by David Barton
82. Madison, Letters, Vol. I, p. 111, to James Monroe, November 27, 1784.
83. A Constitution or Frame of Government Agreed Upon by the Delegates of the People of the State of Massachusetts-Bay in Convention (Boston: Benjamin Edes & Sons, 1780), pp. 7-8, “Declaration of Rights,” Article 3.
84. Constitutions (1785), p. 4, New Hampshire, 1783, Article 1, Section 6 of the “Bill of Rights.”
85. Constitutions (1785), p. 107, Maryland, 1776, “Declaration of Rights,” Article XXXIII.
86. Paul C. Vitz, Censorship: Evidence of Bias in Our Children’s Textbooks (Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Books, 1986), p. 77.
87. Jared Sparks, The Life of Gouverneur Morris (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832), Vol. III, p. 483.
88. James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor (Philadelphia: Bronson and Chauncey, 1804), Vol. I, pp. 104-106, “Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
89. Debates and Proceedings (1834), Vol. I, p. 796, August 20, 1789.
90. Fisher Ames, Works of Fisher Ames (Boston: T. B. Wait & Co., 1809), p. 134-135, “School Books.”
91. George Washington, Address of George Washington, President of the United States … Preparatory to His Declination (Baltimore: Christopher Jackson, 1796), pp. 22-26.
Chapter 11 Establishing the American Philosophy of Government
1. James Madison, The Papers of James Madison, Henry D. Gilpin, editor (Washington, DC: Langtree and O’Sullivan, 1840), Vol. II, p. 984, June 28, 1787.
2. Donald S. Lutz, The Origins of American Constitutionalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); Donald S. Lutz, “The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth Century American Political Thought,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 78, Issue 1, March 1984, p. 191.
3. Lutz, Origins, p. 143.
4. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1859), Vol. V, p. 24; see Baron Charles Secondat de Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws (Philadelphia: Isaiah Thomas, 1802), Vol. I, p. 18, ad passim.
5. Montesquieu, Spirit, Vol. II, pp. 125-126.
6. John Quincy Adams, An Oration Addressed to the Citizens of the Town of Quincy, on the Fourth of July, 1831 (Boston: Richardson, Lord and Holbrook, 1831), p. 27.
7. Montesquieu, Spirit, Vol. I, p. 181.
8. George Washington, Address of George Washington, President of the United States … Preparatory to His Declination (Baltimore: Christopher Jackson, 1796), p. 22.
9. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist, on the New Constitution (Philadelphia: Benjamin Warner, 1818) p. 80, Alexander Hamilton, Number XV.
10. John Wingate Thornton, The Pulpit of the American Revolution (Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1860), p. XXVII.
11. Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1849), p. 65, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, March 10, 1794.
12. James Madison, Letters and Other Writings of James Madison (New York: R. Worthington, 1884), Vol. III, p. 233, to Littell and Henry on October 18, 1821.
13. Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1771), Vol. I, pp. 39, 41-42.
14. James Iredell’s Charge to the Grand Jury in the Case of Fries, 9 Fed. Cas. 826, no. 5,126 (C.C.D.Pa. 1799).
15. Iredell, Charge to the Grand Jury.
16. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. XII, p. 392, to John Tyler, May 26, 1810.
17. John Locke, Two Treatises on Government (London: J. Whiston, etc., 1772), Book II, p. 252, Chapter VIII, §95.
18. William Findley, Observations on “The Two Sons of Oil” (Pittsburgh: Patterson and Hopkins, 1812), p. 35.
19. Locke, Two Treatises, Book II, p. 285, Chapter XI, §135.
20. Locke, Two Treatises, p. 285, Chapter XI, §135 n., quoting Hooker’s Eccl. Pol. 1. iii, sect. 9.
21. See Richard Watson, Theological Institutes: On a View of the Evidences, Doctrines, Morals, and Institutions of Christianity (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1857), Vol. I, p. 5, where Watson includes John Locke as a theologian.
22. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), s.v. “infidel.”
23. James Wilson, The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor (Philadelphia: Lorenzo Press, 1804), Vol. I, pp. 67-68, “Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
24. Locke, Two Treatises, passim.
25. Wilson, Works, Vol. I, p. 56, “Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
26. Wilson, Works, Vol. I, p. 102, “Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
27. Wilson, Works, Vol. I, p. 143, “Of the Law of Nature.”
28. Richard Hooker, The Works of that Learned and Judicious Divine, Mr. Richard Hooker (Oxford: The University Press, 1845), Vol. I, p. 148.
29. Hooker, Works, Vol. I, p. 230
30. Hooker, Works, Vol. I, p. 427
31. Hooker, Works, Vol. I, p. 207
32. Jefferson, Writings, Vol. XVI, pp. 281-282, to the Danbury Baptist Association, January 1, 1802.
33. Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, John Bigelow, editor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1904), Vol. V, pp. 325-326, from David Hume, February 7, 1772.
34. Webster, American Dictionary (1828), s.v. “libertine.”
35. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, L. H. Butterfield, editor (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1962), Vol. II, p. 391, diary entry of June 23, 1779; see also, John Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States, Charles Francis Adams, editors (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851), Vol. III, p. 220.
36. Madison, Letters, Vol. IV, p. 58, to N. P. Trist, February 1830.
37. Madison, Letters, Vol. IV, p. 464, “Essay on Money.”
38. John Quincy Adams, An Oration … on the Fourth of July, 1831, p. 15.
39. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 80, to John Norvell, June 11, 1807.
40. Jefferson, Writings, Vol. XII, p. 405, to William Duane, August 12, 1810.
41. John Witherspoon, The Works of John Witherspoon (Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1815), Vol. V, p. 242, “The Absolute Necessity of Salvation Through Christ,” January 2, 1758.
42. Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, L. H. Butterfield, editor (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), Vol. II, p. 748, to James Kidd, May 13, 1794.
43. George Morgan, Patrick Henry (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1929), p. 366; see also William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1857), Vol. II, p. 12.
44. Watson, Theological Institutes, Vol. I, p. 227.
45. Alexander Hamilton, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Harold C. Syrett, editor (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), Vol. I, p. 86, “The Farmer Refuted,” February 23, 1775.
46. Witherspoon, Works (1815), Vol. VII, Lecture XVI, p. 152, “Lecture on Moral Philosophy.”
47. Hugo Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, translated from the original manuscript of 1604 by Gwladys L. Williams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950), Vol. I, p. 8.
48. Hugo Grotius, The Truth of Christian Religion (London: Richard Royston, 1780), p. 20.
49. Baron Puffendorf, Of the Law of Nature and Nations, Eight Books, Basil Kennet, editor (London: R. Sare, 1717), Book I, p. 68.
50. Puffendorf, Of the Law, Book III, p. 78.
51. Wilson, Works, Vol. I, pp. 120, 137-138, “Of the Law of Nature.”
52. Zephaniah Swift, A System of the Laws of the State of Connecticut (Windham: John Byrne, 1795), Vol. I, pp. 6-7.
53. Samuel Adams, The Writings of Samuel Adams, Harry Alonzo Cushing, editor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), Vol. IV, p. 356, to the Legislature of Massachusetts, January 17, 1794.
&
nbsp; 54. John Quincy Adams, The Jubilee of the Constitution (New York: Samuel Colman, 1839), pp. 13-14.
55. Hamilton, Papers, Vol. I, p. 87, “The Farmer Refuted,” February 23, 1775, quoting from Blackstone.
56. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), s.v. “law,” definition #3 and #6.
57. John Jay, The Life of John Jay, William Jay, editor (New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833), Vol. II, p. 385, to John Murray, April 15, 1818.
58. Findley, Sons of Oil, p. 33.
59. Rufus King, The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Charles R. King, editor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), Vol. VI, p. 276, to C. Gore, February 17, 1820.
60. Wilson, Works, Vol. I, p. 64, “Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
61. Lutz, Origins, p. 141.
62. Lutz, Origins, p. 141.
63. Kenneth Woodward and David Gates, “How the Bible Made America,” Newsweek, December 27, 1982, p. 44.
Chapter 12 A Changing Standard – Toward a New Constitution
1. The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. 1987), Vol. XII, p. 274, see “Relativism,” by Richard H. Popkin.
2. John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution (Michigan: Baker Book House, 1987), p. 394.
3. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1927), p. 34.
4. Columbia Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 8, December 1908, p. 609, “Mechanical Jurisprudence” by Roscoe Pound.
5. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Collected Legal Papers (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1920), p. 225, “The Law in Science – Science in Law.”
6. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (originally published 1881, reprinted Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 5.
7. New State Ice Company v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 311 (1932) (Louis Brandeis, J., dissenting).
8. Benjamin Cardozo, The Growth of the Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1924), p. 49.
9. Benjamin Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), p. 10.
10. Charles Evans Hughes, The Autobiographical Notes of Charles Evans Hughes, David J. Danelski and Joseph S. Tulchin, editors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 144, speech at Elmira, May 3, 1907.
11. Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958).
12. Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 220-221 (1963).
13. Samuel Adams, The Writings of Samuel Adams, Harry Alonzo Cushing, editor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), Vol. IV, p. 388, to the Legislature of Massachusetts, January 19, 1796.
14. George Washington, Address of George Washington, President of the United States … Preparatory to His Declination (Baltimore: Christopher Jackson, 1796), p. 22.
15. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, editor (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. XV, p. 277, to William Charles Jarvis, September 28, 1820.
16. See, for example, the 25th Annual Gallup Poll, October 1993; see also the September 8, 1993 poll of Fabrizio, McLaughlin, & Associates, Inc.; see also the various polls from Yankelovich, Clancy, & Shulman; see also the annual polling done by the Princeton Religion Research Center in New Jersey. Gallup Poll, November 1994; see also, CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll: Top-Line, November 28-29, 1994.
17. Congressional Record, June 29, 1989, H. 3511, citing General Social Survey Annual of the National Opinion Research Center.
18. U. S. House of Representatives, What America Believes: The Rest of the Story (Republican Staff of the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, U. S. House of Representatives, 1990), p. 12, citing the Boston Globe, March 31, 1989.
Chapter 13 A Constitution In a State of Flux
1. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983).
2. State Board of Education v. Board of Education of Netcong, 262 A. 2d 21 (N.J. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 1013.
3. Anderson v. Salt Lake City Corporation, 475 F.2d 29, 33, 34 (10th Cir. 1973).
4. Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980).
5. Harvey v. Cobb County, 811 F. Supp. 669 (N.D. Ga. 1993); aff’d, 15 F.3d 1097 (11th Cir. 1994).
6. Bogen v. Doty, 598 F.2d 1110 (8th Cir. 1979).
7. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983).
8. Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
9. Harris v. Joint School District, 41 F.3d 447 (9th Cir. 1994).
10. Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 669-670 (1984).
11. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573 (1989).
12. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1859), Vol. V, p. 24; see also Baron Charles Secondat de Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws (Philadelphia: Isaiah Thomas, 1802), Vol. I, p. 18, ad passim; and Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, L. H. Butterfield, editor (Princeton: American Philosophical Society, 1951), Vol. I, p. 454, to David Ramsay, March or April 1788.
13. Bishop v. Colaw, 450 F.2d 1069, 1072, 1075 (8th Cir. 1971).
14. Wallace v. Ford, 346 F. Supp. 156, 162 (D. Ark. 1972).
15. Finot v. Pasadena City Board of Education, 58 Cal. Rptr. 520, 522 (Cal. App. 2nd 1967).
16. Jones v. Clear Creek Independent School District, 977 F.2d 964, 965 (5th Cir. 1992).
17. Harris v. Joint School District, 41 F.3d 447, 454 (9th Cir. 1994).
18. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 535 (1925).
19. Reed v. van Hoven, 237 F. Supp. 48, 51 (W.D. Mich. 1965).
20. State Board of Education v. Board of Education of Netcong, 262 A. 2d 21, 26 ( N.J. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 1013.
21. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 18, 20, 25 (1971).
22. People v. Ruggles, 8 Johns. 290, 294-295 (1811).
23. Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 U.S. 205 (1975).
24. Commonwealth v. Sharpless, 2 Serg. & Rawle 91, 103, 105 (Pa. 1815).
25. Grove v. Mead School District, 753 F.2d 1528, 1540 (9th Cir. 1985).
26. People v. Ruggles, 8 Johns. 290, 292-294 (1811).
27. Walz v. Tax Commission, 397 U.S. 664, 695 (1970) (Harlan J., concurring).
28. Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333, 343 (1890).
29. Commwealth v. Nesbit, 84 Pa. 398, 406 (1859).
30. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, 590 (1989).
31. Theriault v. Silber, 547 F.2d 1279 (5th Cir. 1977).
32. Malnak v. Yogi, 440 F. Supp. 1284, 1287 (D.N.J. 1977).
33. Grove v. Mead School District, 753 F.2d 1528, 1534 (9th Cir. 1985).
34. Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488, 495, n. 11 (1961).
35. Commonwealth v. Kneeland, 37 Mass. 206 at 233, 234 (1838).
36. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), s.v. “religion.”
37. Walz v. Tax Commission, 397 U.S. 664, 695 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring).
38. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968).
39. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 107 (1985) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
40. Wallace at 110-111 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
Chapter 14 Identifying the Spirit of the Constitution
1. Benchmark, Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1986, p. 6, “Toward a Jurisprudence of Original Intention,” by Attorney General Edwin Meese, III.
2. John Witherspoon, The Works of John Witherspoon (Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1815), Vol. V, p. 314, “The Trial of Religious Truth by Its Moral Influence,” October 9, 1759.
3. Samuel Adams, The Writings of Samuel Adams, Harry Alonzo Cushing, editor (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), Vol. IV, p. 357, to the Legislature of Massachusetts, January 17, 1794.
4. James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789-1897 (Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. I, p. 80, August 14, 1790.
5. Richardson, Compilation, Vol. I, p. 249, July 22, 1797.
6. Richardson, Compilation, Vol. I, p. 357, July 16, 1803.
7. Richardson, Compilation,
Vol. I, p. 473, August 9, 1809.
8. Richardson, Compilation, Vol. II, p. 36, April 28, 1818.
9. Richardson, Compilation, Vol. II, p. 376, March 17, 1827.
10. Richardson, Compilation, Vol. II, p. 440, May 11, 1829.
11. The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, George P. Sanger, editor (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1866), Vol. XIII, p. 33, 38th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 37, Section 4, Colorado’s enabling act, March 21, 1864.
12. Statutes, Vol. XIII, p. 31, Chapter 36, Section 4, Nevada’s enabling act, March 21, 1864.
13. Statutes, Vol. XIII, p. 48, Chapter 59, Section 4, Nebraska’s enabling act, April 19, 1864.
14. The Statutes at Large of the United States of America (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907), Vol. XXXIV, p. 269, 59th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 3335, Section 3, Oklahoma’s enabling act, June 16, 1906.
15. John Quincy Adams, The Jubilee of the Constitution (New York: Samuel Colman, 1839), p. 54.
16. Abraham Lincoln, The Works of Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Debates, John H. Clifford, editor (New York: University Society Inc., 1908), Vol. III, pp. 126-127, August 17, 1858.
17. Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Ellis, 165 U.S. 150, 160 (1897).
Chapter 15 Maintaining Constitutional Integrity: A Government of the People
1. Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919), Vol. III, p. 121, n; see also the information from The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1936), Vol. LXXVI, pp. 543-596, “The First Homes of the Supreme Court of the United States,” by Robert P. Reeder.
2. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, editor (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), Vol. IX, p. 219, to Thomas Jefferson, February 8, 1825.
3. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist, on The New Constitution (Philadelphia: Benjamin Warner, 1818), p. 281, Federalist #51 by Alexander Hamilton.
4. The Federalist, p. 420, #78 by Alexander Hamilton; see also The Federalist, p. 398, #73 by Alexander Hamilton.
5. The Federalist, p. 420, #78 by Alexander Hamilton.
6. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, (London: J. Whiston, 1772), p. 282, § 134, “Of the Extent of the Legislative Power.”