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The Company Town

Page 29

by Hardy Green


  24 Rhodes describes the debate over the bomb’s use in The Making of the Atomic Bomb, pp. 617-649; Stimson’s diary is quoted in Nichols, The Road to Trinity, p. 165.

  25 Robinson, The Oak Ridge Story, pp. 106-107; “Atom Bombs Made in 3 Hidden ‘Cities’”; Olwell, At Work in the Atomic City, p. 67; Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, pp. 734-735; Hales, Atomic Spaces, pp. 356-359.

  26 Johnson and Jackson, City Behind a Fence, pp. 167, 185, 204-205; Robinson, The Oak Ridge Story, pp. 49, 101, 128-129; Olwell, At Work in the Atomic City, pp. 70-71, 100, 131; Daniel Lang, “The Atomic City,” New Yorker, September 29, 1945; “Stopover at Oak Ridge: Atomic City Attracts Increasing Number of Drivers on Cross-Country Tours,” New York Times, October 14, 1951; “Nuclear Sites May Be Toxic in Perpetuity, Report Finds,” New York Times, August 8, 2000, p. A16; “Work on Weapons Affected Health, Government Says,” New York Times, July 15, 1999, p. A12; William Yardley, “No More Bomb-Making, but Work Aplenty,” New York Times, September 11, 2008; Oak Ridge National Laboratory Web site, www.ornl.gov; Wikipedia entry for Oak Ridge, Tennessee, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee.

  27 Gilbert Millstein, “No Atomic Jitters in the Atomic Capital,” New York Times Magazine, November 25, 1951.

  28 “National Briefing South: Tennessee: Nuclear Weapons Plant to Reopen,” New York Times, March 15, 2003.

  Chapter 8: A World Transformed

  1 Futurama sound track and film at www.youtube.com/watch?v=74cO9X4NMb4.

  2 Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), p. 26; Don Graf, Convenience for Research: Buildings for the Bell Telephone Laboratory Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey (New York: Voorhees, Walker, Foley and Smith, Architects and Engineers, 1944); Jeremy Bernstein, Three Degrees Above Zero: Bell Labs in the Information Age (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984), pp. viii, 7-9, 173; David W. Dunlap, “The Office as Architectural Touchstone,” New York Times, March 2, 2008; Truman A. Hartshorn, “Industrial/Office Parks: A New Look For the City,” Journal of Geography 62 (March 1973): 33.

  3 William H. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center (New York: Doubleday, 1988), pp. 290-306, 341.

  4 FedEx’s facility is described in Barbara E. Hampton, “Why Corporate Campuses Make Sense in All Economic Conditions,” Site Selection (January 2002): 49.

  5 “Destination: Kohler” Web site, www.destinationkohler.com/hotel/tac/tac_index.html.

  6 Walter H. Uphoff, Kohler on Strike: Thirty Years of Conflict (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 3-28, 35-95, 124-158, 201, 257-316, and passim; “Labor Notes: What Is News” and Gunnar Mickelson, “The Kohler Myth Dies,” The Nation, August 15, 1934; “Kohler’s Paternalism Policy Fails to Head Off Labor Trouble,” BusinessWeek , May 24, 1952; for an example of Herbert Kohler’s public statements see the widely circulated Can a Free Economy Tolerate Union Violence? An Address Given by Herbert V. Kohler, President of Kohler Co., Given Before the Economic Club of Detroit, February 25, 1957 (Kohler, WI: Kohler Co., n.d.).

  7 “Kohler Appeals NLRB Order to Reinstate Most Strikers; Union Asks More Rehiring,” Wall Street Journal, August 29, 1960; “Kohler, Union Agree on First Pact Since Strike Began in 1954,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 1962; “Kohler’s 11-Year Dispute with UAW Terminated by Pay, Pension Accord,” Wall Street Journal, December 20, 1965.

  8 “Grandson of Founder of Kohler Co. Named Its Chairman and Chief,” Wall Street Journal, June 30, 1972; “Golf Journal: The Way a Golf Trip Ought to Be,” Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2006; “Golf Journal: The Vanity Project for Golf Fanatics,” Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2006; “How Much Is That Faucet in the Honeymoon Suite? Kohler, Cuisinart, Viking Step Up Marketing Efforts Via Company-Owned Resorts,” Wall Street Journal, December 27, 2005; “Kohler Seeks to Expand His Course-Building Horizons,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 4, 2007.

  9 Scott Kilman, “Family Squabble Brews at Kohler Over Control,” Wall Street Journal, March 23, 1998; John H. Christy and Shlomo Reifman, “The Importance of Being Private,” Forbes, November 29, 2004.

  10 See Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982); “Travel: Vacation Paradise on a Factory Floor,” Wall Street Journal, July 7, 1995; Hershey information is available at the company’s Web site, www.hersheys.com/discover/museum.asp

  11 A good description of Oak Ridge sights may be found at http://physics-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/tour_the_secret_city_of_oak_ridge; Jeff Schlegel, “Unspoiled Nature in Shadow of Nuclear Site,” New York Times, September 4, 2009.

  12 A blueprint of the Google installation accompanies Ginger Strand, “Keyword: Evil,” Harper’s Magazine, March 2008; John Foley, “Google’s Data Center Strategy Revealed . . . At the Rotary Club,” Information Week’s Google Weblog, November 30, 2007, www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/11/googles_data_ce.html; Randall Stross, Planet Google: One Company’s Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know (New York: Free Press, 2008), pp. 55-59; Kathy Gray, “Port Deal with Google to Create Jobs,” The Dalles Chronicle, February 16, 2005; John Markoff and Saul Hansell, “Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power,” New York Times, June 8, 2006. In addition to The Dalles facility, other Google data centers are near Lenoir, North Carolina; Goose Creek, South Carolina; Pryor, Oklahoma; and Council Bluffs, Iowa.

  13 Peter Burrows, “Servers as High as an Elephant’s Eye,” BusinessWeek, June 12, 2006; Strand, “Keyword: Evil.”

  14 Press release at www.stirlingenergy.com/pdf/2008-06-30.pdf; www.brightsourceenergy.com; Matthew L. Wald, “Two Large Solar Power Plants Are Planned in California,” New York Times, August 15, 2008.

  15 Kate Galbraith, “Schwarzenegger Orders Increase in Renewable Energy Use,” New York Times, September 16, 2009; John Carey, “Solar’s Day in the Sun,” BusinessWeek , October 15, 2007.

  16 http://greenwombat.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/01/28/wind-jobs-outstrip-the-coal-industry; Rebecca Smith, “Where the Jobs Are: As the Renewable-power Industry Takes Off, So Does the Demand for Green-Collar Workers,” Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2008; Abengoa’s Web site is at www.abengoasolar.com/corp/web/en/abengoa_solar_ist/our_projects/arizona/index.

  Conclusion: A Tale of Two Cities

  1 Printed as preface to Nathan Appleton, Introduction of the Power Loom and Origin of Lowell (Lowell, MA: B. H. Penhallow, 1858).

  2 Milton Friedman, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.

  3 Rosabeth Moss Kanter, SuperCorp: How Vanguard Companies Create Innovation, Profits, Growth, and Social Good (New York: Crown Business, 2009).

  4 The Stanford journal may be found online at www.ssireview.org; the Momentum conferences are described at www.momentumconference.org/index.php?id=1159; Wharton’s social-entrepreneurship efforts are described at http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/social/centers-initiatives.cfm

  5 Michael Kinsley, ed., Creative Capitalism: A Conversation with Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and Other Business Leaders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009); Nancy F. Koehn, “The Time Is Right for Creative Capitalism,” Harvard Business School Web site at http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5988.html.

  PHOTO CREDITS

  1. Pollard Memorial Library, Lowell, Massachusetts

  2. Center for Lowell History

  3. Chicago History Museum

  4. New York Public Library

  5. Hershey Community Archives

  6. Hershey Community Archives

  7. Hardy Green

  8. Ben Shahn, U.S. Library of Congress

  9. Lewis Hine, New York Public Library

  10. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper

  11. Hinson History Room, Kannapolis Branch, Cabarrus County Public Library

  12. Hinson History Room, Kannapolis Branch, Cabarrus County Public Library

  13. Hinson History Room, Kannapolis Branch, Cabarrus County Publi
c Library

  14. Lewis Hine, New York Public Library

  15. New York Public Library

  16. Calumet Regional Archives, Indiana University Northwest

  17. Bartlesville Area History Museum

  18. Bartlesville Area History Museum

  19. Kaiser Permanente Heritage Archive

  20. Ann Rosener, U.S. Office of War Information

  21. New York Public Library

  22. Ed Wescott, National Archives and Records Administration

  23. Postcard produced by Standard Souvenirs & Novelties Inc., Knoxville, Tennessee

  INDEX

  Abengoa Solar

  Adamic, Louis

  Advertising

  AFL. See American Federation of Labor

  Agriprocessors

  Ajo, Az.

  African Americans

  Alamogordo, N.M.

  Alcoa Inc.

  Alcoa, Tn.

  Alcohol use

  Aliquippa, Pa.

  Allen, Charles

  Allis-Chalmers Corp.

  Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

  Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union

  Amana Co.

  Amarillo, Tx.

  America. See United States

  American Federation of Labor (AFL)

  American Flint Glass Workers Union

  American Medical Assn.

  American Railway Union (ARU)

  American Smelting and Refining Co.

  American Wind Industry Assn.

  Ammons, Elias

  Anaconda Copper Mining Co.

  Anderson, Anna

  AOH. See Ancient Order of Hibernians

  Ancient Order of Hibernians

  Apollo Iron and Steel Co.

  Apollo, Pa.

  Appalachia

  Appleton, Nathan

  Armour & Co.

  ARU. See American Railway Union

  AT&T

  Atlantic Monthly

  Atomic Energy Commission

  Austin, Mn.

  Automated Electric Washer

  Automobile industry

  Babbitt, Bruce

  Bagley, Sarah

  Baker, George F.

  Baker, Josephine L.

  Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency

  Barrett, Nathan F.

  Bartlesville, Ok.

  Beaumont, Tx.

  Bechtel, W. A.

  Bedford, Clay

  Bell, Tom

  Bellamy, Edward

  Bell Labs

  Beman, Solon Spencer

  Benham, Ky.

  Bent, Luther

  Berti, Mel

  Bethlehem Steel

  Bigelow, E. Victor

  Bigelow Carpet

  Bisbee, Az.

  Blacks. See African Americans

  Blair, David

  Blair Mountain battle

  BMW

  Boal, Theodore Davis

  Boesky, Ivan

  Bohr, Niels

  Boilermakers union

  Boom Town (movie)

  Boott, John

  Boott, Kirk

  Borger, A. P. “Ace,”

  Borger, Tx.

  Boston Associates

  Boston Daily Times

  Boston Manufacturing Co.

  Boulder Dam

  Braddock, Pa.

  Brandeis, Louis

  Branding

  Brennan, John A.

  Britain

  Brody, David

  Brookfield Village, Ca.

  Brooklyn Flint Glass Works

  Brooks, Carl

  Brophy, John

  Bryan, William Jennings

  Buckburnett, Tx.

  Buffington, Eugene

  Burlington Industries Inc.

  Bush, Vannevar

  Business Week

  Butte, Mt.

  Byrnes, James F.

  Cabot, Charles M.

  Calder, Alexander

  Camp, William Martin

  Cannon, Charles Albert

  Cannon, David

  Cannon, James William

  Cannon Mills Co.

  Capitalism

  Cargill Inc.

  Carnegie, Andrew

  Carnegie Steel

  Carter, George L.

  Cash, W. J.

  Catholic Church, Catholicism

  Caterpillar Inc.

  Caudill, Harry M.

  Cedar Rapids, Ia.

  CFI. See Colorado Fuel and Iron

  Chafin, Don

  Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad

  Child labor

  Chocolate making

  Chicago Tribune

  Chrysler Corp.

  CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organization

  The City: Hope of Democracy (Howe)

  Cities Service Oil Co.

  Civil War, U. S.

  Cleveland, Grover

  Clinton Engineer District. See Oak Ridge, Tn.

  Coal and Iron Police

  Coal-mining towns

  beginning of

  company stores and

  formula for town life

  labor in

  law enforcement and

  living conditions in

  pay and use of scrip

  race and racism in

  union organization and

  working conditions in

  Coca-Cola Bottling Co.

  Colorado Fuel and Iron (CFI)

  Colorado Industrial Plan

  Columbus, In.

  Company campuses. See corporate campuses

  Company stores

  Company towns

  coal-mining towns

  company stores and

  copper-mining towns

  corporate campuses

  definition

  exploitationville model of

  high-tech companies

  meatpacking towns

  shipbuilding towns

  steel-mill towns

  textile-mill towns

  timber towns

  tourism and travel and

  utopian model of

  war-industry towns

  Company unions. See Employee Representation Plans

  ConAgra Foods Inc.

  Conant, James B.

  Concord, N.C.

  Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

  Conoco Inc.

  Consolidation Coal Co.

  Consumer economy

  Continental Airlines

  Coolidge, John

  Copper-mining towns

  Corning, N.Y.

  Corning Glass Works and Corning Inc.

  Corporate branding

  Corporate campuses

  Corporate welfarism

  Corporations and Operatives (“Citizen of Lowell”)

  Coupland, Douglas

  Coxe, Tench

  Crawford, Margaret

  Creative Capitalism (Kinsley)

  Cudahy Packing Co.

  Cummins Engine Co.

  Daimler

  Dalton, Robert

  Daly, Marcus

  Das Kapital (Marx)

  Dearborn, Mi.

  Debevoise & Plimpton

  Debs, Eugene

  Defense Department, U. S.

  Democratic Party, Democrats

  Depew, Chauncey M.

  Detroit, Mi.

  Dickens, Charles

  Discrimination. See Race, racism

  Docena, Al.

  Dos Passos, John

  Douglas Aircraft Co.

  Douglas, Az.

  Douglas, James

  Douglas, Walter

  Dow Corning Corp.

  Doyle, Arthur Conan

  Dreiser, Theodore

  Drinking. See Alcohol use

  Dubuque, Ia.

  DuPont Co.

  Earth First!

  Edison, Thomas Alva

  Education

  Einstein, Albert

  Eliot, Charles

  Elizabethton, Tn.

  Ellis, Frank

  Ely,
Richard T.

  Employee Representation Plans

  at Bethlehem Steel

  in coal industry,

  at Colorado Fuel & Iron

  at Kohler Co.

  at U.S. Steel

  Energy Department, U.S.

  Engels, Friedrich

  Environment

  Evans, Oliver

  Evarts, Ky.

  Fabry, Joseph

  Fairfield, Al.

  Federal Express

  Federal Housing Authority

  Federal Steel

  Fieldcrest Mills Inc.

  Firestone Park, Oh.

  Fisher, Donald

  Flint Glass Workers Union

  Flint, Mi.

  Ford, Clyde M.

  Ford, Henry

  Ford, Tennessee Ernie

  Ford Motor Co.

  Forestville, Ca.. See Scotia, Ca.

  Fort Worth, Tx.

  Fortune

  Francis, James

  Frankfurter, Felix

  Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.

  Frick, Henry Clay

  Friedman, Milton

  Fulton, Robert

  Futurama

  F. W. Woolworth & Co.

  Galey, John

  Galveston, Tx.

  Gambling

  Garden Cities movement

  Garfield, Sidney

  Garland, Jim

  Gary, Elbert H.

  Gary, In.

  Gastonia, N.C.

  Gates, Bill

  Gates, John W. “Bet-a-Million,”

  General Electric Co.

  General Motors (GM)

  George A. Hormel & Co.

  Georgetown, Ky.

  Glassmaking

  Glenn pool in Oklahoma

  GM. See General Motors

  Goodhue, Bertram

  Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

  Google server complex

  Googleplex

  Gowen, Franklin

  Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P)

  Great Depression

  Great Southwest Industrial Park

  Greer, S.C.

  Groves, Leslie R.

  Guffey, James

  Gulf Oil Corp.

  Gunning, Sarah Ogan

  Gunther, John

  Hamilton, Alexander

  Hamilton Corp.

  Hammett, Dashiell

  Hanford, Wa.

  Harding, Warren G.

  Harlan County, Ky.

  Harlan Miners Speak (Dos Passos)

  Harrington, Michael

  Hatcher, Richard G.

 

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