42; Andrew Heiskell interview; Wainwright, The Great American Magazine, p. 98.
34. JSBD, April 15, 1938; HRL to Larsen, JSB, May 10, 1938, HRL to Staff, “Editorial Plan & Organization, May 16, 1938, HRL, “Redefinition of LIFE—Part I,” July 6, 1938, JSB Mss.; HRL to Andrew Heiskell, July 30, 1938, TIA; Larsen to Ingersoll et al., August 22, 1938, JSB Mss.
35. Life, April 10, 1938; JSBD, March 25, 28, April 11, 1938, February 24, March 11, July 8, 1939; Larsen memo to staff, n.d., 1938, TIA; Heiskell interview; Morris L. Ernst, The Best is Yet … Reflections of an Irrepressible Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1945), pp. 138–42; Elson Time Inc., pp. 337–42.
36. JSBD, February 25, 26, March 28, April 15, April 16, 1938; Larsen to Ingersoll et al., August 22, 1938, Andrew Heiskell to Luce, July 29, 1938, TIA; Andrew Heiskell interview.
37. JSBD, August 11, 1937, February 11, 12, 1938, February 11, 1939; HRL, “Redefinition of the editorial contents and purpose of LIFE,” March, n.d., 1937, TIA; HRL, untitled memo, March 15, 1937, JSB Mss.; HRL to Hunt et al., June 20, 1963, “LIFE and People,” n.d., 1938, HRL, “Editorial Plan & Organization,” May 16, 1938, HRL, “Redefinition of LIFE,” July 6, 1938, TIA.
38. Andrew Heiskell interview; Thomas Griffith, How True: A Skeptic’s Guide to Believing the News (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 139–42; JSBD, October 22, 1937, August 25, 1939; HRL Elson interview, 1966, TIA; Elson, Time Inc., p. 304; James L. Baughman, Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (Boston: Twayne, 1987), pp. 95–98.
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