by Jay Barbree
Humphrey, Hubert, 193, 194, 195
Huntsville, Alabama, 16-18, 21-22, 33, 77
See also Redstone Arsenal
hybrid free return, 268
I
Indianapolis 500, 69, 126
intercontinental range missiles (ICBMs), 19, 21, 56, 80, 124, 130-31, 152-53, 196
International Club dinner, Washington, D.C., 193-96
International Geophysical Year, 20, 21
International Space Station, 361-62, 363
International Space Station Advisory Task Force, 12
Intrepid (Apollo 12 lunar module), 260-61
Irwin, Jim, 332, 365
J
Jefferson, Thomas, 363-64
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 32
Jiminez, Jose, 75, 92
Johnson, Lyndon B., 86, 87, 89-90, 119, 120, 207
and Apollo program, 178, 193, 199, 214-15, 217
and Houston space center, 152-53, 154, 156
Johnson Space Center. See Manned Spacecraft Center
Juno 1 (Explorer 1) launch, 31-33
Jupiter missiles, 19, 152-53
Jupiter-C rockets, 20, 21, 31, 33
See also Juno 1
J-3 cubs, 147
K
Kamanin, Lev, 217
Keldysh, M. V., 336
Kelly, Fred, 190
Kennedy, Jackie, 116, 117, 370
Kennedy, John F., 62, 85-87, 89-90, 116-19, 124-25, 130, 142, 150, 155-56, 362, 370
commitment to a moon landing, 118, 121-22, 178, 200, 214, 248, 261, 286, 364, 370
as a Navy man, 65, 118, 122-23
Kennedy Space Center, 191
See also Cape Canaveral
Kerwin, Joe, 264
Khrushchev, Nikita, 22, 28
Killian, James, 31
Kitty Hawk (Apollo 14 command module), 278, 279-80, 282, 283, 284, 285-89, 290-91, 292, 294, 295, 296, 299, 308, 319
Komarov, Valentina, 205
Komarov, Vladimir: Soyuz 1 mission, 203-6, 213
Korean War, 19, 50-51
Korolev, Sergei, 22, 22-23, 213
Kraft, Chris, 58, 78, 137, 163, 171, 202, 215, 267, 268, 294, 294-95, 324-25, 336-37
Krakatau explosion, 289
Kranz, Gene, 234, 244, 265, 266-67, 268, 269, 270, 271
Kubasov, Valeri Nikolaievich: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission, 345, 348, 350, 350-51, 352, 354, 355, 357, 380
L
Laika (space dog), 30
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 289
Landsberg B Crater, Moon, 317
Landwirth, Henri, 73-74, 147
Langley Air Force Base, 56, 62, 72, 122, 151
Langley Research Center, 198
Leonov, Alexei Arkhipovich, 217, 365
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission, 344, 345, 346, 348, 351-52, 353, 354-55, 357, 365, 380
Voshkod 2 mission, 160-64, 165, 345
Lewis and Clark expedition, 363-64
Liberty Bell Seven mission (Grissom), 64-65, 66, 130-31
Liebergot, Sy, 265, 267
Life magazine, 53, 65, 98
Lindbergh, Charles, 141, 199, 300
lithium hydroxide purifiers, 272
Little Joe rocket, 89-90
Littrow Valley, Moon, 338, 339
Llewellyn, John, 294-95
long-duration flight, 167-68, 339-40, 343
Lousma, Jack, 269-70
Lovell, James (Jim), 146, 365, 377
Apollo 8 mission, 211-12, 217, 219, 220, 221-22, 272
Apollo 13 mission, 258, 259, 264, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273-74, 275, 276, 277
Gemini 7 mission, 167
Gemini 12 mission, 175
Low, George, 200-201, 202, 203, 215
lunar ascent phase rehearsals
Apollo 10, 231-32
Gemini program, 171
lunar descent phase abort program, 305-7
lunar landing and return
early policy discussions, 89-90
Kennedy’s commitment of U.S. to, see under Kennedy
key techniques for, 157, 165, 171
manned missions. see Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17
lunar module (LM), 201-2, 206, 214, 215-16, 227-32, 272
Apollo 9 (Spider) earth orbit test, 227-32
Apollo 10 (Snoopy) lunar orbit test, 229, 231-32, 345
Apollo 11. See Eagle
Apollo 12 (Intrepid), 260-61
Apollo 13 “lifeboat” (Aquarius), 266, 269-78
Apollo 14. see Antares
Apollo 15 (Falcon), 332
Apollo 16 (Orion), 334
Apollo 17 (Challenger), 338
lunar orbit missions. See Apollo 10; Apollo 8
lunar probes, 9, 206, 212-13, 260-61, 346
lunar “rickshaw” (MET), 316
lunar rover expeditions, 332, 334, 338
Lunney, Glynn, 270
M
MacDill Air Force Base, 153
MacNabb, B.G., 132, 133
Makarov, Oleg, 164, 345
Mankin, Dr. Harold, 331, 333
Manned Spacecraft Center (later, Johnson Space Center), Houston, 139, 267
first operational flight from, 167
Mars expedition, 340, 341
selection of site, 151
Mattingly, Ken, 273, 334
maximum aerodynamic pressure (Max Q) zone, 102, 134, 224, 290, 349
Mayo Clinic, 331
McCafferty, Riley, 177
McDivitt, James, 146
Apollo 9 mission, 216, 227-28
Gemini 4 mission, 165, 167
McDonnell Aircraft, 56, 195
McElroy, Neil H., 26, 27
Medaris, Maj. Gen. John B., 26, 27, 32
Ménière’s syndrome, 157-59, 254-57
Mercury program (Project Mercury), 7, 62, 71, 157, 371
astronaut training, 56-61, 72
chimpanzee test flights, 72, 76-77, 132
final flight, 146-47, 155
and Gemini program, 146, 164
and moon race, 85-87
orbital missions, see under Mercury—Atlas
selection of astronauts for initial missions, 62-68, 75-76, 315
Slayton grounded during, 146-49
suborbital missions, See under Mercury—Redstone
See also Mercury Seven; Mercury spacecraft
Mercury Seven, 7, 197, 258, 367, 368, 380
augmented with new astronauts, 143-50
awaiting first manned flight, 69-78
Freedom Seven named for, 93
introduced to public, 48-51
promotion of Slayton, 145-46
recruitment search for, 35-36, 48
response to Kennedy’s commitment to a manned lunar landing, 122-24
response to news of Gagarin’s flight, 84-85
selection of first to ride, 62-68, 75-76
at Shepard’s White House reception and parade, 115-21
training of, 56-61, 72
See also Carpenter; Cooper; Glenn; Grissom; Schirra; Shepard; Slayton
Mercury Seven Foundation, 365
Mercury spacecraft, 56, 57
astronaut flight position, 72
Atlas test launches, 57-58, 89-90, 131-32
compared to Apollo, 180, 207
compared to Gemini, 164
compared to Space Shuttle, 341
hatch design, 130, 180
loss of Liberty Bell Seven, 130
oxygen pressurization, 184
periscope, 107, 138
“pilot séance” ideas for, 63
Redstone test launches, 58, 63
retro-rockets, 109, 137-38
size, 93
sounds during flight, 105
unmanned launches, 63, 76-78
weight, 130
See also Mercury program
Mercury-Atlas missions
6 (Glenn). see Friendship Seven
7 (Carpenter). see Aurora Seven
8 (Schirra). see Sigma Seven
9 (Cooper). see Faith Seven<
br />
test launches, 57-58, 89-90, 131-32
Mercury-Redstone missions
1 and 2 (unmanned), 76-78
3 (Shepard). see Freedom Seven
4 (Grissom). see Liberty Bell Seven
test launches, 58, 63
Merritt Island, Florida, 155
MET (modularized equipment transporter), 316
meteors, 360-61
Minow, Newton, 119
Minuteman 1CBM program, 195
Mir space station, 340
Missile 29 (Jupiter-C) project, 20, 21, 31, 33
Mission Control Center, Houston, 218, 237-40
Mitchell, Ed, 268, 378, 379
Apollo 14 mission, 258-59, 283-84, 288, 291-92, 294, 301-2, 306-13, 315-16, 317, 318, 322-28
modularized equipment transporter (MET), 316
Mojave Desert, 35
Molly Brown. See Gemini 3
moon
American flag planted on, 250, 316, 328
dust, 217, 261, 314, 317-18, 321
effect on earth, 9-10
equipment jettisoned on, 228, 317
far side, 219, 317
first descent to, 225-32, 233-47
first human on, 233-47, 375
geological history, 338-39
geophone test, 316
last human on, 339
lightweight gravity effects, 248-50, 318
memorial plaques left on, 252, 333
number of astronauts on, 339
scientific devices planted on, 252, 316
soil and rock samples from, 248-50, 260-62, 316, 334, 338
surface of, 220, 248-50, 261, 313. see also entries at lunar
moon buggy. See lunar rover expeditions
moon craft. See Apollo spacecraft; lunar module
moon landing. See lunar landing and return
moon probes, 9, 206, 212-13, 260-62
moon race. See US-Soviet competition
moonport, Merritt Island, 152, 155-56
moonwalks
Apollo 11, 233-47, 248-50
Apollo 12, 261
Apollo 14, 314-28
Morrow, Lola, 191
Moscow Radio, 27
Moser, Robert, 31
Mueller, George, 200
Mueller, Merrill, 104
N
NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
NASA Distinguished Service Medal award, 370
National Academy of Sciences, 336
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 35, 151, 200
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 12
after Kennedy’s death, 156-57
aftermath of Apollo 1 fire, 201-3, 372-73
at conclusion of Gemini program, 178
creation and mission of, 35-36
Distinguished Service Medal, 116-17
funding of, 124, 130, 153-54, 286
future of spaceflight and, 361-65
introduction of Mercury Seven, 48-51
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 32
new Manned Spacecraft Center, 151
post-Apollo change in priorities, 340-41
search for first astronauts, 35-36, 48
space programs. see Apollo program; Gemini program; Mercury program; Skylab; Space Shuttle
Space Task Group, 62, 151, 154
staffing and contracting for moon landing, 124
Webb appointment, 86-87
National Association of Broadcasters, 119
National Space Council, 86, 152
Naval War College, 28
Navy. See U.S. Navy
Navy Test Pilot School, Patuxent River Naval Air Base, 43-44
NBC News, 24, 27, 52, 103, 110
Nellis Air Force Base, 197
Nelson, Bill, 363
New York Times, 222
Nixon, Richard M., 14, 86, 207, 280, 335, 336, 352, 362, 376
North American Aviation, 164, 177, 181, 189, 194, 202
North American Rockwell, 280
North Korea, 19
North Ray Crater, Moon, 334-35
N-1 rocket, 213, 224-25, 339-40
O
Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, 195
Obama, Barack, 362-63
Ocean of Storms, Moon, 259, 260, 300, 309
Odyssey (Apollo 13 command module), 265, 269, 270, 275, 276, 277
Office of Naval Research, 20
O’Hara, Dee, 129
O’Malley, Tom (T.J.), 132, 133
Operation Paperclip, 17
orbital flights, first. See Friendship Seven; Vostok I
Orbiter project. See Friendship Seven
Orion (Apollo 16 lunar module), 334-35
oxygen pressurization, 179, 181, 183-87, 377
P
Paine, Thomas O., 207, 216-17, 335-36
Patrick Air Force Base, 128
Patsayev, Viktor, 333
Patuxent River Naval Air Base, 28, 43-44
Pentagon, 20, 21, 33
Petrone, Rocco, 182, 183, 185, 189-90, 206-7
Phillips, Maj. Gen. Samuel C. (Sam), 195-96, 200, 207, 229
Pickering, Dr. William, 33
Pierce, Jim, 189
“pilot séances,” 63
Pilotless Aircraft Program, Langley Air Force Base, 62
pilots, 35-36
See also fighter pilots; test pilots
“plugs out” testing, 181
Polaris missiles, 152-53, 346-47
Popovich, Pavel R., 217
Poseidon missiles, 346-47
Powers, Col. John (“Shorty”), 84-85
Pravda, 163
Probst, Gary, 186
“procedures trainer,” 72
Project Apollo. See Apollo program
Project Gemini. See Gemini program
Project Mercury. See Mercury program
Project Orbiter, 20
Project Vanguard, 20-21, 26, 30-31
Proton rocket, 213
R
Rathmann, Jim, 69-70, 71, 126-27, 128
Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, 16, 19, 21, 26
Redstone rocket, 109-11, 369
11146, 129, 130, 284
adapted as Jupiter-C, 21, 26
compared to R-7, 22-23
compared to Saturn V, 283-84
development of, 16, 19-22
as Mercury booster, 65, 66, 90, 91, 92-93
test launches, 58, 63, 76-77, 76-78
reentry thrusters, 170
rendezvous
Gemini program, 157, 167-68
Soyuz 6, 7, and 8, 345
Republic Aviation, 36-37, 38-41
retro-rockets, 109, 137-38, 161-62
Rice University, 154
rockets
Soviet program, 18, 20, 85-86
and space travel, 9-10, 361-62
U.S. program initiated, 17-22
See also Atlas; N-1; R-7; Redstone; Saturn; Titan; V-2
Roosa, Stuart (Stu), 268, 378
as an Apollo 1 communicator, 181-82, 186
Apollo 14 mission, 258-59, 268, 283-84, 288-89, 291-93, 295-96, 297-313, 317, 328
Russia. See Soviet Union
R-7 rocket, 22-23, 213
S
Salyut space stations, 340
satellites
for communications, 123
Explorer I launch, 31-33
Sputnik launch, 25-31
von Braun’s request for U.S. launch, 17, 21
See also Agena
Saturn 1B rocket, 181, 207, 342, 348, 351-52
Saturn I rocket, 123, 155, 164
Saturn V rocket
as Apollo booster, 156, 164, 206-7, 211, 213, 214, 215-16, 216-17, 259, 260, 282-83, 284, 287, 292, 335, 338
compared to N-1, 213, 224, 339
compared to Redstone, 284
conversion for Skylab, 341-42
Scheer, Julian, 195
Schirra, Walter M. (Wally), Jr., 50, 50-51, 65, 74, 100, 191, 285, 365, 368
Apollo 7 miss
ion, 207, 208, 216
as backup for Apollo 1, 179-80
as backup for Gemini 6 mission, 168
as backup for second orbital mission, 66, 141, 146
as backup for Sigma Seven mission, 146
Schmitt, Jack: Apollo 17 mission, 338
Schweickart, Rusty: Apollo 9 mission, 227-28
Science Advisory Committee, 86
Scott, Dave, 365
Apollo 9 mission, 227, 228
Apollo 15 mission, 332
Gemini 8 mission, 168-71
Sea Gull (Vostok VI), 155
Sea of Tranquility, Moon, 229, 230, 375
Seamans, Bob, 200
See, Elliot, 146
seeds, US-Soviet exchange, 353
Senate Commerce, Science & Transportation Committee, 363
Shea, Joe, 182, 184, 200, 202
Shepard, Alan, 7, 12, 28-29, 50, 122-23, 364, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 378, 379, 382
Apollo 14 mission, 259, 280, 283, 283-89, 297-313, 306-13, 314-28
as backup for last Mercury flight, 147
at Cape Canaveral, 70-72
as a carrier pilot, 43-47
as chief of Astronaut Office, 9-10, 159, 254, 337, 342-43
childhood and early interest in aircraft, 43, 299-300
Freedom Seven mission, 64, 65, 66-67, 76-78, 90-96, 97-114, 120, 130, 140, 258-59, 288
ground involvement in other missions
Apollo 1, 177, 190-91, 196, 197-98
Apollo 8, 216
Apollo 10, 229
Apollo 13, 267-68, 275
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 337-38, 353
Friendship Seven, 139, 140
introduced as Mercury Seven astronaut, 49-52
on Low’s role, 201
Ménière’s syndrome and medical grounding, 157-59, 254-57
NASA Distinguished Service Medal award, 116-17
naval training, 28, 43-44, 52-53
request for Apollo 13 mission, 258, 268
response to news of Gagarin’s flight, 84
response to Sputnik, 28-29, 30
retirement from NASA, 353
return to flight status, 257-58
selected for first Gemini flight, 157-58
and Skylab, 342-43
and Slayton, 49, 50-51, 96, 157-59, 307, 329-30, 333, 337-38, 353, 357, 361
as a test pilot, 28, 41-43
White House reception and parade for, 115-21, 370
Shepard, Alice, Julie and Laura, 52, 54-55
Shepard, Louise, 52-55, 67, 92-93, 97-99, 103, 115-16, 119, 255-56, 288, 313, 315, 370
Shinkle, John, 184
Shonin, Georgi, 345
Sigma Seven mission (Schirra), 146
simulators
Apollo 1, 177-78
Apollo 13, 267-68, 269-70
Apollo 14, 306