Lindberg, Magnus, 293
Lindgren, Armas, 149, 228, 229, 234
Lindley, David, 194, 208
Liszt, Franz, 29, 30, 43, 47, 57n180, 95, 108, 110, 112–13, 114, 159, 258, 267, 282, 321; Strauss and, 261, 263; works: Dante Symphony, 271; Piano Concerto no. 1, 127; Piano Sonata in B-Minor, 114; Les préludes, 111
literature, 91, 258, 259, 307; English, 195; Finnish, 77–78; Russian, 19, 49
“Little Carl Slept” (folk song), 323
Locrian mode, 103, 208
Loeffler, Charles Martin, 162
London, 49, 56n153, 93, 104, 107, 109, 126, 134, 153n9, 175, 188, 194, 196
Lönnrot, Elias, 7, 9, 31, 239, 240
Loos, Adolf, 281; Goldman & Salatsch building, 280
Louhi Band, 162–64
Löwenthal, Leo, 173, 175, 177–81, 336
Lutheran Church, 16, 31, 166, 169, 234, 239, 281
Lyadov, Anatoliy, 21
Lyapunov, Sergey, Ballade, 28
Lybeck, Mikael, 87n30; Ödlan, 75–85, 77, 78, 85n2, 86n3, n9, 87n10
Lydian mode, 212
Lyotard, Jean-François, 179
MacDowell, Edward, 329
Madetoja, Leevi, 119, 163
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 75, 79, 194; Pelléas et Mélisande, 66, 199
Mahler, Gustav, 30, 70, 73n24, 93, 99, 107, 119, 144, 161, 259, 260, 270, 281, 282; Symphony no. 3, 271; Symphony no. 5, 99
Mäkelä, Tomi, 173, 175, 189–90, 250, 297n5, 298n8, 300n29, 315, 332, 340
Mandelstam, Osip, 38
Mann, Thomas, 167, 215, 260
Mannerheim, General Carl Gustaf Emil, 345, 347, 349, 353n7
mannerism, 263
Maria Fyodorovna, Dowager Empress, 14
Matisse, Henri, 133
Maxwell Davies, Peter, 129
McMullen, Gordon, 190, 216, 218
Mecca Temple (New York City Center), 162
Mees, Arthur, 162
Mendelssohn, Felix, 42n58, 259
Menin, Sarah, 302n82
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 154n43
Michelangelo, 351–53
Miller, Vsevolod, 37
minimalism, 100, 114–16, 123n70, 178, 273, 287
Minnesota Symphony Orchestra, 169n3
modernism, 25, 45, 47, 67, 93–102, 110–12, 116, 119–20, 186, 210, 256–58, 265, 266, 271, 273, 339; Adorno on, 126, 177–83; architectural, 149, 232, 234–37, 240, 241, 246, 251, 276–77, 280, 282, 285–91, 293, 295–96; avant-garde, 94, 352; British views of, 127, 130, 132, 135, 145, 147–52; literary, 307; nationalism and, 28, 37, 40–42; Russian, 49; of Schoenberg, 91, 94, 96, 108, 132, 280; of Stravinsky, 41; Viennese, 92
modernity, 46, 93–96, 101, 130, 235, 260–61, 268, 276–81, 298n9, 343; of Brahms, 215; nature and, 268, 275, 276, 282, 290–91, 294–97; retreat from, 181–82; Shakespeare and, 196, 197; Strauss’s approach to, 264, 265, 296; of Tchaikovsky, 29
Monessen Sibelius Society, 163, 170n21
Morgan, Geraldine, 159, 169n3
Morgan, Paul, 159, 161, 169n3
Mormon Tabernacle Choir, 167
Mörne, Arvid, 349
Morrison, Mary, 225n39
Moscow, 25, 28, 38, 53n80
Moscow Conservatory, 18
Mosse, George L., 134–35, 141–42
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 263, 265, 298n11; Requiem, 119
Munch, Edvard, 308
Murtomäki, Veijo, 27, 29–31, 37, 42, 43, 55n126, 56n161, 186, 316, 325n5
Mussorgsky, Modest, 133; Boris Godunov, 44; Night on Bare Mountain, 30
Nabokov, Vladimir, 89
Napoleon, Emperor of France, 7
Nation, The, 156n59
nationalism, 3, 5, 15–18, 20–21, 31, 338, 341; architecture and, 232, 281, 284; British, 130, 145; cosmopolitanism versus, 134–35, 140; German, 183, 257; nature and, 135, 232, 233, 326; racial ideology and, 140–42, 144, 148; Russian, 12, 13, 15, 17, 30, 40–42; Sibelius and, 3, 5, 25, 28, 37–38, 40–42, 45–49, 127, 140, 144, 231, 316; Swedish identity and heritage and, 9, 24, 257
Nazism, 154n44, 173, 177, 178, 181, 257, 308, 331, 332
neoclassicism, 38, 41, 228, 263, 265, 271, 288; architectural, 234, 235, 282
Neue Freie Volksbühne, 161
Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), 277
New German School, 29, 37, 95
Newman, Ernest, 129–30, 132, 135, 140, 141, 144–45, 147–49, 151–52, 152n2, 173; Adorno and, 125–26, 152n3, 176, 331; on nationalism in music, 144, 157n94; obituary tribute to Sibelius by, 135, 144–45; and scientific racism, 136, 145, 154n44
Newmarch, Rosa, 97–98, 126–29, 131–32, 140, 151–52, 188
New Music, 235, 332, 334–36
New Russian School, 41, 43
New York Herald, 139
New York Philharmonic Orchestra, 160, 161, 165, 166
New York Symphony Society, 111
New York Times, 164
New York World’s Fair (1939), 167, 227, 243; Finnish Pavilion, 241–47, 242, 244, 250–51, 254n70
Nicholas I, Tsar, 10
Nicholas II, Tsar, 13–14, 16, 20
Nielsen, Kai, 194, 195 Niemann, Walter, 4, 47, 281, 298n10
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 91, 196, 262, 275; Also sprach Zarathustra, 197
Nobel Prize: for Literature, 156n61, 175; for Peace, 156n59
Nordau, Max, 134; Entartung, 154n35
Nordic Music Festival (Heidelberg, 1924), 107
Norfolk Festival, 111
Norrie, Wilhelm, 191, 192
Northwestern University, 165
Notker Balbulus (Notker the Stammerer), 325n7; Allena Gud, 319
Nottebohm, Gustav, 62
Nurmi, Paavo, 141, 156n68, 349
Ojanperä, Abraham, 159
Olbrich, Joseph Maria, 281
Old Finns, 16
Olympic Games, 156n68
Oxford University, 139, 156n61, 331
Paddison, Max, 95–96, 99, 121n8, 331
paganism, 239
Paine, Richmond Park, 162
painting, 19–20, 133, 267–68, 274, 277, 279, 333; eighteenth-century, 262, 264, 265; landscape, 117, 118, 262
Päivälehti (newspaper), 18
Pallasmaa, Juhani, 240
Palmgren, Selim, 164
Pan-European Union, 94
Paraske, Larin, 31, 316, 349
Paris, 5, 29, 47–49, 104, 233, 276; performances of Sibelius’s works in, 53n70, 161; Universal Exposition (1900), 16, 47–48, 227–32, 229, 230, 234, 250, 252n15, 281
Parker, Horatio, 161–62
Parmet, Simon, 142, 303n104, 327, 339, 342–53
Parry, C. Hubert H., 136, 142, 147, 154n43, 157n90; The Evolution of the Art of Music, 136
Parry, Milman, 239
Paul, Adolf, 169, 308, 315; En bok om en Människa (A book about a human being), 308–14; King Christian II, 127, 308
Peitso, Martti, 341
Petrucci, Ottaviano, 320
Pfitzner, Hans, 259, 260
Pietinen, Otso, 341
Pizzetti, Ildebrando, 171n28
Platonism, 277
poetry, 38, 84, 189, 272; baroque, 263; nationalism and, 7, 233, 326; nature, 119, 190; neoclassical, 263
Polish Constitutional Charter (1815), 9
Polvinen, Tuomo, 10, 15
Popper, David, Elfentanz, 169n6
postmodernism, 94–96, 102, 258, 295
post-Romanticism, 94, 98, 107, 336
Poulsen, Johannes, 187, 191–95, 211, 213, 224n29
Powell, Maud, 160, 162
primitivism, 45, 46, 80, 132–35, 147, 151, 194, 196, 199, 228, 237, 268, 332
Promenade Concerts, 126, 127, 153n7, n17, n22
Pushkin, Alexander, 233; Eugene Onegin, 19
Queen’s Hall Orchestra, 153n9
Quisling, Vidkun, 181
Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 3, 26, 29; Isle of the Dead, 32, 35
racial theories, 135–40, 144–50, 154n40, n43, n44, 155n54
Ramnarine, Tina K., 30
Räsänen, Kauko, 341
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Ravel, Maurice, 107, 108, 147; Gaspard de la nuit, 52n58
Read, Gardner, 165–66, 171n26, n28
Reagan, Ronald, 167
Red Army, 242, 332
Reger, Max, 98–99, 315; String Quartet in E-flat Major, 108
Reichsmusikkammer (Nazi State Music Bureau), 257
Renvall, Ben, 341
Repin, Ilya, 21; Portrait of Axel GallenKallela, 23
Republican Party, 155n52, n53
Riefenstahl, Leni, Olympia, 141
Rihm, Wolfgang, 95, 101
Rijnvos, Richard, 95
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay, 3, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 38, 41, 133, 163; Sadko, 29, 32, 36; Sheherezade, 54n100; Symphony no. 3, 39, 43
Ritter, Alexander, 259
rococo, 262, 263
Rode, Jacques-Pierre, 18
Rodin, Auguste, 353
Romanticism, 30, 37, 43, 112, 119, 261, 265, 269, 282; post-, 94, 98, 107, 336
Rome, 91, 112, 165; ancient, 262
Roosevelt, Theodore, 138, 155n52
Rose, Axl, 168
rotational form, 39–41, 61, 211–13, 269, 272
Rousseau, Henri, 133
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 275
Royal College of Music (London), 136
Royal Theatre (Copenhagen), 187, 190, 192–94, 224n29
Rubinstein, Anton, 18; Ocean Symphony, 271
Runeberg, Johan Ludvig, 7, 309, 327, 347, 349
Russia, 17–24, 227–32, 281; communist, see Soviet Union; folk music of, 31, 32, 36, 45, 55n126; Grand Duchy of Finland and, 3, 5–17, 166, 225n53, 230; musical traditions of, 24–49, 126, 230, 260 (see also specific composers); Revolution of 1917, 227, 326
Russian Orthodox Church, 239
Russification, 3, 13–14
Ruuti, Axel, 162
Rydberg, Viktor, 84
Saarinen, Eliel, 149, 228, 229, 234, 276, 277, 281–95, 302n81, n82, 303n100, n101, 345; The City: Its Growth, Its Decay, Its Future, 288; Finnish Pavilion, Paris Universal Exposition, 228–31, 229, 230, 234, 250, 281; Helsinki Railway Station, 284, 284–85, 292; Hvitträsk, 228, 232, 234, 281, 292; Kalevala House, 285, 286, 287, 292, 303n100; Kleinhans Hall, 286–88, 288, 293; Lahti Town Hall, 285, 292, 303n100; Parliament House, 285, 286, 292; Pohjola Insurance Company Building, 283, 284; The Search for Form, 288; Tabernacle Church of Christ, 286, 287
Safonoff, Wassily, 160
Said, Edward, 187
St. Petersburg, 7, 12–13, 15, 18, 22–24, 28, 44, 57n193, 233; performances of Sibelius’s music in, 24–25, 37, 45, 53n87; visual arts in, 19–20, 38, 281
St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, 19–20
St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 10
St. Petersburg Conservatory, 18, 21, 24
Saint-Saëns, Camille, Septet for trumpet, string quintet, and piano, 160
Salmenhaara, Erkki, 114, 240
Sarajas-Korte, Salme, 228
Sargent, Malcolm, 129
Sarlin, Anna, 70
Saroyan, William, 168
Satie, Erik, 193
Scharoun, Hans, 241
Schauman, Eugen, 14
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 286; Philosophy of Art, 278–80
Schenker, Heinrich, 70, 260
Schildt, Göran, 243
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 195, 298n5, 299n26
Schlegel, August Wilhelm, 195
Schoenberg, Arnold, 91–92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 115, 129, 132, 235, 277, 280, 281, 315; Adorno on, 176, 182, 332, 336; Strauss and, 258–60, 265, 295; works: “Franz Liszts Werk und Wesen,” 95, 114; Harmonielehre, 96; Herzgewächse, 207; Kammersymphonie, 302n71; “Six Songs,” 92; string quartets, 107, 108; Verklärte nacht, 104
Schoolfield, George C., 77, 79
Schreker, Franz, 281
Schubert, Franz, 43, 56n146, 298n11, 321; Der Tod und das Mädchen, 105
Schumann, Robert, 52n58
Scriabin, Alexander, 30, 268; Prometheus: Poem of Fire, 44, 127, 153n9
Scruton, Roger, 184n4
sculpture, 267, 273, 277, 279; architecture and, 285; memorial, of Sibelius, 338–53
Second Viennese School, 332
Serov, Valentin, 38 Ševik Quartet, 107
Seyn, Frans, 24
Shakespeare, William, 188, 190, 191, 193, 196–97, 216, 335n39; Cymbeline, 197; Hamlet, 195–97; The Tempest, 73n16, 74, 75, 111, 187, 189–91, 193–96, 198, 208, 211, 213, 214, 218, 220–21, 224n29, 225n49; Timon of Athens, 193, 196; Twelfth Night, 188; The Winter’s Tale, 197
Shaw, George Bernard, 139, 155n49, 195
Shemeikka, Petri, 316
Sibelius, Aino (née Järnefelt; wife), 17–19, 105, 113, 160, 164, 189, 223n18, 228
Sibelius, Christian (brother), 117, 189, 238
Sibelius, Christian Gustaf (father), 189, 238
Sibelius, Jean: Adorno on, 125, 175–83, 240, 331–37; alcoholism of, 186, 223n18, 308; Americans and, 158–66; architectural analogy to, 227–32, 235–42, 245–51, 281, 282, 284–91, 293–96; British reception of, 125–31, 150–52; butterfly metaphor of, 89–92; compositional process of, 60–63, 68–71; creative silence of later years of, 151, 186–87, 189, 251, 256–57, 339; death of, 257, 340; diary of, 17, 24, 28–29, 49, 57n193, 71, 87n10, 92, 96, 98–99, 104–5, 107, 119, 188–90, 196, 221, 267, 331; family of, 189, 238; fictional depiction of, 307–14; and Finnish nationalism, 3, 16–18, 20–21, 48–49; folk tradition and, 31–33, 36, 40, 44–45, 49, 55n126, 75, 97, 136, 315–24, 325n10; legacy of, 186–87; letters of, 19, 31, 70–71, 90–91, 96–99, 107, 113, 161, 163; marriage of, 17, 18; masculine charisma of, 131–34; modernity of, 91, 93–100, 148–49; monument to, 338–53; music studies of, 19, 24, 46, 47, 62, 98, 101, 119, 159, 164, 259, 274, 307–8, 315; nature and landscape evoked by, 173–75, 232–33, 239, 240, 266–71, 277, 327–30; at Paris Universal Exposition, 47–48, 227, 231–32; personality of, 3, 17, 86n4, 135, 186, 329; psychological distress and creativity of, 238–39, 251; racial theory and, 134–40, 144–50; Russian influences on, 3–5, 17–19, 24–32, 37–47, 49; Strauss contrasted with, 256–61, 296; Swedish linguistic and cultural background of, 17; symbolism of, 75, 111, 113–14, 116–17, 119, 190, 195, 218, 267; villa of, 59, 93, 104, 161, 165, 166, 171n28, 254n48, 300n43, 301n66; visual constructs of, 266–76, 296–97; in Young Finland group, 228
Sibelius, Linda (sister), 189, 238
Sibelius, Maria Charlotta (née Borg; mother), 117, 238
Sibelius, Pehr (uncle), 274
Sibelius Academy (Helsinki), 72n4, 117, 326
Sibelius Museum (Turku), 72n4
Sibelius Society, 333, 342
Siloti, Alexander, 25, 38, 53n87
Sinding, Christian, 159, 164, 169n3, 333
Sjöblom, Paul, 170n21
Sjögren, Anders Johan, 10
Smetana, Bedich, Má vlast, 271
Snellman, Johan Vilhelm, 7, 228
Snellman, Ruth, 193
Social Darwinism, 137, 146–47
Socialist Realism, 25
Sollas, William Johnson, 139, 156n61
Sonck, Lars, 149, 254n48, 276, 300n43, 301n66
Sousa, John Philip, Stars and Stripes Forever, 167
Soviet Union, 3, 25, 227, 241, 243, 254n65
Spencer, Herbert, 137; The Principles of Biology, 155n47
Speransky, Mikhail, 9
Spiering, Theodore, 159, 161
Spiro, Jonathan Peter, 139, 155n54, 156n61
Spitzer, Leo, 245
Ståhlberg, K. J., 349
Stalin, Joseph, 25, 254n65
Stanford, Charles Villiers, 142, 156n73
Stasov, Vladimir V., 25, 38, 126
Stevenson, Ronald, 94
Stock, Frederick, 160
Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 114, 115
Stockholm Exhibition (1930), 235
Stoeckel, Carl, 162
Stoeckel, Ellen Battell, 162
Stokowski, Leopold, 166
Stone, Dan, 131; Breeding Superman, 140
Storr, Antony, 234, 235, 239
Strauss, Richard, 56n153, 96, 99, 256–67, 264, 274, 282, 295, 296, 297n5, 299n16, n18; Adorno on, 258; and language, 261–65, 275, 299n26; Romanticism of, 30, 258, 261; works: Die ägyptische Helena, 265; An Alpine Symphony, 263, 265, 270–72; Ariadne auf Naxos, 299n21; Capriccio, 262, 263, 265; Daphne, 265; Death and Transfiguration, 119; Don Juan, 29, 265, 298n11; Elektra, 263, 265; “From the Workshop of an Invalid,” 259; Guntram, 262; Ein Heldenleben, 265; Die Liebe der Danae, 265; Metamorphosen, 119; Oboe Concerto, 259; Der Rosenkavalier, 256, 260, 263, 264; Salome, 109, 265, 328; Die schweigsame Frau, 263; string quartets, 107; Symphonia domestica, 261; Till Eulenspiegel, 328
Stravinsky, Igor, 28, 44, 49, 54n104, 108, 133, 194, 235, 258, 277; absolutist aesthetic of, 295–96; Adorno on, 152, 182, 183, 334; neoclassicism of, 38, 41; The Firebird, 40; Petrouchka, 192; Symphony in E-flat, 40
Strengell, Gustaff, 232–34
Strindberg, August, 75, 308; Röda Rummet (The Red Room), 308
Stupel, Alexander, 3, 32
Sullivan, Louis, 287
Svecoman movement, 16, 326
Svendsen, Johan, 161, 307
Svenska Dagbladet (newspaper), 24
Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind, 349
Sweden, 7–9, 11, 13, 31, 165, 230, 243, 322; linguistic and cultural influence in Finland of, 11, 15–17, 24, 31, 76, 77, 135–36, 139, 154n40, 233, 238, 239, 257, 281, 325
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 290
Swedish Theatre (Helsinki), 76
symbolism, 111, 116–17, 119, 190, 195, 220, 228, 337n6; in architecture, 234, 242, 245, 282, 284, 285; color-sound, 267–68; French, 77; nature, 113, 119, 218, 240; Nazi, 181; phallic, 132; in plays, 75, 81, 86n4
Symposium circle, 190
synesthesia, 111–12, 308
Taft, William Howard, 162
Taine, Hippolyte, 195
Taneyev, Sergey, 28, 38
Tanzberger, Ernst, 114, 115
Tarasti, Eero, 27, 54n100
Tarlanov, Z. K., 55n127
Taruskin, Richard, 20, 41, 43
Tawaststjerna, Erik, 4–6, 42–45, 56n153, 107, 128–29, 132, 175, 209, 223n18, 231, 235, 241, 267, 302n81, 316, 327; on Russian influences, 25–27, 38, 52n58; on Tempest music, 187–91, 194, 225n53
Tchaikovsky, Modest, 126
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 3, 24–32, 37, 39–41, 46–48, 52n58, 53n89, 57n180, 126, 144, 161, 163; works:Francesca da Rimini, 29, 30; Hamlet, 30; Romeo and Juliet, 29, 30; Sérénade mélancolique, 46; Serenade for Strings, 20, 28; Souvenir de Florence, 28; Symphony no. 2, 40; Symphony no. 4, 32, 35, 40, 43, 55n126; Symphony no. 6 (Pathétique), 4, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 57n181; Violin Concerto, 40; The Voyevoda, 27
Tenishev, Prince Vyacheslav, 231
Jean Sibelius and His World Page 51