León: capital of the early settlement of Nicaragua.
licentiate: lawyer.
Lima: city, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru; name of lands of the Curaca Taulichusco, where Pizarro in 1535 founded the capital of his governorship, and which he named Los Reyes, the city of the Kings, in honour of the Feast of the Epiphany.
Lupaca: Aymara tribe of the Cuntisuyo and Collasuyo, though principally of the north and western region of Lake Titicaca.
maestre-de-campo: lieutenant to a commander of cavalry or infantry.
mariscal: commander of cavalry or army; empowered to act as a legal authority during a campaign.
marqués: marquis; title awarded Pizarro by the Emperor Charles V, 10 October 1537.
mestizo: of Indian and Spanish parentage.
mitimae: labourers of the subject tribes; transported to various regions of the empire for a period of time – mita – by Incas and then Spaniards.
Morisco: of Moorish parentage.
morrión: curved steel helmet used by conquistadors.
Mudéjar: Moors allowed to live in Christian lands; also a term to describe Moorish influence in architecture.
mulatto: of Negro and Spanish parentage.
Nazca: western region of the Cuntisuyo; pre-Colombian civilization; site of giant earth carvings.
New Castile: Pizarro’s governorship of Peru.
New Spain: Mexico.
New Toledo: governorship of the region of the Collasuyo awarded Almagro.
ñusta: niece or daughter of Emperor by a concubine.
orejón: name given by the Spaniards to Inca lords because of the gold and silver ear ornaments they wore.
Pachacámac: quéchua name for the creator; Inca temple shrine, south of Lima.
Pachamama: earth deity.
palla: daughter of a curaca and tribal lord.
panaca: name for the Inca lineages and their custodians; the spiritual and secular heirs of the emperors, numbering eleven in all.
Parinacochas: north-western region of the Cuntisuyo.
Pastu: most northern region of the Inca empire.
Peru – Birú: name the early Spanish explorer of the Pacific coast Pascual de Andagoya mistakenly gave the Inca empire of Tahuantinsuyo.
peso: name of coinage, originally meaning weight. Estimated present day value of gold and silver: Peso de Oro – £25. Peso or mark of silver – £17. Peso of stamped silver (plata ensayada) – £25. Unmarked silver – £20. The value in Spain during the early colonial period would have been possibly threefold.
piece of eight: coinage; approximately equivalent to ½ peso of gold.
Písac: encomienda, situated in valley of that name in the Yucay.
Piura: equatorial township.
Potosí: city, in Bolivia, founded in 1545 because of the great wealth of its silver mine, the Cerro Rico.
procurator: legal title of a governorship.
Pucará: Battle of, north of Lake Titicaca, 8 October 1554; defeat of Francisco Hernández Girón by the royalist army of the judges of Lima.
Puerto Viejo: the old port, north of Guayaquil.
Quéchua: language and ruling tribe of the Inca empire.
Quipucamayoc – Quipu: guardians of the quipu, coloured strings used for mathematical, historical and astrological records.
Quito: northern capital of Inca empire; founded in 1534 as San Francisco de Quito; capital of Ecuador.
regidor: alderman.
San Mateo: equatorial bay.
Sapa Inca: emperor.
Sucre: see La Plata.
Surampalli: country retreat of the Emperor Huayna Cápac, to the south of the north Andean city of Tumibamba.
suyos: regions.
Tahuantinsuyo: name of the Inca empire of the four suyos – Antisuyo, Chinchasuyo, Collasuyo and Cuntisuyo.
tambo: Inca storehouse or fortress.
Titicaca: lake in the Collasuyo, sacred to the Incas; 12,500 ft above sea level and 3,500 square miles; bordering Peru and Bolivia.
Tucumán: southern province of the Collasuyo in Argentina.
Túmbez: early Spanish settlement on the equatorial coast.
Tumibamba: equatorial Andean capital of the Cañari tribe; birthplace of the Emperor Huayna Cápac who gave it the name of his panaca; founded as the Spanish municipality of Cuenca in 1557.
Veragua: north-westerly province of Nicaragua.
Vilcabamba: Inca fortress settlement, north-west of Cuzco; built by the Inca Manco; known as the Lost City of the Incas; probable site is Espíritu Pampa.
Villac-Umu: title of the shaman and High Priest of the Sun.
Viracocha: cosmic Andean deity.
Vitcos: Inca township, near Vilcabamba, north-west of Cuzco.
Yanacona: nomadic servant caste.
Yucay: valley, north of Cuzco; personal fiefdom of the Emperor Huayna Cápac; renowned for its climate and beauty, known as the Sacred Valley of the Incas.
yupanqui: quéchua title, denoting royalty.
NOTES
The original spelling of the family name – Serra de Leguizamón – has been retained, though the phonetic spelling – Sierra de Leguízamo – was adopted by various notaries, and also by some of the Conquistador’s children. His last will and testament, Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Patronato 107, is referred to as SL (Appendix 1). His testimonial, Probanza de Méritos del Capitán Mansio Serra de Leguízamo, Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Patronato 126, is referred to as MSL (Appendix 2). The Indian testimony in his son Juan’s testimonial, Probanza de Méritos de Juan Sierra de Leguízamo, Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Lima 205, is referred to as JSL (Appendix 3). His son Francisco’s testimonial, Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Patronato 126, is referred to as FSL. The transcription is by Josefa García Tovar and the translation is by the author, as are all other translations.
Prologue
1.Carlos Alonso, Pedro de Perea, Obispo de Arequipa, Archivo Agustiniano, Vol. LXI, Madrid, 1977. M.A. Cateriano Memorias de los SS. Obispos de Arequipa, Arequipa, 1908.
2.Family: Expediente de Hidalguía de Martín Díez de Medina, Legajo 106, Año 1568, Sala de Hijosdalgo, Real Chancillería de Valladolid. José Rosendo Gutiérrez, ‘Mancio Sierra de Leguízamo’, in Revista Peruana, Lima, 1879. Briones: José Manuel Martínez, Briones y sus Monumentos, Asociación de Amigos de Briones, Logroño, 1995.
3.Antonio de la Calancha, Corónica Moralizada del Orden de San Agustín en el Perú, ed. Ignacio Prado Pastor, Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, Lima, 1974.
1. Heirs of the Cid
1.Geoffrey Parker, Philip II, Chicago and La Salle, Illinois, 1996, p. 202.
2.Gobernantes del Perú, Cartas y Papeles del Siglo XVI, ed. Roberto Levillier, Documentos del Archivo de Indias, Madrid, 1924, Vol. VII, p. 118.
3.Richard Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 15.
4.Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997, p. 23.
5.John Lynch, Spain under the Hapsburgs, Oxford University Press, 1981, Vol. 1, p. 109.
6.Edicto de Expulsión, 31 March 1492. Conversos: in 1449 the Royal Secretary Fernán Díaz de Toledo, in a report to the Bishop of Cuenca, recorded that all the leading noble lineages of Castile, including the Henríquez, from whom both Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were descended, could trace their descent to conversos. Limpieza de sangre was still a requirement for entrance to the corps of officer cadets up to 1859. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition, p. 254.
7.Ibid., p. 131.
8.Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, Vol. 1, p. 13.
9.The Crown seized control of the grandmasterships of the Orders in 1495. Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 5.
10.All twenty of Mansio’s witnesses testify to his hidalgo lineage; MSL. The baptismal records at Pinto of the period have been lost. The date is surmised from the age he gives in his evidence as a witness to various testimonials, though adding the words ‘more or less’, as was the custom at the time. The name of Mansio is the di
minutive for Manso, a legendary lord of Vizcaya.
11.Raúl Rivera Serna, ‘El Primer testamento de Mancio Serra de Leguízamo’, in Mar del Sur, Lima, p. 27.
12.Xela Ximénez was one of the township’s representatives to King Alfonso XI, when in 1332 he conferred Pinto’s lordship to the neighbouring town of Madrid. Sergio Ascencio Hernández, Los Señores Feudales y otras Antigüedades de la Villa de Pinto, Ayuntamiento de Pinto, 1996, p. 129.
13.Richard Ford, Handbook for Spain, London, Centaur Press, 1966, Vol. III, pp. 1367, 1371, 1374.
14.Lope García de Salazar, Las Bienandanças e fortunas Capítulo: Del linaje de Leguiçamón e de su Fundamento, e Donde Sucedieron, ed. Maximilano Camarón, Madrid, 1884. Lineage: Expediente de Don Tristán de Leguizamón y Esquivel, Caballero de Santiago, 4418, Bilbao, Año 1530, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid. Alberto García Carraffa, El Solar Vasco Navarro, Vols 1–6, 1933–5. Estanislao de Labayru, Historia de Vizcaya, Bilbao, 1899–1903. Andrés de Mañaricua, Santa María de Begoña, Bilbao, Banco de Vizcaya, 1950.
15.Lope García de Salazar, Las Bienandaças.
16.Ramón Menéndez Pidal, La España del Cid, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1956, Vols 1 and 2. Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid.
17.Poema de Mio Cid, ed. Ian Michael, Madrid, Clásicos Castalia, 1984.
18.In Poema de Almeria (1147–9) MS, line 225. Governor of Toledo, 1109–14. Referred to as the Cid’s nephew in a letter to Doña Jimena, the Cid’s wife, Carta de Arras, July 1074. Colin Smith, ‘Personages of the Poem de Mio Cid’, Modern Language Review, 66, 1971, 580–98.
19.Lope García de Salazar, Las Bienandanças, e Fortunas, Capítulo: De las Muertes que fisieron Tristán de Leguiçamón e Martín de Zaballa.
20.Mañaricua, Santa María de Begoña, Apéndice IV.
21.Luis Roldán Jordán, Iglesia Parroquial de Santo Domingo de Silos, Apuntes Históricos y Arqueológicos de la Villa de Pinto, Ayuntamiento de Pinto, Vol. 3, pp. 53–66. Hernández, Los Señores Feudales.
22.Ibid., pp. 112, 113.
23.Alonso de Mesa’s testimony, JSL, FSL.
24.Pablo Alvárez Rubiana, Pedrarias Dávila, Madrid, 1944.
25.Catherine Delamarre y Bertrand Sallard, Las Mujeres en Tiempos de los Conquistadores, Barcelona, 1994, p. 344.
26.No record of the year of his departure exists in the Archive of the Indies.
27.Tomás Ayón, Historia de Nicaragua, Madrid, 1956, Vol. 1, p. 2. José Gamez, Historia de Nicaragua, Managua, Colección Somoza, 1975. Slavery: Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade, London, Picador, 1997; Frederick Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, Stanford University Press, 1974.
28.William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, Oxford, Blackwell, 1977.
29.Name derived from an allegorical poem, written in about 1520 by a physician from Verona Girolamo Fracastoro, describing the odyssey of an explorer in search of King Solomon’s mines who discovers a tribe in the Indies stricken by a disease given them by a shepherd called Sypilius. Delamarre y Sallard, Las Mujeres, pp. 92–4.
30.Alfredo Castillero Calvo, ‘Origines Históricos de Veragua’, in Revista de Indias, Madrid, Vol.107.
31.MSL, 2.
32.Ibid., 2.
33.Luque could well have been acting on behalf of the wealthy merchant and official Gaspar de Espinosa. John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas, London, Papermac, 1993, p. 24. The formation of a company between Pizarro, Almagro and Luque is also recorded by Nicolás de Ribera, el viejo, in his Probanza de Méritos, Revista del Archivo Nacional, Lima, 1937–8.
34.William Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru, London, G. Allen & Unwin, 1913, Appendix, p. 479.
35.Ibid., Appendix, pp. 481–5.
36.Gobernantes del Perú, Vol. II, p. 138.
37.Pedro Pizarro, Relación del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los reinos del Perú, ed. Guillermo Lohmann Villera, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 1978, p. 151.
38.Nobiliario Hispano-Americano del Siglo XVI, ed. Santiago Montoto, Madrid, 1927, Vol. II, pp. 326–9.
39.Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias, ed. Juan Pérez de Tudela, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 1959, Tomo CXXI, p. 33.
40.Ibid., p. 61.
41.Pedro Pizarro, Relación, p. 168.
42.James Lockhart, The Men of Cajamarca, Austin, University of Texas, 1972, p. 159.
43.MSL, 2.
44.Pedro de Cieza de León, Descubrimiento y Conquista del Perú, ed. Carmelo Sáenz de Santa María, Madrid, Historia 16, 1986, p. 115. Francisco Cansino, one of the witnesses in Nicolás de Ribera’s Probanza, testified that there were 200 men ‘more or less’, Revista del Archivo Nacional, 1937–8.
2. The Realm of the Hummingbird
1.Sir Clements Markham, The Incas of Peru, Lima, Librerias ABC, 1971, p. 57.
2.Population: Rubén Vargas Ugarte, Historia de la Iglesia en el Perú, Lima, Santa María, 1953, Vol. 1.
3.Gobernates del Perú, Vol. VII, p. 124.
4.Agustín de Zárate, Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del la Provincia del Perú, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Madrid, 1853, Tomo Segundo, Libro 2, Capítulo 5.
5.Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, ‘Los Orejones del Cuzco’, Proceso, Huancayo, 1977, pp. 104, 106, 107.
6.Bearded white men. Pedro de Cieza de León, La Crónica del Perú, ed. Manuel Ballesteros, Madrid, Historia 16, 1984, p. 367.
7.Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno, ed. Franklin Pease, Caracas, Bibioteca Ayacucho, 1980, Vol. 2, p. 291.
8.Gobernantes del Perú, Vol. VII, p. 124.
9.Blas Valera, Relación de las Costumbres Antiguas de los naturales del Perú, in Antigüedades del Perú, ed. Henrique Urbano y Ana Sánchez, Madrid, Historia 16, 1990.
10.His statement in his will that thieves were unknown in the Inca realm was quite unwarrantedly ridiculed by the Peruvian scholar Raúl Porras, irrespective of the fact that the Friar Martín de Murúa, whose chronicle Dr Porras edited, is also quite explicit in supporting such a claim because of the severe penalties imposed on theft. Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Los Cronistas del Perú, ed. Franklin Pease, Lima, 1986, pp. 575–80. Friar Martín de Murúa, Los Origenes de los Incas, ed. Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Lima, 1946, pp. 98, 113.
11.Espinoza, Los Orejones, p. 95.
12.Garcí Díez de San Miguel, Visita Hecha a la Provincia de Chucuito en el Año 1567, ed. Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, Lima, Casa de la Cultura del Perú, 1964, pp. 106, 107, 204, 298.
13.John Hyslop, Inka Road System, Orlando, Florida, 1984, XIII.
14.Gobernantes del Perú, Vol. VII, p. 118.
15.Cristóbal de Molina, el Chileno, Conquista y Población del Perú, Biblioteca Peruana, Lima, Tomo III, p. 325.
16.‘Discurso de la Sucesión y Gobierno de los Incas’, reproduced in Julío Luna (ed.), El Cuzco y el Gobierno de los Incas, Lima, Miranda, 1962, pp. 31–5, 40–1.
17.Polo de Ondegardo, El Mundo de los Incas, ed. Laura González y Alicia Alonso, Madrid, Historia 16, 1990, p. 97.
18.Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Reales de Los Incas, ed. Carlos Araníbar, Lima, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1991, Vol. 1, p. 335.
19.The Italianate Afuera Hospital of San Juan Bautista. Don Juan Tavera, Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, minister and diplomat, former head of the Inquisition.
20.Pedro de Cieza de León, El Señorio de los Incas, ed. Manuel Ballesteros, Madrid, Historia 16, pp. 97–8.
21.‘Informaciones Acerca del Señorío de los Incas Hechas por Mandado de Don Francisco de Toledo, Virey del Perú, 1570–2’, in Fernando Montesinos, Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Perú, Colección de Libros Españoles Raros, ed. Jiménez de la Espada, Madrid, 1882, p. 254.
22.José de Acosta, Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, ed. José Alcina Franch, Madrid, Historia 16, 1987, p. 424.
23.María Rostworowski de Díez Canseco, Historia de Tahuantinsuyo, Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1992, p. 150.
24.The Coya Rahua Ocllo was a daughter of the I
nca Túpac Yupanqui and belonged to his panaca of Túpac Yupanqui, as did Huáscar and her daughter Doña Beatriz.
25.Poma de Ayala, Nueva Corónica, p. 103.
26.Commonly known as Huáscar because of his birthplace at Huascarquíshuar, near Muina. Juan de Betanzos, Narrative of the Incas, Palma de Mallorca MS, ed. Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan, Texas, University of Austin, 1996, p. 176. Name of Hummingbird: B.C. Brundage, Lords of Cuzco, Norman, Oklahoma University, 1967, pp. 3, 351. Children of Huayna Cápac: Ella Dunbar Temple, ‘La Descendencia de Huayna Cápac’, in Revista Histórica, Lima, Vols 11 (1937), 12 (1939), 13 (1940), 17 (1948).
27.Doña Beatriz Yupanqui. Her Inca name was Quispiquipi Huaylla. Her territorial title name of Huaylla referred to the lands given her by her father in the valley of Huaylla in the Yucay, and which would later form part of her lover Mansio’s encomienda of Callanga. Noble David Cook, Tasa de la Visita General de Francisco de Toledo, Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1975, p. 202. She was also known as Doña Beatriz Manco Cápac, the patronymic of her royal lineage: SL; José de la Puente Brunke, Encomiendas y Encomenderos en el Perú, Seville, Diputación Provincial, 1992, pp. 359, 379. She is often confused with her half-sister Doña Inés, the Ñusta Quispe Sisa Huayllas, whose mother Contarhuacho was the daughter of the cacique of Ananhuaylas.
28.JSL, 2.
29.Max Uhle, Las Ruinas de Tomebamba, Academia Nacional de Historia, Quito, 1923, p. 11.
30.Cieza de León, La Crónica del Perú, pp. 206, 207.
31.The Ñusta Tocto Coca was Huayna Cápac’s cousin and belonged to the panaca of Pachacuti, named after their grandfather.
32.Date of death. Garcilaso de la Vega gives the year 1523; Sarmiento de Gamboa Christmas Day 1524; López de Jerez 1525; and Cieza de León 1527. Concepción Bravo suggests the date may have been as late as 1530 – a supposition based on a lateral interpretation of historical and archaeological evidence, and on the theory Quéchua witnesses calculated their years on a different cycle to the Christian calendar, which in all probability is correct. Concepción Bravo Guerreira, ‘La Muerte de Huayna Cápac’, in Revista de Indias, Madrid, 1977, p. 722.
33.Acosta, Historia Natural, p. 325.
34.Cieza de León, Señorio de los Incas, p. 195.
The Last Conquistador Page 25