marriage 308–18, 319–24, 351, 416–17
move to London 359–60, 407–8
seeks his promotion 343–4, 357
and old age 407–9, 415–16
and politics 53, 70–2, 102, 345–6, 357–64, 415, 417
Irish Rebellion 375–7, 383–4, 388, 396–7
radicalism 71–2
portraits 50, 69–70, 151–2, 415–16
religious beliefs 322
and Sarah 121–2, 131–2, 134–5, 146, 261
flight 272–3, 275
and Napier 336–7
return to family 289, 333
and shell grotto 16
shopping commissions 64–5, 165–6, 171–5
views on women 71, 409
and younger sisters 83–4, 102–3, 116, 188–9, 277
see also Kildare, James Fitzgerald; Ogilvie, William
Lennox, George 149, 280
birth 12, 50
and death of parents 84
education 86
and Emily 317–18, 326
and Irish Rebellion 396
military career 85, 191, 334, 335–6
Lennox, Lady Louisa (wife of George) 332, 336
Lennox, Louisa (first), death 17
Lennox, Louisa (second)
appearance 114,149, 353
birth 12
and Bunbury 143,191
and Caroline 77, 113–14, 264–5, 303–5, 306–8
character
artistic talent 203
reserve 111–13, 399
sweetness of nature 110–11
tastes 351–2
death 420–2
and Emily 192, 200, 265, 280, 311, 350, 400–2
in childhood 83–4, 99, 189–90
Louisa’s marriage 111–16
and Ogilvie 301–2, 309, 312–15, 318, 319, 323, 326
and family division 346, 348, 349
family role 188, 190, 279–80, 287, 290, 311
health
and menstruation 229–30
in old age 419–20
as hostess 116, 118, 403
and Ireland 116
and Irish Rebellion 373–4, 378–80, 383–5, 394, 396
in London 168, 182–3
marriage x, 103–4, 105–8, 110, 116–19
childlessness 201, 206, 229
and Conolly’s infidelity 400–2
death of Conolly 399–400
as household manager 118, 211, 221, 223–5
views of 187
in old age 397, 408, 410–13, 417–18, 419–20
and philanthropy 352–3, 403, 407, 410–12
and politics 346, 353, 373–4, 378–80, 383–5, 410
religious views 221, 410–12, 419–21
and Sarah 111, 112–13, 188–9, 257, 399, 402
adopts daughter 349–50, 352, 398, 407
affairs 261–2, 264–8, 269
correspondence 286
flight 272–5, 279
and Irish Rebellion 383–4, 387–8, 390–3, 396
and Napier 336–7, 354
return to family 288–93, 332–4
shopping commissions 172, 174
travels abroad 417–18
see also Castletown; Conolly, Thomas
Lennox, Sarah
amateur theatricals 128, 155–6, 160, 264
and American colonists 334–5
and annuity 356
appearance 120, 121–2, 124–5, 259–60, 353–4, 406, 418
bilingualism 78
birth 12
blindness 406, 413, 418
and Bunbury
and affairs 263–4, 267–8, 269
childlessness 229
and flirtations 259–63
in London 146–7, 152, 156–7, 169
marriage x, 103, 137–40
married life 141–6, 259
separation and divorce 281–5, 289, 333
and Caroline 77, 113–14, 121, 123, 126–8, 134–9, 145, 288
character
card-playing 180, 260
as gossip 119–20, 145
self-hatred 130, 132, 259–62, 267–8, 271, 285, 333, 404
sexuality 119, 121
children 229, 253, 338, 340
daily occupation 117, 418
death 422–3
and Duc de Lauzun 259–62, 285
and Emily
in childhood 83–4, 99, 116, 119, 190
and Ogilvie 312–18, 319, 323, 326, 332
and family split 281, 346, 347, 348, 356–8, 364–5
and fashion 175
and George II 120–1
and George III x, 123–7, 129–34, 183, 271, 406, 415
and Gordon
and child xi, 266–7, 269–70
and family split 281
and flight 270–8, 342
and pregnancy 264–6
return to family 288–93, 332–4
and Irish Rebellion 369–70, 373, 375, 377–8, 380, 382–4, 393–4, 396–7
as letter-writer 96, 286, 333, 413–14
London home 407
London season 121–6
and Lord Carlisle 259, 260, 263
and Louisa see Lennox, Louisa
and Napier 335–8
career 340–3, 347–8, 364–7, 396
children 338, 340, 349–50, 355–6, 367–9, 413–15
his ill-health and death 403–6
life in Ireland 355, 359
marriage 338, 349, 353
in old age 408, 413–15, 418–19, 422–3
and politics 342–3, 346, 358, 364–5, 373, 375, 377–8, 396–7, 410, 415
portraits 153–4, 156, 203–4, 353
search for husband 121–6, 134–8
shopping 175–6, 293
and theatre 182–3
travels abroad 254, 259–62
views on women 358
see also Bunbury, Thomas Charles; Fox-Strangways, Lady Susan; Gordon, Lord William; Napier, George
Lennox family
circumstances x, 7–8
closeness 189–91,193
division 277–87, 289, 395–7
extended family connections 84–5, 149–50, 157, 409
hierarchy 191–3, 397
and political differences 345, 357–8, 396
letters
delivery 93
writing 93–7, 100, 188, 229
Lewins, Edward 380
Lizzie (illegitimate child of Henry Fox) 98–9
Locke, John 232, 243
London, as metropolitan centre 168–79
love see marriage
Lowther, Sir James 56
Luck, Mr (fencing master) 248
Lynch, Mrs (Emily’s housekeeper) 222, 251, 325, 327–8
M
Macartney, George 160
Macartney, George, 1st Earl 159
Magan, Francis 385
maids 213–14, 216, 217, 218, 228
Mann, Sir Horace 258
March, 1st Earl 2
March, 1st Earl see Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke
March, Lord (son of 3rd Duke of Richmond) 158, 181
Marlborough, Charles, 3rd Duke 29, 31
Marlborough, George Spencer, 4th Duke (see Spencer)
marriage
and dowry 57
as family concerns 10, 27, 84
and fidelity 72–3, 102, 241–2, 401–2
and love x, 11, 22, 27–8, 31, 135, 187, 241–2, 409
and role of women 208
and separation and divorce 281–4
Marriage Bill (1753) 88–9
McDermot, Miss 309
medicine, treatments x, 14, 40–2, 237–8
Mengs, Anton Raffael 104, 207
menstruation 229–30
Middleton, Dr 80–1
Milward (Caroline’s maid) 35, 222
Moira, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl 264, 367
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 100, 237, 253, 408
Montfaucon, Bernard de 114, 207
Moore, Gen. S
ir John 410
Moss, Mrs (nurse-keeper) 266
N
Napier, 5th Lord 335
Napier, Caroline (daughter of Sarah) 340, 403, 406–7, 413
Napier, Cecilia (daughter of Sarah) 340, 403, 406–7, 413
Napier, Charles James (son of Sarah) 338, 340, 368–9, 407, 414
Napier, Emily (daughter of Sarah) 340, 374, 390, 406–7, 417–20, 421–2
adopted by Louisa 349–50, 352, 398–9
marriage 409, 422
Napier, George
children 340, 349–50, 355–6, 367–8
debts 405–6, 407
ill-health and death 403–5
and Irish Rebellion 370, 378, 380, 384
life in Ireland 355
marriage to Sarah 338, 354
military career 335–7, 340–1, 347–8, 364–7, 396
poverty 340–3, 349
and Sarah’s annuity 356
Napier, Sir George Thomas (son of Sarah) 340, 414, 420–2
Napier, Henry (son of Sarah) 340, 409
Napier, Louisa (daughter of George Napier) 365–6, 403, 406–7, 413, 418–19
Napier, Mrs (1st wife of George) 336–7
Napier, Richard (son of Sarah) 340, 409, 414
Napier, Sarah see Lennox, Sarah
Napier, William (son of Sarah) 340, 368–9, 405, 409, 414–15
Nash, Richard (Beau Nash) 36
Nesbitt, Dr 2
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke 25, 43–6, 75–6, 90–1
Newton, Isaac 14–15
Nielson, Samuel 385
North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guildford 340–1, 344, 347–8
nurse-keeper 231–2, 266
O
O’Brien, Susan see Fox-Strangways, Lady Susan
O’Brien, William 183–8, 292
O’Connor, Arthur 371, 374–6, 381
Ogilvie, Cecilia 324, 325, 331, 343, 349, 350, 406, 417
Ogilvie, Charlotte 327, 397
Ogilvie, Mimi 329, 343, 349, 351, 388, 409
Ogilvie, William 286
affair with Emily 250–1, 279, 298–302, 305
education of Fitzgerald
children 245–50, 397
and Fox-Richmond divide 346–7, 349
and Irish Rebellion 382, 388, 392
and Lennox family 325–6
marriage to Emily 308–18, 319–32, 351, 355, 407, 416–17
in old age 424–6
and politics 363
promotion sought 343–5, 357
Ophaly, Lord George Fitzgerald (first son of Emily) 67, 128, 146, 233, 235
death 193–4, 195–6, 242, 329, 397
education 97
Opie, Amelia 415
Orange movement 372, 381
P
Paine, Tom 8, 339, 362, 370–1, 374, 393
painting, portrait 152–4
Pakenham, Adm. Sir Thomas 400, 422
Pampellone, Mr (schoolmaster) 97, 161
Paris, Peace of 162–4, 166
Patriot Party, Ireland 102–3, 104
Pearce, Dr 41
Pearce, Edward Lovatt 108
Pelham, Henry 25, 26, 43–5, 75, 85, 90
Pembroke, Count 2
Pembroke, Countess 2, 133
Peninsular War 369, 414, 417
Pitt, William (the elder) 45, 90–2, 182
Pitt, William (the younger) 204, 348, 357–8, 361, 368
and Ireland 371–2, 388
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke 344
Portsmouth, Duchess of see Kéroualle, Louise Renée de, Duchess of Portsmouth
Priestley, Joseph 63, 394–5
progress, belief in 102
Protestantism, Irish 53–4, 61–3, 71, 106
and Irish Rebellion 370–2, 381
and Louisa 411–12
R
radicalism
of Edward Fitzgerald 361–4, 374–6, 381–2, 385–6
of Emily 71, 260–1, 363–4, 395
French 259, 360–1
Irish 370–4
of Napiers 368
Ramsay, Allan 114, 149–53, 155
Ranelagh Gardens 134, 178–9
Reily, Mr (artist) 207–9
Reynolds, Joshua 50, 69–70, 105, 149–50, 152–6, 203–4, 207, 293, 353
Richardson, Samuel 99, 240, 241–2
Richmond, Charles Lennox, 1st Duke 7, 11
and coal trade 7–8
as Frenchman 8–9
gambling 9–10
and William III 9
Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke 2, 3
appearance 5
children 12, 78–9, 120
and coal trade 6–7, 8
as collector 14–15
and Henry Fox 22–9, 30–2, 43, 45–6, 75–8
illness and death 80–2, 83
and Kildare 49, 55–7
as Lord of the Bedchamber 11, 13, 120
marriage to Sarah Cadogan 10–11
as Master of the Horse 13–14, 45
reconciliation with Caroline and Fox 77–80, 83
Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke
birth 12, 50
and Caroline 77, 149, 279–80, 287, 303
death 410, 412
and Emily 314–15, 317, 325–6, 388, 393–4, 397
family role 84, 103, 191–2, 193–4
and Charles Fox 345–8, 356–7
and Henry Fox 84, 194
in government 343
Grand Tour 84, 85–6
illegitimate daughter 409
and Irish Rebellion 388, 396–7
and Louisa 280, 286
marriage to Lady Mary Bruce 98
as Master of the Ordnance 340–1, 348
mistress 259
and Sarah 137–8, 274–5, 278, 286, 288–90, 332–4, 337–8, 356
Richmond House, Lennox family home 5–6, 13–14, 47
Richmond, Mary, 3rd Duchess
and Emily 313–15
marriage 98
and Sarah 275, 293
Richmond, Sarah, 2nd Duchess 2, 3
children 12
as collector 16
death 81–2, 83
and Henry Fox 22, 24–9, 76–7
and Kildare 49, 55–6
as Lady of the Bedchamber 11, 13
marriage to Earl of March 10–11
reconciliation with Caroline 77–8
Rigby, Richard 87, 158, 162
Robinson, Sir Thomas 90
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquis 341, 344–5
Roman Catholics, in Ireland 53, 370–1, 381, 411–12
Ros, Charlotte de 409
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 101, 157, 238–45, 248, 301, 310, 330, 351, 355, 375, 415
Rowley (Emily’s maid) 251, 317, 325, 328
Royal Society 14
Royal Society of Antiquaries 14
Russell, John (foundling) 3
Russell, Lady Caroline 135
Ryan (officer) 385, 387
Ryder, Thomas 209
S
Sandford, Col. 52
scandal sheets, and Sarah’s affairs 263, 270–2
Sedgwick (Duke of Richmond’s secretary) 80
Selwyn, George 157, 158, 181, 262, 305–6
sensibility 159–60, 241–2, 409
separation 281–4
servants
at Carton 212–20
costs 228
relationships with 221–2
Sévigné, Mme de 95–6, 150, 158, 256, 366
Shee, Sir Martin Archer 415–16
Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl 158, 162–4, 345
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 59, 362
shopping 171–6
Sims, Pamela see Fitzgerald, Pamela
Smith, Revd Samuel 3
Smollett, Tobias 247
Soames, Mr 270, 273
Soames, Mrs (sister of Charles Bunbury) 270, 273
Society of Arts 14
Somerset, Charlotte, Duchess of 3
>
Spectator, The 183
Spencer, George (4th Duke of Marlborough) 126, 134–5
Spencer, Lady Betty 56
Spring Gardens, Sarah’s London house 157, 169
Stavordale, Lord 181
Sterne, Lawrence, Tristram Shandy 157, 247
steward 211–13, 216–17, 222–4, 228
Stoke, home of Lord George Lennox 264, 332, 335–6
Stoyte (butler at Carton) 214, 220
Stretton Hall, Staffs., Conolly home 108, 348–9
Strutt, Joseph, marriage to Charlotte Fitzgerald 358
Stuart, Prince Charles Edward (Bonnie Prince Charlie) 44–5, 76
Swale, John 283
T
Tandy, Napper 380
theatre 182–4, 244, 322
Thompson, Mr (tutor) 327
Tone, Wolfe 380
Townshend, Lady 157, 159, 409
travel, increase in 164
travels 122–3, 160, 161, 163–4, 167, 252, 254–5
Trembley, Abraham 86
Truesdale, Dr 41, 80, 109
U
United Irish movement 372, 374, 376–7, 380–3, 385–8
United Irishmen 364, 370–2, 374, 380–2
Upton, Clotworthy 158, 160–1, 254–5
V
Vauxhall Gardens 177–8
Vesey, Lady 157
Vesey, Mrs 100, 312
Voltaire, F.M.A. de 19–20, 74, 94, 150, 164, 172, 237, 257, 415
W
Walpole, Horace 95–6, 181, 254
and 2nd Duke of Richmond 10–11
and Caroline 30, 161
and Charles Fox 181–2
and Emily 58
and Henry Fox 157–8, 166
and Sarah 121, 124–5, 131, 156, 260
Walpole, Robert, and Henry Fox 43–4, 46, 56
Warren, Mr (drawing master) 203, 248
Way, Lewis 2
wet nurse ix, 213, 216, 218, 232–3, 267
Whigs, political philosophy 102, 322, 360–1
Wilkes, John 71, 194, 272, 395
Williams, Charles Hanbury 47, 78, 86, 157–8, 409
and marriage of Caroline and Henry Fox 28–9, 30–1
women
daily occupations 117
and politics 71, 346, 358
role of 100–2, 157, 160, 208, 243, 409
Wood, John (father) 37–8
Wood, John (son) 38
Y
Young, Edward 99
I WOULD LIKE to thank the staff of the following libraries, record offices and archives, without whom my research would not have been possible: the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the British Library, Cork University Library, the Photographic Survey in the Courtauld Institute, the Greater London Record Office, the Guildhall Library, the London Library, the Mellon Centre for the Study of British Art, the National Library of Ireland, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Register of Archives, Nottingham University Library, the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Trinity College Dublin, the West Suffolk Record Office, the Witt Library and the Yale Center for British Art.
Many individuals helped in researching the book and making its writing better and easier. First I must thank Dorothy Porter, whose dramatic rendition of the highlights of Sarah Lennox’s life gave me the germ of the book. Roy Porter’s steady supply of bibliographies and comments have been invaluable: the enthusiasm of both has been unflagging and accompanied with the bonus of multi-coloured Balkan Sobranies. Brian Moore advised me early on to keep my story firmly focused on the sisters’ lives and I have tried to do just that despite the temptations of the lives of Charles James Fox and Lord Edward Fitzgerald that haunted the narrative. Jayne Lewis read the earliest bits of manuscript and I gratefully absorbed her encouragement. Simon Schama’s enthusiasm and optimism has been like a beacon on the horizon, making me feel that the world of infinite words and boundless confidence is possible; he and Ginny Papaiannou have also been friends and co-conspirators in a host of plans. John Brewer has been everything to me and I am tempted to thank him for cooking, child-minding and proof-reading and to add that without him none of this would have been possible.
Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740 - 1832 Page 48