by Nisid Hajari
90. Ibid., 157.
91. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 35.
92. Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir, 145.
93. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 43–44.
94. S. N. Prasad and Dharam Pal, Operations in Jammu and Kashmir: 1947–48 (Dehra Dun: Natraj, 2005), 48.
95. L. P. Sen, Slender Was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation, 1947–48 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1969), 76.
96. Governor-General’s Personal Report No. 5, 7 November 1947, Mountbatten Papers, IOR: L/PO/6/123.
97. Nehru to V. Pandit, 28 October 1947, Nehru Papers, NMML.
98. Minutes of the Thirteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 5 November 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/4.
99. Nehru to Sheikh Abdullah, 4 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:318a.
100. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 43–44.
101. Sen, Slender Was the Thread, 98–99.
102. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 77.
103. Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir, 159.
104. Abdul Mannan to Jinnah, 9 November 1947, QMJP, 6:293.
9. HIMALAYAN QUAGMIRE
1. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 37.
2. Terence Shone Interview with Sydney Smith, 11 November 1947, TNA: DO 142/494.
3. Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir, 85.
4. Bourke-White, Halfway to Freedom, 210–211.
5. Shone Interview with Smith, 11 November 1947, TNA: DO 142/494.
6. Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir, 43.
7. Speech at a Public Meeting in Baramulla, 12 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:323.
8. Smith, “American Traveler’s Observations on Developments in Kashmir and Western Tibet.”
9. Speech at a Public Meeting in Srinagar, 11 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:322.
10. R. J. Moore, Making the New Commonwealth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 67.
11. Nehru to Bucher, 7 August 1949, Bucher Papers, 7901–87(2).
12. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 29 October 1947, CWMG, 97:186.
13. Hastings Ismay Diary, 19 November 1947, Ismay Papers, 3/8/23.
14. “Kashmir Raiders Flee West,” Times of India, 9 November 1947, 1.
15. Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 27 December 1947, TNA: PREM 8/1455/1.
16. Donovan to Marshall, 5 December 1947, US: 845.00/12–547.
17. WestIndia (Rajkot) to Desai, 22 October 1947, NAI: F. No. 26–PR/47.
18. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:558.
19. Ismay Diary, 11 November 1947, Ismay Papers, 3/8/20i.
20. Governor-General’s Personal Report No. 6, 11 December 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D87.
21. Nizam of Hyderabad to Monckton, 7 November 1947, Monckton Papers, Dep. Monckton Trustees 30, No. 178.
22. Nizam of Hyderabad to Monckton, 1 November 1947, Monckton Papers, Dep. Monckton Trustees 30, No. 164.
23. Nehru to Abdullah, 21 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:337.
24. “Nehru in Kashmir; Pledges Defense,” New York Times, 12 November 1947, 17.
25. Shone to Archibald Carter, 18 November 1947, TNA: PREM 8/1455/1.
26. Cunningham Diary, 12 November 1947, IOR: MSS Eur D670/6.
27. Bolitho, Jinnah, 186.
28. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:696.
29. Ibid.
30. Sir Dalip Singh to Nehru, 18 November 1947, NAI: F. No. 178–P/48.
31. Record of a Meeting Convened by Lord Mountbatten, 8 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:362.
32. Macdonald to Marshall, 22 November 1947, enclosure, US: 845.00/11–2247.
33. Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, 68.
34. Nehru to Dalip Singh, 21 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:331.
35. Minutes of the Sixteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 25 November 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/7.
36. Ibid.
37. Donovan to Marshall, 8 December 1947, US: 845.00/12–847.
38. Nehru to Dwarkanath Kachru, 7 November 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:320e.
39. Interview with Francis Mudie, 27 August 1964, Singh, ed., Select Documents on Partition of the Punjab, 733.
40. Ismay’s Meeting with Patel, 24 November 1947, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15561/2.
41. Ibid.
42. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:739.
43. Ismay to Shone, 27 November 1947, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15549/3.
44. Shone to Carter, 28 November 1948, IOR: L/PO/12/12.
45. Ibid.
46. Ismay to Mountbatten, n.d., Ismay Papers, 3/7/67/23.
47. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:763.
48. Note by Jinnah, 30 November 1947, QMJP, 9:430.
49. Bolitho, Jinnah, 187.
50. Lewis to Marshall, 17 December 1947, US: 845.00f/12–1747.
51. Bourke-White, Halfway to Freedom, 101.
52. High Commissioner for India, Karachi, to Nehru, 11 November 1947, NAI: Home Deptt-Pol(I) No. 57/25/1947.
53. Grafftey-Smith to Carter, 3 November 1948, IOR: L/PO/12/14.
54. Donovan to Marshall, 29 December 1947, US: 845.00/12–2947.
55. Sharma, Peeps into Pakistan, 160.
56. Interview with Robert Stimson, 16 December 1947, QMJP, 6:471.
57. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, 90.
58. Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 3 December 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/9.
59. Sen, Slender Was the Thread, 143.
60. Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 3 December 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/9.
61. Vernon Erskine-Crum Visit to Lahore, 4 December 1947, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15549/4.
62. Bucher Diary, 6 December 1947, Bucher Papers, 7901–87; Nehru to Liaquat, 3 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:358.
63. Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 3 December 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/9.
64. Nehru to the Maharajah of Kashmir, 1 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:352.
65. Speech at Jammu, 6 December 1947, ibid., 4:360.
66. Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Defence Committee, 3 December 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D43/9.
67. Nehru to Abdullah, 12 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:370.
68. Talks with Mountbatten and Liaquat, 21 December 1947, ibid., 4:386.
69. Record of a Meeting Convened by Mountbatten, 8 December 1947, ibid., 4:367.
70. Nehru to Abdullah, 12 December 1947, ibid., 4:368.
71. Sen, Slender Was the Thread, 150.
72. Ibid., 159.
73. Pakistan Arms Buying, IOR: L/WS/1/1698.
74. Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan, 359.
75. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru, 2:24.
76. Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, 252.
77. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:872.
78. Talks with Mountbatten and Liaquat, 21 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:384.
79. Mountbatten Interview with Nehru, 21 December 1947, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15561/3.
80. Talks with Mountbatten and Liaquat, 21 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:382.
81. Ibid., 4:386–387.
82. Governor-General’s Personal Report No. 7, 3 January 1948, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D88.
83. Note on Kashmir, 19 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:376–377.
84. Ibid, 4:378, emphasis added.
85. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:895.
86. Mountbatten to Nehru, 25 December 1947, enclosure in Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 28 December 1947, TNA: PREM 8/1455/1.
87. Nehru to Mountbatten, 26 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:399–403.
88. Ibid., 4:403.
89. Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office and enclosures, 28 December 1947, TNA: PREM 8/1455/1.
90. Gandhi, Patel, 458.
91. Nehru to Patel, 30 December 1947, SWJN, 2nd ser., 4:412–413.
92. Commonwealth Relations Office to Shone, 29 December 1947, TNA: PREM 8/1455/1.
93. Liaquat to Mudie, 30 December 1947,
Mudie Papers, IOR: MSS Eur F164/15.
94. Carter, ed., Partition Observed, 2:907.
95. Governor-General’s Personal Report No. 7, Appendix 8, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D88.
96. Talbot, An American Witness, 345.
97. Lionel Carter, ed., Weakened States Seeking Renewal, Part 1: British Official Reports from South Asia, 1 January–30 April 1948, 2 vols. (New Delhi: Manohar, 2013), 161.
98. Shankar, My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel, 145.
99. Ibid.
100. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 12 January 1948, CWMG, 98:220.
101. Meeting between Mountbatten and Patel, 13 January 1948, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15561/3.
102. Gandhi, Patel, 463.
103. Ibid.
104. Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 497.
105. “Refugees Demonstrate,” New York Times, 15 January 1948, 14.
10. THE LAST BATTLE
1. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 16 January 1948, CWMG, 98:246.
2. Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 501.
3. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 20 January 1948, CWMG, 98:273; Lady Dodo Symon’s Diary, IOR: MSS Eur E367/5.
4. Memorandum of Conversation, 10 January 1948, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948: The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 277.
5. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:116.
6. SWJN, 2nd ser., 5:21n1.
7. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:261.
8. Bourke-White, Halfway to Freedom, 232.
9. Meeting between Mountbatten and Patel, 4 February 1948, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15561/3.
10. Gandhi, Gandhi, 651.
11. Mir Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad (Karachi: Pakistan Cooperative Book Society, 1962), 120.
12. Thompson to Marshall, 1 February 1948, US: 845.00/2–148.
13. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:295.
14. Kuldip Nayar, Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2006), 19.
15. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:310–311.
16. “Jinnah Sorrows for His Hindu Foe,” New York Times, 31 January 1948, 2, emphasis added.
17. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:268.
18. Meeting between Mountbatten and Nehru, 1 February 1948, IOR: MSS Eur IOR Neg 15561.
19. B. Krishna, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: India’s Iron Man (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 1996), 377.
20. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, xv.
21. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:385.
22. Prasad and Pal, Operations in Jammu and Kashmir, 121.
23. Nawaz, Crossed Swords, 56.
24. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:451.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 1:439.
27. Hoskot to Chamberlin, 10 February 1948, US: 845f.00/2–1048.
28. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:451.
29. Donovan to Marshall, 1 April 1948, US: 845.00/4–148; Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:457–458.
30. Cunningham Diary, 28 February 1948, IOR: MSS Eur D670/6.
31. Sidney Cotton, with Ralph Barker, Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969), 226.
32. Robert Stimson, “Report on Hyderabad–GOI Relations,” 18 March 1948, enclosure, US: 845.00/3–2848.
33. Hyder, October Coup, 772.
34. Ibid., 270, 434.
35. Stimson, “Report on Hyderabad–GOI Relations.”
36. Report of the First Governor-General of India, Part F: Hyderabad, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D2.
37. El-Edroos, Hyderabad of “The Seven Loaves,” 129.
38. Cotton, Aviator Extraordinary, 228.
39. Hyder, October Coup, 307.
40. Cotton, Aviator Extraordinary, 228–231.
41. Nizam of Hyderabad to Monckton, 24 December 1947, Monckton Papers, Dep. Monckton Trustees 30, p. 219.
42. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 156.
43. Bucher to Rob Lockhart, 12 April 1948, Bucher Papers, 7901–87(2).
44. Hoskot to Chamberlin, 10 February 1948, US: 845f.00/2–1048.
45. Cunningham Diary, 10 February 1948, IOR: MSS Eur D670/6.
46. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:395.
47. Ibid., 1:68.
48. Nawaz, Crossed Swords, 63.
49. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 1:308, 2:622, 571–572.
50. Speech at Dacca, 21 March 1948, http://m-a-jinnah.blogspot.sg/2010/04/national-consolidation-march-1948.html.
51. Cotton, Aviator Extraordinary, 229, 231.
52. Nawaz, Crossed Swords, 62–63.
53. Ibid., 62, 64.
54. Ibid., 57.
55. Patrick Gordon-Walker, Political Diaries, 1932–1971, ed. Robert Pearce (London: Historians’ Press, 1991), 172.
56. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 2:570, 902.
57. Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, 4 May 1948, TNA: PREM 8/819.
58. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 183.
59. Ibid., 139.
60. Ibid., 185.
61. Nehru to Baldev Singh, 16 April 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 5:217.
62. K. M. Munshi, The End of an Era: Hyderabad Memoirs (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1990), 129.
63. Carter, ed., Weakened States, 2:798.
64. Munshi, The End of an Era, 141.
65. Ibid., 75; Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 202.
66. Speech at AICC Meeting, 24 April 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 5:165.
67. Minutes of Item 4 of Defence Committee Meeting No. 4 of 1948, 15 May 1948, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/D44/8/2.
68. Sen, Slender Was the Thread, 256.
69. Nawaz, Crossed Swords, 66.
70. Nehru to Patel, 27 May 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 5:223.
71. Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, 315.
72. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 198.
73. Cotton, Aviator Extraordinary, 237.
74. Contract for Aeronautical and Industrial Research Corporation Ltd., Monckton Papers, Dep. Monckton Trustees 36, pp. 3–5.
75. Sidney Cotton to John Graham, 2 June 1948, Monckton Papers, Dep. Monckton Trustees 36, Fol. 18.
76. Cotton, Aviator Extraordinary, 237.
77. Ibid., 238–239.
78. Nehru to Sri Prakasa, 16 June 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 6:75.
79. Press Conference in Delhi, 17 June 1948, ibid., 6:236.
80. Note to States Ministry, 21 June 1948, ibid., 6:244.
81. Nehru to Patel, 6 June 1948, ibid., 6:226.
82. Bolitho, Jinnah, 218.
83. Jinnah, My Brother, 21.
84. Bolitho, Jinnah, 219.
85. Stephens, Pakistan, 231.
86. Bolitho, Jinnah, 221.
87. Josef Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 120.
88. Nehru to Mountbatten, 8 July 1948. Mountbatten Papers, MB1/F39.
89. Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, 130.
90. Ibid., 142, 143, 144.
91. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 256.
92. Nehru to Mountbatten, 23 August 1947, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/F39.
93. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 257.
94. El-Edroos, Hyderabad of “The Seven Loaves,” 135.
95. Hyder, October Coup, 1046.
96. Laik Ali, Tragedy of Hyderabad, 260.
97. Hyder, October Coup, 1082.
98. Munshi, The End of an Era, 204.
99. Donovan to Marshall, 1 September 1948, US: 845.00/9–148.
100. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, 212.
101. Press Conference in New Delhi, 10 September 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 7:238.
102. Lucien Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2000), 231.
103. Bolitho, Jinnah, 224–225.
104. Ibid.
105. Note by Sir John Cotton, First Secretary in British High Commission, Karachi, IOR: MSS Eur F226/7.
106. Ibid.
>
107. Rajah of Mahmudabad, “Some Memories,” in The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives, 1935-1947, ed. C. H. Philips and Mary Doreen Wainright (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970), 386.
108. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, 210.
109. Gandhi, Patel, 482.
110. Guha, India After Gandhi, 70.
111. El-Edroos, Hyderabad of “The Seven Loaves,” 138–139.
112. Hyder, October Coup, 1179.
113. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, 212.
114. Lewis to Marshall, 24 September 1948, US: 845f.00/9–2448.
115. Robert Burnett to Philip Noel-Baker, 4 October 1948, TNA: DO 142/366.
116. “India Takes Over All of Hyderabad,” New York Times, 19 September 1948, 39.
117. Burnett to Noel-Baker, 4 October 1948, TNA: DO 142/366.
118. Ibid.
119. Hooker Doolittle to Marshall, 30 September 1948, US: 845f.00/9–3048.
120. Lewis to Marshall, 20 September 1948, US: 845f.00/9–2048.
121. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru, 2:32, 33.
122. Nehru to Mountbatten, 28 November 1948, Mountbatten Papers, MB1/F7(3).
123. Note by Grafftey-Smith, 1 October 1948, TNA: DO 142/368.
124. Interview with Bucher, Oral History Archive, NMML.
125. Nehru to Patel, 5 October 1948, SWJN, 2nd ser., 7:275.
126. See Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, appendices 14 and 15, “The Sunderlal Committee Report on the Massacre of Muslims” and “Confidential Notes Attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report.”
127. Hyder, October Coup, 1231–1241.
128. Noorani, The Destruction of Hyderabad, 239.
129. Interview with Bucher, Oral History Archive, NMML.
EPILOGUE: DEADLY LEGACY
1. Talbot, An American Witness, 361, 368.
2. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru, 2:118.
3. Hussain Haqqani, Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010), 316–317.
4. Bruce Riedel, Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 13.
5. Ibid., 24.
6. Haqqani, Pakistan, 47.
7. “Pakistan’s Spies Are Tied to Raid on U.S. Embassy,” New York Times, 23 September 2011, A1.
8. Radha Kumar, “Renewing an India-Pakistan Peace Process?,” The Hindu, 16 November 2013, www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/renewing-an-indiapakistan-peace-process/article5355247.ece.
Bibliography
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