by Clint Watts
CHAPTER 7: POSTMORTEM
1.Craig Silverman, “This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook,” Buzzfeed News (November 16, 2016). https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.fw8MNAMD0#.wf9qNQqdz.
2.Jacob Poushter, “Not Everyone in Advanced Economies Is Using Social Media,” Pew Research Center (April 20, 2017). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/20/not-everyone-in-advanced-economies-is-using-social-media.
3.Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, Hal Roberts, and Ethan Zuckerman, “Study: Breitbart-Led Right-Wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda,” Columbia Journalism Review (March 3, 2017). https://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php.
4.Ned Parker, Jonathan Landay, and John Walcott, “Putin-Linked Think Tank Drew Up Plan to Sway 2016 US Election—Documents,” Reuters (April 19, 2017). http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-election-exclusive-idUSKBN17L2N3.
5.“Digital Nation Data Explorer,” National Telecommunications and Information Administration (October 27, 2016). https://www.ntia.doc.gov/data/digital-nation-data-explorer#sel=internetUser&disp=map.
6.“Presidential Results,” CNN (Accessed March 19, 2018). http://www.cnn.com/election/results/president.
7.Chengcheng Shao, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Onur Varol, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer, “The Spread of Fake News by Social Bots,” Indiana University, Bloomington (July 24, 2017). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318671211_The_spread_of_fake_news_by_social_bots.
8.Mike Isaac and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Russian Influence Reached 126 Million Through Facebook Alone,” The New York Times (October 30, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/technology/face book-google-russia.html.
9.Donie O’Sullivan, “Russian Trolls Created Facebook Events Seen by More than 300,000 Users,” CNNMoney (January 26, 2018). http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/26/media/russia-trolls-facebook-events/index.html.
10.Rob Price, “Google Has Detailed How Russia Tried to Use Its Platforms to Influence US Politics,” Business Insider (October 31, 2017). http://www.businessinsider.com/google-report-russian-election-meddling-us-congress-testimony-2017-10.
11.Spencer Ackerman, Gideon Resnick, and Ben Collins, “Exclusive: Russia Recruited YouTubers to Bash ‘Racist B*tch’ Hillary Clinton Over Rap Beats,” The Daily Beast (August 10, 2017). https://www.thedailybeast.com/russia-recruited-youtubers-to-bash-racist-btch-hillary-clinton-over-rap-beats.
12.Olivia Solon and Sabrina Siddiqui, “Russia-Backed Facebook Posts ‘Reached 126m Americans’ during US Election,” The Guardian (October 30, 2017). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/30/facebook-russia-fake-accounts-126-million.
13.Ben Collins, Kevin Poulsen, Spencer Ackerman, and Betsy Woodruff, “Trump Campaign Staffers Pushed Russian Propaganda Days Before the Election,” The Daily Beast (October 18, 2017). https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-campaign-staffers-pushed-russian-propaganda-days-before-the-election.
14.Kevin Collier, “Prominent “GOP” Twitter Account, Allegedly a Russian Troll, Was Widely Quoted in US Media,” Buzzfeed (October 18, 2017). https://www.buzzfeed.com/kevincollier/americans-helped-spread-an-alleged-russian-gop-accounts?utm_term=.xd6GxOGVj#.atE3z53VQ.
15.Robert Windrem, “Guess Who Came to Dinner With Flynn and Putin,” NBC News (April 18, 2017). http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/guess-who-came-dinner-flynn-putin-n742696.
16.Josh Rogin, “Trump Campaign Guts GOP’s Anti-Russia Stance on Ukraine,” The Washington Post (July 18, 2016). https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/trump-campaign-guts-gops-anti-russia-stance-on-ukraine/2016/07/18/98adb3b0-4cf3-11e6-a7d8-13d06b37f256_story.html.
17.Jack Gillum, Chad Day, and Jeff Horwitz, “Manafort Firm Received Ukraine Ledger Payout,” Associated Press (April 12, 2017). https://www.apnews.com/20cfc75c82eb4a67b94e624e97207e23.
18. Elliot Hannon, “U.S. Reportedly Intercepted Suspected Russian Agents’ Chatter That Manafort Asked for Their Help With Clinton,” Slate (August 3, 2017). http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/08/03/u_s_intelligence_reportedly_intercepted_russian_operatives_chatter_about.html.
19.Carol D. Leonnig, Tom Hamburger, and Rosalind S. Helderman, “Trump’s Business Sought Deal on a Trump Tower in Moscow While He Ran for President,” The Washington Post (August 27, 2017). https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-business-sought-deal-on-a-trump-tower-in-moscow-while-he-ran-for-president/2017/08/27/d6e95114-8b65-11e7-91d5-ab4e4bb76a3a_story.html.
20.Adam Goldman, “Russian Spies Tried to Recruit Carter Page Before He Advised Trump,” The New York Times (April 4, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/us/politics/carter-page-trump-russia.html.
21.“Trump Tower Russia meeting: At least eight people in the room,” CNN (July 15, 2017). http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/politics/donald-trump-jr-meeting/index.html.
22.“Read the emails on Donald Trump Jr.’s Russia Meeting,” The New York Times (July 11, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/07/11/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-email-text.html.
23.Euan McKirdy and Mary Ilyushina, “Putin: ‘Patriotic’ Russian Hackers May Have Targeted US Election,” CNN (June 2, 2017). http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/russia-putin-hackers-election/index.html.
24.Max Kutner, “Russian Embassy in London Joins in Seth Rich Murder Speculation,” Newsweek (May 19, 2017). http://www.newsweek.com/russian-embassy-twitter-seth-rich-murder-dnc-612446.
25.Ekaterina Blinova, “Unresolved Murder: Why Seth Rich’s Case is Key to #TrumpRussia Investigation,” Sputnik (June 2, 2017). https://sputnik news.com/politics/201706021054260081-seth-rich-trump-russia; and Russian embassy, UK (@RussianEmbassy), “#WikiLeaks informer Seth Rich murdered in US but (UK Flag) MSM was so busy accusing Russian hackers to take notice.” Twitter, May 19, 2017. https://twitter.com/russianembassy/status/865571158862811136?lang=en.
26.Russian Embassy, UK (@RussianEmbassy), “#Wikileaks informer Seth Rich murdered in US but [UK Flag] MSM was so busy accusing Russian hackers to take notice.”
27.Emily Steel, “Lawsuit Asserts White House Role in Fox News Article on Seth Rich,” The New York Times (August 1, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/business/media/seth-rich-fox-news-white-house-lawsuit.html.
28.Michael Schwirtz and Joseph Goldstein, “Russian Espionage Piggybacks on a Cybercriminal’s Hacking,” The New York Times (March 12, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/12/world/europe/russia-hacker-evgeniy-bogachev.html; and Garrett M. Graff, “Inside the Hunt For Russia’s Most Notorious Hacker,” Wired (March 21, 2017). https://www.wired.com/2017/03/russian-hacker-spy-botnet.
29.Павел Седаков, “Контракт со взломом: как хакер построила бизнес за счет банков и корпораций” Forbes (November 12, 2014). http://www.forbes.ru/tekhnologii/internet-i-svyaz/275355-kontrakt-na-ugrozu-kak-khaker-stroit-biznes-na-zashchite-bankov. For more on Esage Lab and Neuron Hackerspace see: http://esagelab.com/neuronspace; and Andy Greenberg, “How an Entire Nation Became Russia’s Test Lab For Cyberwar,” Wired (June 20, 2017). https://www.wired.com/story/russian-hackers-attack-ukraine.
30.Alan Rappeport and Neil MacFarquhar, “Trump Imposes New Sanctions on Russia Over Ukraine Incursion,” The New York Times (June 20, 2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/world/europe/united-states-sanctions-russia-ukraine.html.
31.Jack Losh, “Putin’s Angels: The Bikers Battling for Russia in Ukraine,” The Guardian (January 29, 2016). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/russian-biker-gang-in-ukraine-night-wolves-putin.
32.Sarah Lyall, “Spies Like Us: A Conversation with John le Carre and Ben Macintyre,” The New York Times (August 25, 2017). https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/books/review/john-le-carre-ben-macintyre-british-spy-thrillers.html.
33.Seva Gunitsky, “Commentary: Fascism Spread in 1930s America. It Could Spread Again Today,” Chicago Tribune (August 16, 2017). http://ww
w.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-trump-fascism-nazis-hitler-0170816-story.html.
34.Amanda Taub, “How Stable Are Democracies? ‘Warning Signs Are Flashing Red,’” The New York Times (November 29, 2016). https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/americas/western-liberal-democracy.html.
35.Amy Erica Smith, “Do Americans Still Believe in Democracy?,” The Washington Post (April 9, 2016). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/09/do-americans-still-believe-in-democracy.
36.Ariel Malka and Yphtach Lelkes, “In a New Poll, Half of Republicans Say They Would Support Postponing the 2020 Election if Trump Proposed It,” The Washington Post (August 10, 2017). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/08/10/in-a-new-poll-half-of-republicans-say-they-would-support-postponing-the-2020-election-if-trump-proposed-it.
37.“Torch-wielding protestors gather at Lee Park,” The Daily Progress (May 13, 2017). http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/torch-wielding-protesters-gather-at-lee-park/article_201dc390-384d-11e7-bf16-fb43de0f5d38.html.
38.Dan MacGuill, “Torch-Bearing White Supremacists Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia,” Snopes (May 15, 2017). https://www.snopes.com/2017/05/15/torches-rally-charlottesville.
39.Brandon Wall (@Walldo), “‘Assad did nothing wrong’”–Baked Alaska at UVA tonight. ‘Barrel bombs, hell yeah!’,” Twitter (August 11, 2017). https://twitter.com/walldo/status/896212779069186049?lang=en.
40.Liz Sly and Rick Noack, “Syria’s Assad Has Become an Icon of the Far Right in America,” The Washington Post (August 14, 2017). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/13/syrias-assad-has-become-an-unexpected-icon-of-the-far-right-in-america/?utm_term=.dd687a3d3e82.
41.Roland Oliphant, “Montenegro Defies Russia to Join Nato as Alliance’s 29th Member,” The Telegraph (June 5, 2017). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/05/montenegro-joins-nato-alliances-29th-member.
42.Alec Luhn, “Montenegro Finds Itself at Heart of Tensions with Russia As It Joins Nato,” The Guardian (May 25, 2017). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/25/montenegro-tensions-russia-joins-nato-member.
43.“Kremlin Rejects Claims Russia Had Role in Montenegro Coup Plot,” The Guardian (February 20, 2017). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/20/russian-state-bodies-attempted-a-coup-in-montene gro-says-prosecutor.
44.Predrag Milic, “Montenegro: ‘Nationalists from Russia’ Organized Assassination Attempt Against Prime Minister Djukanovic,” Associated Press (November 21, 2016). http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/montenegro-nationalists-from-russia-organized-assassination-attempt-against-prime-minister-djukanovic.
45.Daniella Diaz, “Watch President Trump Push a Prime Minister Aside,” CNN (May 25, 2017). http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/25/politics/trump-pushes-prime-minister-nato-summit/index.html.
46.Melanie Hall, “Russia ‘Trying to Destabilise’ Germany by Stoking Unrest over Migrants, Warn Spy Chiefs,” The Telegraph (March 10, 2016). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/12190353/Russia-trying-to-destabilise-Germany-by-stoking-unrest-over-migrants-warn-spy-chiefs.html.
47.Damien McGuinness, “Russia Steps in Berlin ‘Rape’ Storm Claiming German Cover-Up,” BBC News (January 27, 2016). http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-eu-35413134.
48.Benjamin Bidder, “Russland Wirft deutschen Behorden Vertuschung vor,” Spiegel (January 26, 2016). http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/berlin-lawrow-zu-angeblicher-vergewaltigung-von-13-jaehriger-a-1073933.html; and Adam Withnall, “Russian-German Girl ‘Admits Making Up’ Claim She Was Raped by Refugees in Berlin,” Independent (January 31 2016). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-german-girl-admits-making-up-claim-she-was-raped-by-refugees-in-berlin-a6845256.html.
49.Alexey Kovalev, “The Secrets of Russia’s Propaganda War, Revealed,” The Moscow Times (March 1, 2017). https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/welcome-to-russian-psychological-warfare-operations-101-57301.
50.Rosie Gray, “The ‘Macron Leaks’ Rebel in the Briefing Room,” The Atlantic (May 10, 2017). https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/the-macron-leaks-rebel-in-the-briefing-room/526065.
51.Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 68 (March 12, 1788), in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States, ed. Robert Scigliano (New York: Modern Library, 2000), 436.
52.“Ex-Russian Ambassador to US Kislyak Surprised by US Efforts to Track Sputnik, RT,” Sputnik (August 5, 2017). https://sputniknews.com/us/201708051056210952-kislyak-surprise-us-track-sputnik.
CHAPTER 8: STARING AT THE MEN WHO STARE AT GOATS
1.The contents and select declassified communications recovered from the raid on Osama bin Laden’s Abbottabad, Pakistan, compound can be accessed at the Director of National Intelligence website at “Bin Laden’s Bookshelf,” published on May 20, 2015. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/features/bin-laden-s-bookshelf.
2.Thomas Shanker, “Defense Secretary Urges More Spedning for U.S. Diplomacy,” The New York Times (November 27, 2007). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/washington/27gates.html.
3.An overview of the U.S. Information Agency’s mission and activities can be found in this 1998 summary: http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/usia home/oldoview.htm#overview.
4.Jacob Silverman, “The State Department’s Twitter Jihad,” Politico (July 22, 2014). https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/07/the-state-departments-twitter-jihad-109234.
5.Michael Lumpkin, “As ISIS Evolves, U.S. Counter-Efforts Must Advance, Lumpkin Says”, interview by Renee Montagne, Morning Edition, NPR, https://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465106713/as-isis-evolves-u-s-counter-efforts-must-advance-lumpkin-says.
CHAPTER 9: FROM PREFERENCE BUBBLES TO SOCIAL INCEPTION
1.Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think, Penguin Books (April 24, 2012). https://www.amazon.com/Filter-Bubble-Personalized-Changing-Think/dp/0143121235.
2.Tom Nichols, “The Death Of Expertise,” The Federalist (January 17, 2014) http://thefederalist.com/2014/01/17/the-death-of-expertise.
3.Thomas Jocelyn, “Abu Qatada Provides Jihadists with Ideological Guidance from a Jordanian Prison,” The Long War Journal (April 30, 2014). https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/jihadist_ideologue_p.php; and Spencer Ackerman, Shiv Malik, Ali Younes, and Mustafa Khalili, “Al-Qa’ida ‘Cut Off and Ripped Apart by Isis,’” The Guardian (June 15, 2015). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/10/isis-onslaught-has-broken-al-qaida-its-spiritual-leaders-admit.
4.William McCants, “The Believer,” Brookings (September 1, 2015). http://csweb.brookings.edu/content/research/essays/2015/thebeliever.html.
5.Seth Borenstein, “Trump science job nominees missing advanced science degrees,” Associated Press (December 5, 2017). https://www.apnews.com/fc357285cc2d491abfa5cc0d817603ba.
6.Lauren Etter, “What Happens When the Government Uses Facebook as a Weapon?” Bloomberg Businessweek (December 7, 2017). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-12-07/how-rodrigo-duterte-turned-facebook-into-a-weapon-with-a-little-help-from-facebook.
CHAPTER 10: SURVIVING IN A SOCIAL MEDIA WORLD
1.Howard Schultz, “Howard Schultz: The Star of Starbucks,” interview by Scott Pelley, 60 Minutes, CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-schultz-the-star-of-starbucks.
2.Carl Bialik, “Starbucks Stays Mum on Drink Math,” The Wall Street Journal (April 2, 2008). https://blogs.wsj.com/numbers/starbucks-stays-mum-on-drink-math-309/.
3.Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve (State College, PA: Penn State University, (2002), 581.
4.“Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey: Preliminary Results,” The Saguaro Seminar Civic Engagement in America, JFK School of Government, Harvard University (2001). https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/saguaro/communitysurvey/results3.html.
5.James Wood, “Tocqueville in America: The Grand Journey, Retraced and Reimagined,” The New Yorker
(May 17, 2010). https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/05/17/tocqueville-in-america.
6.“Do Social Media threaten Democracy?” The Economist, (November 4, 2017). https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730871-facebook-google-and-twitter-were-supposed-save-politics-good-information-drove-out.
7.Allan J. Kimmel and Robert Keefer, “Psychological Correlates of the Transmission of Rumors About AIDS,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21, no. 19 (October 1991), 1608–28. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00490.x/full.
8.Craig Silverman, Lauren Strapagiel, Hamza Shaban, Ellie Hall, and Jeremy Singer-Vine, “Hyperpartisan Facebook Page Publishing False and Misleading Information at an Alarming Rate,” Buzzfeed News (October 20, 2016). https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/partisan-fb-pages-analysis?utm_term=.rmZZVOZpG#.skWnzJnkQ.
9.Robert H. Knapp, “A Psychology of Rumor,” Public Opinion Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1944), 22–7. https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/8/1/22/1914214?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
10.Craig Silverman, “Lies, Damn Lies and Viral Content: How News Websites Spread (And Debunk) Online Rumors, Unverified Claims and Misinformation,” Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School (February 15, 2015), 28. https://towcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LiesDamnLies_Silverman_TowCenter.pdf.
11.Prashant Bordia and Nicholas DiFonzo, Rumor Psychology: Social and Organizational Approaches (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2007).
12.Adam Alter, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), 28.
13.Peter Walker, “Facebook Makes You Unhappy and Makes Jealous People Particularly Sad, Study Finds,” The Independent (December 22, 2016). http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/facebook-social-media-make-unhappy-jealous-people-particularly-sad-copenhagen-university-study-a7490816.html.
14.Kayleigh Lewis, “Heavy Social Media Users ‘Trapped in Endless Cycle of Depression,” The Independent (March 24 2016). https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/social-media-depression-facebook-twitter-health-young-study-a6948401.html.