by Iain Overton
63.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/124/5/1495.full; they include the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in addition to American Academy of Pediatrics.
64.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/11/06/peds.2013-1600.abstract
65.
http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sandy-hook-shooter-linked-violent-404576
66.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1j-vrxGXSXE
67.
http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/4/0/10405979/ppmc_-_vvgs_and_real-world_violence.pdf
68.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI1fNjdeOvY#t=46
Chapter 12: The Traders
1.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-8-summary-EN.pdf; the trade in ammunition is estimated at some $4.26 billion.
2.
The total value of the global arms trade in 2011 was estimated to be at least $43 billion. The true figure is likely to be higher: http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/measuring/financial_values; http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/file-admin/docs/A-Yearbook/2001/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2001-Chapter-04-EN.pdf
3.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2001/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2001-Chapter-04-EN.pdf
4.
http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/06/30/un_report_puts_worlds_illicit_drug_trade_at_estimated_321b/
5.
http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf
6.
According to the UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database – http://comtrade.un.org – a rise from $434,834,395 to $1,485,328,055. Admittedly, it is almost impossible to get accurate figues on this. These figures serve as an indication only.
7.
Of which about 4.5 million were firearms – 30,592,599 – as listed in: http://comtrade.un.org; http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2009/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2009-Chapter-01-EN.pdf/
8.
Figures for 2011: http://nisatapps.prio.org/armsglobe/index.php
9.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/F-Working-papers/SAS-WP14-US-Firearms-Industry.pdf
10.
http://shotshow.org
11.
It’s no surprise that the Shot Show brings in an estimated $73 million to Las Vegas.
12.
http://shotshow.org/press/newsroom/
13.
Of those, 51,438 are retail gun stores, 7,356 are pawn shops, 61,562 are collectors; http://abcnews.go.com/US/guns-america-statistical/story?id=17939758. The biggest dealer of all is Walmart. In 2011, in an attempt to revive flagging sales, the retailer decided to expand gun sales to just over half of its 3,982 stores nationwide – including in some urban areas. The company now sells 400 gun makes in its stores. Sales have been brisk, and the FBI received nearly 16.8 million background check requests from the store in 2012 alone. For McDonald’s numbers see: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/17/mcdonalds-restaurants-where-are-they
14.
Garen J. Wintemute of the University of California carried out a survey in 2011 on the characteristics of licensed firearm retailers and retail establishments in America. Respondents to the survey had a median age of 54; 89 per cent were male; and 97.6 per cent were white. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579296/
15.
http://www.freedom-group.com/2011_10-K.pdf; specifically ‘long gun sales’.
16.
http://www.colt.com/Catalog/BoltActionRifles.aspx
17.
http://www.redfield.com/redfield-revenge/
18.
For a fascinating account of the rise of Glock, read Paul Barrett on the same: http://www.amazon.com/Glock-The-Rise-Americas-Gun/dp/0307719952
19.
Sig Sauer, Beretta and Taurus: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/F-Working-papers/SAS-WP14-US-Firearms-Industry.pdf
20.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/2014/01/140113_witn_kalashnikov.shtml
21.
http://www.cityam.com/207632/russias-kalashnikov-be-made-us-after-sanctions-import-ban
22.
http://www.jcf.gov.jm/article/statement-police-high-command-0; http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jamaica-police-charged-killing-pregnant-woman
23.
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/NEWS/DPP-rules-that-accused-St-Thomas-killer-cop-be-charged-with-murder; http://library.jcsc.edu.jm/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/31/Forcepercent20Orderspercent203281Apercent202010-04-22.pdf?sequence=1
24.
http://us.glock.com/products/sector/law-enforcement
25.
Data from http://www.fatalencounters.org
26.
Richard Jones, Jane’s Infantry Weapons 2009–2010 (London: Jane’s Information Group, 2009) p. 897; http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/iraq; http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iraq/ips.htm
27.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VEykPjHWp8&feature=related; http://www.uasvision.com/2012/09/12/belarus-bypasses-eu-sanctions-to-buy-german-engines-for-uas/; https://freedomhouse.org/fair-play-beyond-sports/timeline-20-years-human-rights-abuses-belarus; https://euobserver.com/foreign/117489
28.
http://en.apa.az/news/204647; http://www.hrw.org/europecentral-asia/azerbaijan
29.
http://www.jpost.com/Israel/We-had-no-choice; http://www.isayeret.com/guides/weapons.shtml; http://www.hrw.org/middle-eastn-africa/israel-palestine
30.
http://indecom.gov.jm/2013%20Statistics%20Press%20Release.pdf
31.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/jamaica/report-2011
32.
The Glock USA sale to Jamaica was legal and passed export controls.
33.
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/267292/pnp-nears-p1-b-deal-to-buy-60000-guns
34.
http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/06/27/philippine-national-police-buy-14000-glock-17-pistols/
35.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/world/asia/report-condemns-police-torture-in-philippines.html?_r=0; http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/16/statement-extrajudicial-killings-philippines
36.
http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/asia-pacific/philippine-police-warned-dont-sell-off-your-brand-new-glock; http://www.cordilleraism.com/2014/08/policeman-kills-two-men-in-shooting.html
37.
It had the serial number PNP 03283: http://www.baguiomidlandcourier.com.ph/front.asp?mode=archives/2014/august/8-10-2014/front3.txt
38.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-28291070
39.
http://international.sueddeutsche.de/post/93766223555/the-dubious-colombia-exports-of-german-arms; http://www.icij.org/blog/2014/08/tracking-cross-border-weapons-trade-youtube
40.
http://international.sueddeutsche.de/post/93766223555/the-dubious-colombia-exports-of-german-arms
41.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/oberndorf-german-town-armed-world-heckler-kock
42.
http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/09/mexico-widespread-rights-abuses-war-drugs
43.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/oberndorf-german-town-armed-world-heckler-kock
44.
Freedom of Information requests are often denied when related to matters of national security or business.
45.
http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/eu-consortium/publications/publications/non-proliferation-paper-7
46.
http://test.pmddtc.state.gov/reports/congnotices/113
/12-164.pdf
47.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2009/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2009-Chapter-01-EN.pdf
48.
http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476#
49.
In China there are four state-owned enterprises authorised to export guns – Norinco, Poly Technologies, Jing’an Import and Export Corporation, and China Xinxing Import and Export Company.
50.
Based on UN Comtrade and estimates.
51.
Several other states in Asia have imported guns from China, with Pakistan and Bangladesh being the most prominent, and there has been a reported rise in sales to Latin America in recent years. In the Middle East, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Qatar also imported guns from China between 2006 and 2010. Iran has also been a major recipient of Chinese guns since the Iran–Iraq War, though there have been recent reports suggesting they have since wound down their arms sales there.
52.
http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP38.pdf
53.
http://www.voanews.com/content/china-says-it-was-unaware-arms-dealers-met-with-gadhafi-repre sentatives-129252233/144797.html
54.
Chinese officials acknowledged that the meeting took place and a delegation from the Gaddafi regime visited Chinese arms companies in Beijing in July 2011 to discuss arms contracts.
55.
http://www.poa-iss.org/CASAUpload/ELibrary/S-2008-371-Ex-Liberia-E.pdf
56.
Rosoboronexport announced a record number of contracts in 2012: http://vz.ru/news/2013/2/13/620142.html
57.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2013/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2013-Chapter-08-Annexes-8.1-8.2-EN.pdf
58.
http://english.pravda.ru/news/russia/01-03-2001/39602-0/
59.
http://cms.privatelabel.co.za/pls/cms/iac.page?p_t1=2245&p_t2=0&p_t3=0&p_t4=0&p_dynamic=YP&p_content_id=227743&p_site_id=113
60.
In 1993, US President Bill Clinton said: ‘The situation in Angola constitutes a threat to international peace and security’; arms transfers to Angola were also subject to a UN Security Council Resolution 864, barring certain transfers.
61.
Data available on www.equasis.com; https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/6.Firearms.pdf
62.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095300
63.
http://www.slideshare.net/RobSentseBc/the-odessa-network; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306
64.
http://nisatapps.prio.org/armsglobe/index.php
65.
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/16/international/europe/16ammo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
66.
C. J. Chivers, The Gun (Harmondsworth: Penguin 2010), p. 368.
67.
Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot, The International Arms Trade (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012).
68.
http://molodyvcheny.in.ua/files/journal/2014/8/26.pdf
69.
http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-worlds-4th-largest-arms-exporter-in-2012-according-to-sipri-321878.html
70.
http://polemika.com.ua/news-29257.html; http://www.globalinitiative.net/wpfb-file/c4ads-the-odessa-network-mapping-facilitators-of-russian-and-ukranian-arms-transfers-sept-2013-pdf/
71.
http://www.oktport.com.ua/index.php?view=image&format=raw&type=img &id=13&option=com_joomgallery&Itemid=5
72.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/ukrainian-port-eyed-as-analysts-seek-syrias-arms-source/2013/09/07/f61b0082-1710-11e3-a2ec-b47e45e6f8ef_story.html
73.
http://www.businessinsider.com/putin-ukraine-and-syria-2014-3
74.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/7/hannaford-the-case-of-the-misreported-ship/#ixzz3Di677xCK
75.
Their fleet includes LS Aizenshtat, Ocean Fortune, Ocean Winner, Ocean Force, Ocean Energy and Ocean Power.
76.
http://ylpr.yale.edu/inter_alia/collection-gap-explained-white-collar-practitioners-view
77.
http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1164991/originalc4ads complaint.txt
Chapter 13: The Smugglers
1.
http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=cc2_1384056914; http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2014_106.pdf; intriguingly, despite official statements stating that there were arms on board, the Security Council Report concluded that ‘no arms were onboard’, despite reports and photographs such as this: http://www.news.com.au/world/cargo-ship-nour-m-stopped-and-20000-kalashnikov-assault-rifles-found/story-fndir2ev-1226756397670 and here http://www.jacarandafm.com/post/greek-coastguard-halts-ship-carrying-20000-kalashnikovs/
2.
http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2013/11/09/greek-coastguard-intercepts-sierra-leone-flagged-vessel-with-20000-kalansikov-rifles
3.
The Greek Coastguard issued a statement saying: ‘The exact destination of the arms and ammunition has yet to be verified.’ The captain and seven of his crew, two other Turks and five Indians, were arrested. It should be noted, though, that the information systems from which the Greek media get their data do also warn that their data is not official and cannot be used for commercial or navigation purposes. It would, therefore, be presumptuous to come to hard conclusions without an official report.
4.
http://www.vesselfinder.com/news/1700-VIDEO-Cargo-ship-Nour-M-sinks-in-Rhodes-due-to-bad-weather
5.
Intriguingly, perhaps, there was some suggestion on chat boards that the Greek authorities considered giving the seized rifles to the Greek National Guard (see here: http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?232274-Greece-stops-ship-carrying-20-000-Kalashnikov-guns). If this is the case, then the Security Council were misled when they were told that there were no rifles (see above). Perhaps, given Greece’s financial crisis, the government saw this as an easy way to arm themselves. Or perhaps there were no weapons to begin with, and the authorities, the media or both misspoke.
6.
http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/10/26/01003-20101026AR TFIG00809-odessa-fait-de-la-resistance.php
7.
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/magazine/arms-and-the-man. html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
8.
http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cp/ukraine
9.
Andrew Feinstein, The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade (London: Penguin, 2012), p. 118.
10.
So renowned did Ukraine’s merchants of death become that Nicolas Cage’s character in the film Lord of War was made into a Ukrainian-American arms dealer, even though the character was based on the arms dealer Victor Bout, who was Russian.
11.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/02/viktor-bout-arms-trade; http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jul/09/armstrade.iantraynor
12.
http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2003/02/3/4371494/; http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/minin.html
13.
In 1992, when arms dealer Monzer al-Kassar wanted to ship arms into Croatia, he presented a Polish supplier with a certificate that was supposed to have been issued by the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, even though that country had not existed for two years: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/02/08/the-trafficker
14.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/dc3029.doc.htm
15.
http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21604234-fight-against-corruption-steep-uphill-battle-ostrich-zoo-and-vintage-cars
16.
Aaron Karp, 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian Firearms – Annexe Online’, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), Ch
apter 2 (Annexe 4), p. 67. Between 2004 and 2011, the United Nations Monitoring Group reported almost 50,000 instances involving the transfer of small arms and light weapons in Somalia.
17.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2007/en/full/Small-Arms-Survey-2007-Chapter-08-EN.pdf
18.
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2013/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2013-Chapter-11-EN.pdf
19.
Ibid.
20.
Ibid.
21.
C. J. Chivers, The Gun (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2010), p. 381.
22.
Though, reportedly, thirteen people still had to have amputations following the punishment: L. E. Graham and R. C. Parke, ‘The Northern Ireland Troubles and Limb Loss: A Retrospective Study’, Prosthetics and Orthotics International 28, 3, 2004, pp. 225–9.
23.
Loose Minute to PS. US of S Northern Ireland, Losses of UDR Weapons – Comparison of Losses of Weapons Between Battalions of UDR and Incidents of Suspected Collusion, 1 August 1972.