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OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
Nazi Gold: The London Conference. London: The Stationery Office, 1998.
The Legacy of Alexander Orlov. U.S. Senate. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Library, 1973.
The Gold Report of the Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets. Washington, D.C.: 2000.
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal Nuremberg 1945-1946, Nuremberg, 1949. Washington, D.C.
International Commission of Experts Switzerland: National Socialism and the Second World War. Bergier Report. Zürich: Pendo Verlag, 2002.
Switzerland and Gold Transactions in the Second World War. Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland-Second World War.
The Luxembourg Grey Book. London: The Stationery Office, 1998. New York: Hutchinson, 1942.
Documents on German Foreign Policy. Lansing, MI22: University of Michigan Library, 1949.
Hitler Attacks Norway. Herman K. Lehmkuhl, London: Royal Norwegian Government Information
Office, 1943.
The German Campaign in Poland. Robert M. Major, Department of the Army, US Government Printing Office, 1956.
Gold, Capital Flow and Trade During War. Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 1941.
Fighting the Russians in Winter. Allen E Crew, Levenworth Papers, 1981.
U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II. William Z. Slany, 1997, Washington.
The Eizenstat Report and Related Issues Concerning United States and Allied Efforts to Restore Gold and Other Assets Looted by Nazis During World War II. Congressional Hearings, June 25, 1997, Washington.
U.S. and Allied Wartime and Postwar Relations and Negotiations With Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey on Looted Gold and German External Assets and U.S. Concern About the Fate of the Wartime Ustasha Treasury. William Z. Slany, 1998, Washington.
All For Norway. London: Royal Norwegian Government’s Information Office, 1942.
ARTICLES, RESEARCH PAPERS, AND BOOK CHAPTERS
Ansiaux, Hubert. L’or et les valeurs de la Banque National dans la tourmente de 1940. Revue General, Brussels, February 1985.
Banken, Ralf. Hiergegen kann nur mit freier Fahndung eingeschritten werden–Die Arbeit der deutschen Devisenschutzkommandos 1938 bis 1944. Article in the book Wirtschaft im Zeitalter der Extreme published by Hartmut Berghoff, Jürgen Kocka, and Dieter Ziegler.
Beaudoux, Henri. Visite Allemande à la Souterraine, Cahiers Anecdotiques de la Banque de France, #6.
Blazer, David. Finance and the End of Appeasement. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 40(1), London, 2005.
Bordogna, Muriel. Transfert d’or de la Banque de France en 1940. Cahiers Anecdotiques de la Banque de France, # 9.
Bradsher, Greg. Nazi Gold: The Merkers Mine Treasure. Prologue magazine, Spring 1999.
Brundeel, Didier. La Restitution de l’or par les puissances de l’Axe. Cahiers Anecdotiques de la Banque de France, #32.
Cornu, Gérard. L’or polonais. Cahiers Anecdotiques de la Banque de France, #13.
Curtiss, W. David and Stewart, C. Evan. Cornell Benefactor, Industrial Czar, and FDR’s Ambassador Extraordinary. Ithaca: Cornell Law School.
Dostert, Paul. L’or luxembourgeois spoilé par l’Allemagne pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale ainsi que Sa Récupération à la Fin des Hostilités. Revue d’Histoire Luxembourgeoise, 1 (1998), pp. 1-34.
Einzig, Paul. Hitler’s New Order in Theory and Practice. The Economic Journal, Vol. 51, No. 201, pp. 1-18.
Golson, Eric B. Did Swedish Ball Bearings Keep.the Second World War Going? Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. 60, No. 2, pg 165-182.
Irwin, Douglas A., Gold Sterilization and the Recession of 1937-38. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 17595.
James, Harold. Schacht’s Attempted Defection from Hitler’s Germany. The Historical Journal, vol. 30, No. 3. (September 1987).
Kubu, Eduard. Czechoslovak Gold Reserves and Their Surrender to Nazi Germany. Nazi Gold London Conference.
Louça, Antonio and Schäfer, Ansgar. Portugal and the Nazi Gold. Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 27 (1999).
Moreton, Charles. Lettre d’Un Grand-Père. Cahiers Anecdotiques de la Banque de France.
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. The Morgenthau Diaries. Springfield, Ohio: Collier’s magazine, October and November 1947.
Müller, Rolf-Dieter. The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims. Research Institute for German History, Potsdam, 2005.
Orlov, Alexander. How Stalin Relieved Spain of $600,000,000. Pleasantville, NY, Reader’s Digest, November 1966.
Plisnier, Oscar. L’or Belge livré aux Allemands en 1940. Revue Génerale Belge, #52, February 1950.
Porter, Sylvia. The Great Nazi Gold Rush. Springfield, Ohio: Collier’s, September 15, 1942.
Preston, Paul. The Church’s Crusade Against the Republic. Published in Revolution and War in Spain 1931-1939.
Ritschl, A.O. Nazi Economic Imperialism and the Exploitation of the Small: Evidence from Germany’s Secret Foreign Exchange Balances, 1938-1940. Economic History Review, LIV, 2 , 2001.
Romiszewsi, Eugeniusz. An Epic Tale of Polish Argonauts: From Istanbul Towards the West. Radio Free Europe Collection. Hoover Library, Stanford University.
Gold Team Report, July 2000. William J. Clinton Presidential Library.
Steury, Donald P. The OSS and Project Safehaven. CIA Historic Document. June 27, 2008. Amazon Digital Services.
Stowe, Leland. The Secret Voyage of Britain’s Treasure. Reader’s Digest, November 1955.
Viñas, Angel. The Financing of the Civil War, Revolution and War in Spain 1931-1939. Published in Revolution and War in Spain 1931-1939.
Wolfe, Martin. The Development of Nazi Monetary Policy. The Journal of Economic History. Vol. 15. No. 4, December 1955.
Sivertsen, Svien Carl. The Day of Destiny in Molde, April 1940. Norsk Tidsskrift for Skøvesen, 2000.
Ziegler, Dieter. A Regulated Market Economy: New Perspectives on the Nature of the Economic Order of the Third Reich 1933-1939, Hartmunt Berghoff, Business in the Age of Extremes, pp. 139-152.
INTERNET SITES
Weixelbaum, Jason. The Contradiction of Neutrality and International Finance: jasonweixelbaum.wordpress.com
Proceedings and Documents of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, July 10-22, 1944: fraser.stlouisfed.org
Bank for International Settlements, Annual Reports 1935-1945: bis.org/publ/arpdf/archive/index.htm
Vogier, Robert. The Swiss National Bank’s Gold Transactions with the German Reichsbank from 1939 to 1945: snb.com
U.S. Army, Third U.S. Army. After Action Report, Third U.S. Army: paperlessarchives.com/wwii_third_army_after_action_r.htmlwww.anac-fr.com/2gm/ 2gm_19.htm
Christopher Columbus Reports on Voyages. Fordham University, Internet Medieval Sourcebook: fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.asp.
Timothy Green study Central Bank Gold Reserves Since 1945: scribd.com/doc/119942259/CentralBankGoldReserves-Since-1845
Papal Encyclicals Online, Pius XI, Dilectissima Nobis: papalencyclicals.net
The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara: www.presidency.ucsb.edu
German History Documents: germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org
SS Laurentic: laurentic.com and naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-08Laurentic.htm
wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)
Winston Churchill Speeches: winstonchurchill.org
Biographical Dictionary of Italians: treccani.itencyclopedia
Trilateral Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold, Final Report: state.gov/s/l/65668.htm
Paris Conference on Reparations, November and December 1945, Final Report: cvce.eu/education/unit-content/-/unit/en/55c09dcc-a9f245e9-b240- eaef64452cae/cf8a7bab-3e2b-4406-a7fb-2a5757198da3/Resources# 5c0dfcd9-2af2-431b-8cbf-e8e288aef30e_en&overlay
Krähling, Katrin Isabel. Das Devisenschutzkommando Belgien, 1940-1944: kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-18753/Das_Devisenschutzkommando_Belgien_1940_1944.pdf?sequence=1
ARCHIVES
Banque de France, Paris (Bank of France)
Banque nationale de Belgique/Nationale Bank van België (National Bank of Belgium)
Bundesarchiv, Berlin and Freiburg (German Federal Archives)
William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, AK
Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute of Contemporary History), Munich
New York Federal Reserve, New York, NY
Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, New York, NY
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, MO
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I have been for years interested in the story of central bank gold in World War II, and this book has been a longtime work of love. It was also a massive undertaking because it involved so many coun
tries and different foreign languages. One dispirited day I did a quick calculation and figured that I had to research more than two dozen countries with nearly that many languages. I can work in English, French, and German, but not in Norwegian, Albanian, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, and many others.
The first thank-you goes to Curt Prendergast, my first boss at Time magazine, who as the dedication explains, tipped me off to the topic nearly fifty years ago.
Fortunately, I was able to put together a team of people from all around Europe who helped me in a variety of ways. Some tracked down documents; others helped me with translations. Others did translations of reports and even whole books. They all helped me understand their country’s wartime history. They also read the chapter about their nation and made helpful suggestions and corrections. The book could not have been done without them. The list starts with two Germans, Dirk Lau in Hamburg and Elisabeth Kaiser in Brussels. They were both patient with many questions and guided me around the shoals of German history. Elisabeth found some crucial books and offered wise counsel. Dirk and I had Skype phone calls to discuss things, and he also did research at the Berlin archives. Both sometimes double-checked my German translations.
They, though, were only the beginning. The list begins with winter neighbors in Vero Beach, such as Jurich Dorawa in Vero Beach, FL, who helped with Polish documents. Hermann Schnabl and Evelyn Kopke-Gripenberg did the same with German, and Boyd Fellows improved the quality of the photographs. Jacek Szafran helped with both Polish translations and his knowledge of his country’s history. Jan Emsbro found Norwegian material, and Keith Lewis guided me through maritime terms. Mary Ann Sorrentino translated a crucial Italian book. Tihmir Lerner helped from Croatia. Mari H. Rowland translated the long report written in 1940 by the leader of the Norwegian gold evacuation. Per Arnt Harnes, author of Gulltransporten, read the Norwegian chapter. Bo Lidegaard in Denmark translated a crucial section of his book Kampen om Danmark 1933-1945. Anders Bergnas, a graduate school friend, helped me in Sweden. When I was in Belgium, Hermann Van der Wee and Walter Pluym, who have both written books about their country’s gold saga, were very generous with their time and pointed me to key documents. Van der Wee’s book, which was done with his wife Monique Verbreyt, is A Small Nation. Pluym’s work, written with his brother Jan, is Goud op Drift in the Dutch edition and Or à la Dérive in the French one.
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