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by Burns, James MacGregor;


  XIV. A Profile in Leadership

  Joseph Alsop’s comment is from his column, the Berkshire Eagle, April 13, 1959. The quotation of Marquis Childs is from his “Washington Calling,” the Berkshire Eagle, July 8, 1959. The Gallup poll on Kennedy’s characteristics is from the above source, same press release. The plus-minus rating of Kennedy is drawn from Gallup Survey No. 591-K prepared by the Roper Public Opinion Research Center, Williams College. Kennedy’s aggregate score (rating times number of people so rating) was plus 3135 to minus 220. Lippmann’s comments on Roosevelt are quoted in A. M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 291.

  What Sort of Man?: Mrs. Kennedy’s comments on her husband are from Life, Aug. 24, 1959, p. 80, and from Kennedy family interviews. For a good example of Kennedy’s attitude toward the “New Republicanism” and some of its tenets, see his review of Arthur Larson’s What We Are For in the New York Times Book Review, Feb. 8, 1959, p. 1.

  What Sort of Democrat?: Mr. Dooley on the Democratic party is quoted by Kennedy in Life, March 11, 1957, also inserted in the Congressional Record, Vol. 103, Part 3, March 8, 1957, p. 3356. Kennedy’s quote on Stevenson is from the Congressional Record, Vol. 102, Part 4, March 8, 1956, p. 4352. The phrase “the best of a sorry lot” is from Joe McCarthy, “Front Man for a Dynasty,” Look, Oct. 13, 1959, p. 31. The book by John Buchan (Lord Tweedsmuir), Pilgrim’s Way, is published by Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 1940). The Kennedy quotes beginning “What we need now …” and ending with “… and in nationalism” are from his speech at the Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner at Detroit, Mich., on May 23, 1959. So also is the paragraph beginning “It is the enduring faith.…”

  What Sort of President?: The presidency as serving as a “steady focus of leadership” is from Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956). The interview with Kennedy quoted here was conducted by the author at Hyannisport, Mass., July 17, 1959. By previous agreement, Kennedy later (October 1959) edited and expanded these remarks.

  A Place of Moral Leadership?: The New York Times, Nov. 13, 1932, Sect. 8, p. 1, is the source of the quotation of Roosevelt on presidential leadership. Cabell Phillips’s description of Kennedy’s speaking style is in New York Times Magazine, Oct. 25, 1959, pp. 24 and 48. The Kennedy quotation beginning “courteous but candid” is from the Detroit address of May 23, 1959, cited above; and on “internecine warfare” from his remarks to the Harvard alumni, cited in notes to Chapter 11. The quotation from Holmes is taken from Max Lerner, ed., The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1943), p. 20. Rossiter on Roosevelt as “owl” is from his volume cited above (Mentor Book ed., p. 114). The final quotation from Kennedy is from his speech in Milwaukee, March 11, 1959.

  INDEX

  Absenteeism, 108, 115

  Acheson, Dean, 91, 134, 187

  Adams, Henry, 32

  Adams, John Quincy, 157

  Adenauer, Konrad, 189

  AFL-CIO, 212, 215

  Africa, 92, 188, 251

  Aged, aid to, 83, 248

  Agriculture, Department of, 96, 98

  Aiken, George D., 137, 252

  Airlines, 100, 124, 207

  Alaska, 242;

  statehood, 249

  Algeria, 187, 189

  Allis-Chalmers, 133

  Alsop, Joseph and Stewart, 90, 121, 202, 216;

  quoted, 241

  Ambrose, Margaret, 82

  America, 84, 152, 228

  America First Committee, 60

  Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 100, 135, 136, 172, 175, 193

  American Freedom and Catholic Power (Blanshard), 202

  American Gastro-Enterological Association, 199

  American Jewish Committee, 199

  American Legion, 84–85, 100, 245

  American Medical Association, 197

  American Mercury, 200

  American Veterans Committee, 84, 136

  American Weekly, 201

  Anderson, Clinton, 176

  Annapolis, 196, 201

  Anti-Semitism, 26

  “Appeasement at Munich” (J.F.K.), 54–57

  Appropriation bills, 96, 98, 99, 123

  Arab refugees, 189

  Archer, Glenn, 228

  Arkansas Bar Association, 199

  Armed Forces Medical Library, 197

  Army-McCarthy controversy, 144–45

  Asia, 97, 190, 252

  See also China, India, etc.

  Assumption College, 165

  Aswam Dam, 252

  Athenia incident, 53

  Atlantic, The, 126, 225, 231

  Auchincloss, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh D., 128

  Automation, 248

  Baghdad Pact, 188, 252

  Balkans, 51, 52, 60

  Baldwin, Stanley, 55, 57, 58, 190

  Balfour, Arthur J., 246

  Baptists, 239

  Barden, Graham, 95, 214

  Battle Act, 186, 189, 252

  Belgium, 56, 66

  Bellevue Hotel (Boston), 73

  Benedict XV, Pope, 94

  Bennett, Dr. John C., quoted, 234

  Benson, Ezra Taft, 229

  Berlin, 52, 97, 253;

  airlift, 88

  Bethlehem Steel, 33

  Biddle, Anthony, 52

  Billboards, 115, 118, 209

  Billings, LeMoyne, 43, 47, 74

  Bird Island, 63, 64

  Birth Control, 224, 232

  Blanshard, Paul, 202, 228;

  quoted, 234

  Bohlen, Charles, 52, 142

  Bolte, Charles, 136

  Bombing, bill to outlaw, 248

  Borah, William E., 198

  Boston, 59, 117–118;;

  Kennedy-Fitzgerald families in, 25–40, 46, 50, 59;

  immigrants in, 25–28, 30, 101–02;;

  Yankees vs. Irish, 26–27, 28, 31, 70, 101, 223;

  municipal politics, 26, 28–32, 34, 38, 40, 52, 70–80, 99, 104, 171–73;;

  J.F.K. office and apartment, 82, 104–06;;

  Chamber of Commerce, 97;

  Port of, 123, 126, 127, 208;

  Army Base Pier, 124;

  Catholicism, 234

  (see also Catholicism)

  Boston Globe, 178, 206

  Boston Herald, 29, 135, 206

  Boston Latin School, 32, 226

  Boston Post, 114, 133, 135, 142, 170

  Bouvier, Jacqueline Lee, see Kennedy, Jacqueline,

  Bouvier, John V., III, 128

  Bowles, Chester, 41, 250

  Braggiotti, Francesca, 116

  Brahmins (Boston), 27, 31, 108

  Brannan, Charles F., 126

  Brewer, Basil, 112, 114, 119, 126, 198

  Brewster, Owen, 142

  Broderick, Tom, 74

  Bronxville, N. Y., 40, 41

  Brookline, Mass., 33, 39

  Brown, Edmund G., 237, 239

  Buchan, John, 129, 205, 246

  Build Massachusetts Committee, 112

  Building and Construction Trades Department (AFL-CIO), 215

  Bullitt, William, 52

  Bureau of Labor Statistics, 123

  Burke, Edmund, 246;

  quoted, 124

  Burke, William, 170–73, 184

  Business regulation, 101

  Byrd, Harry, 121, 196

  Cabinet, 250

  Calhoun, John C., 120, 198

  Cambridge, Mass., 72–78 passim, 102

  See also Harvard

  Canada, 127, 248;

  immigrants, 26

  Canham, E. D., quoted, 158

  Canterbury School, 41, 42, 93

  Capitalism, 55

  Catholic Digest, 200

  Catholic Messenger, 228

  Catholic Review, 228

  Catholic War Veterans, 84

  Catholic (ism), 217;

  immigrants, 26, 30–32, 70–71;;

  J.F.K. family background, 26, 30–32, 38, 101–02, 230;

  anti-reform attitude, 31, 10
1, 138

  (see also Civil liberties); Joseph P. Kennedy and, 36, 42, 49, 50;

  J.F.K. schooling, 41, 42, 49, 93;

  discrimination and insularity, 233–234

  (see also Irish-Americans); ethnic divisions, 70–71, 72;

  education issue, 93–95, 224;

  J.F.K. and, 95, 229 ft, 233 ff., 238;

  “Catholic vote,” 119, 166, 174, 236–37;;

  and Communism, 138;

  and McCarthyism, 138, 152;

  and vice-presidency, 174, 176;

  and presidency, 174, 217, 222–33, 234–37;;

  election of senators and governors, 223, 235;

  papal power issue, 224 ff., 230–31;;

  Al Smith candidacy, 225, 234–35;;

  ambassadorship to Vatican, 228, 232

  Celeste, Vincent J., 79, 208–09

  Censorship, 232

  Chamberlain, Neville, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 89

  Chelsea Naval Hospital, 65

  Charlestown, 72, 74, 75, 78, 83

  Chiang Kai-shek, 88, 89;

  Madame, 89

  Chicago Daily News, 216

  Childs, Marquis, 121;

  quoted, 241

  China, 88–89, 91, 109, 139, 251, 252, 253

  Choate, Robert, 206–07

  Choate School, 41–46, 74, 102

  Christian Century, 229

  Christian Science Monitor, 158

  Christoffel, Harold, 133–34

  Christophers, 130

  Churchill, Mrs. Randolph, 24

  Churchill, Winston, 56, 57, 58

  CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 108, 113

  Citizens Committee for the Hoover Report, 199

  Citizens for Kennedy and a More Prosperous Massachusetts, 112

  Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 124, 207

  Civil Defense, 90, 196

  Civil liberties, 31, 35, 100, 101, 133–35 passim, 248

  Civil rights, 178, 191–95, 202, 248, 249;

  1957 bill, 191–95

  Clark, Joseph S., 248

  Clay, Henry, 120, 157, 198

  Clement, Frank, 176

  Cleveland, Grover, 71

  “Coffee with the Kennedys,” 117

  Cogley, John, quoted, 230

  Cohen, Ben, 36

  Coit, Margaret, 202

  Cold War, 90–91, 97, 168, 186, 251–53

  Colonialism, 187, 188

  Common Market, 188

  Commonweal, 152, 230

  Communism, 100, 130, 133–34, 253;

  international expansion, 55, 88–89, 90–91, 92, 187–89;;

  and McCarthyism, 133 ff.;

  affidavits and oaths, 211, 249

  Communist World and Ours, The (Lippmann), 202

  Conant, James B., 101, 142

  Conference of Catholic Bishops, 231

  Congress. See House of Representatives and Senate

  Congressional Hotel (Washington), 165

  Congressional Record, 90, 130, 133, 164

  Connally, Tom, 91

  Conservatism, 101–02, 198, 206

  Coolidge, Calvin, 235, 254

  Cooper, John Sherman, 190, 248, 252

  Copeland, Charles, 33

  Corcoran, Tom, 36

  Cotter, John F., 75, 78

  Coughlin, Father Charles, 36

  Council of Methodist Bishops, 229

  Cox, Archibald, 211–14 passim.

  Cox, James, 65

  Crisis of the Old Order, The (Schlesinger), 205

  Cunard Line, 25

  Cushing, Richard Cardinal, 129, 229

  Curley, James M., 29–30, 52, 71, 72, 73, 75, 99, 107, 110, 116, 170–72, 234

  Czechoslovakia, 51, 52, 88

  Daladier, Eduard, 89

  Dalton, Mark, 74

  Daniel, Price, 166–68

  Daniel-Mundt Bill, 166–68

  Danzig, 52–53

  Davids, Jules, 157

  Davis, Mary, 82

  Defense and mutual aid policies, 90–92, 97–98, 164, 186–91, 253, 254

  Democracy, 55, 57, 58;

  and leadership, 161–63

  “Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy, A” (J.F.K.), 188–89

  “Democrat Says Party Must Lead—or Get Left, A” (J.F.K.), 220

  Democratic Digest, The, 130

  Democratic party, 58, 60, 79, 83–88, 89, 110 ff., 121, 165–82, 205, 235;

  Boston politics, 28–29, 52;

  bosses and organizations, 28–31, 38, 70–71, 79, 216–20;;

  Massachusetts state politics, 31, 58, 70 ff., 71–80, 98–99, 104 ff., 169–73, 203, 205–10;;

  Joseph P. Kennedy and, 35, 50;

  J.F.K. relations with, 79, 98–100, 102, 104–05, 135, 146, 169 ff., 185, 194 ff., 199–200, 207–08, 220–21, 241 ff., 255;

  southern, 121, 166, 168, 178, 179, 182, 191–95, 213, 236, 246, 255;

  and McCarthy, 137 ff.;

  and civil rights, 191–95;;

  labor reform, 212–13;;

  “Catholic bloc,” 237;

  assessment of J.F.K., 245–46

  De Sapio, Carmine, 180, 238

  Development loans, 190, 254

  Dever, Paul A., 71, 105, 107–08,110–11, 118, 138, 172, 181, 210

  Devonshire, Dukes of, 23, 24, 49

  Dexter School, 39

  DiSalle, Michael V., 238

  Divorce, 224–232

  Dos Passos, John, 202

  Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 177

  Douglas, Paul H., 121, 145, 168, 169, 213, 246, 248

  Droney, John, 74

  Dubinsky, David, 212

  Dulles, John Foster, 186–188, 189

  Dunne, Finley Peter, 246

  Dungan, Ralph, 202, 213

  Dunkirk, 56

  East Boston, 25–34, 49, 72, 74, 78, 83, 165, 208

  Eastland, James, 191, 192–94, 208;

  committee, 254

  Economic welfare, 248

  See also Social welfare

  Economist, 54

  Eden, Anthony, 24

  Education, 31, 93–95, 99, 101, 192, 224 ff., 232, 250, 253

  Eisenhower, Dwight D.: 1952 election, 108–21 passim;

  as president, 164–65, 187, 196, 244, 249, 253, 255, 259;

  and McCarthy, 137;

  1956 campaign, 169, 174–75, 179, 184, 191

  Eisenhower Doctrine, 252

  Electoral College, 166–69, 174, 203, 236

  Eliot, Charles W., 102

  Eliot, Thomas H., 72–73

  Ellender, Allen, 83

  Ely, Joseph B., 71

  Employment, 76, 125;

  discrimination, 126

  Ervin, Sam. J., Jr., 213

  Esso Building (Washington), 218

  Ethnic groups, 70, 72, 166

  See also Irish-Americans, etc.

  Fair Deal, 76, 88, 97, 109, 134, 247

  Fairbanks, Roland, 89

  Falkland, Lord, quoted, 247

  Falvey, Catherine, 75, 78

  Family allowances, 248, 250

  Family Rosary Crusade, 130

  Farley, James A., 50, 220

  Farm policies, 100, 126, 175, 176, 181

  Fascism, 48

  Faubus, Orval, 208

  Federal Communications Commission, 142, 206

  Federalist, The, 232

  Feldman, Mike, 202

  Fiscal policies, 36, 95, 96, 250

  Fish and Wildlife Budget, 123

  Fishing industry, 123, 125, 128

  Fitzgerald, John F., 29–32, 39–40, 44, 46, 52, 60, 70, 73, 76, 78, 89, 119, 127;

  Mrs., 78

  Fitzgerald, Rose. See Kennedy, Rose F.

  Flammable Fabrics Act, 123

  Flanders, Ralph, 144, 147, 148

  Flynn, John T., 142

  Fore River Shipyard, 38, 39, 123

  Foreign Affairs, 188

  Foreign policies, 76, 88–93, 97–98, 108, 109, 185–91, 203, 249, 250–53

  Foreign Policy Bulletin, 201

  Formosa, 88

  For
restal, James, 202

  Fortune, 34, 130

  Fox, John, 114, 133, 170, 171

  France, 53, 55, 56, 57, 187, 189;

  J.F.K. visits, 47, 52, 90

  Franco, Francisco, 48

  Frankfurter, Felix, 45

  Freemasons, 93, 94

  French-Americans, 70, 115

  Freund, Paul, 193

  Frost, Robert, 247

  Fulbright, J. William, 141, 145, 185, 190

  Furcolo, Foster, 135, 145, 146, 208, 209

  Galbraith, John K., 203

  Gallup, George, 216;

  polls, 158–59, 217, 235–36, 257

  Gambling, 31, 232

  General Services Administration, 196

  George, Walter, 92, 121, 185, 202

  George Washington University, 128

  Georgetown, D. C., 82, 184, 204

  Georgetown University, 157

  German-Americans, 26

  Germany, 51–68 passim, 189, 252;

  J.F.K. visit, 90

  “Ghost-writing,” 159

  Glasgow, 53

  Gluck, Maxwell, 185–86

  Goldwater, Barry, 246

  Gore, Albert, 181, 250

  Government economy, 95, 96, 101

  Government reorganization, 95, 195–97

  Governors’ Conference, (1956), 174

  Graham, Billy, 202

  Great Britain, 48, 51–59, 67, 70, 76, 97, 98, 191;

  J.F.K. visits, 43, 45–46, 49, 50, 53, 67, 90;

  Joseph P. Kennedy as ambassador, 48–61

  Greece, 88, 97;

  immigrants, 112

  Greenleaf, Freddy, 82–83

  Gridiron dinners, 151, 200

  Halsey, William F., 65

  Hanami, Kohei, 61

  Handlin, Oscar, quoted, 26, 101, 235

  Hannon family (Lexington), 30

  Harding, Warren G., 210

  Harper & Brothers, 57, 158

  Harper’s Weekly, 202

  Harriman, Averell, 173, 178, 179

  Harris (of PT-boat crew), 62

  Harris, Louis, 216

  Harris, Seymour, 125

  Hartington, Marchioness of. See Kennedy, Kathleen,

  Hartington, Marquess of, 49, 66

  Hartley Bill, 86–87

  See also Taft-Hartley Act

  Harvard Crimson, 47, 54

  Harvard University, 32, 70, 72, 74, 125, 131, 165, 171, 202, 203, 205, 211;

  Joseph P. Kennedy and, 32–33, 58, 183, 226;

  clubs, 33, 47;

  J.F.K. at, 45–48, 51–56, 150, 154, 223;

  Liberal Union, 47;

 

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